Mahatma Gandhi and the National Movement

Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement

Khilafat movement-the British captured Turkey during the First World War and dislodged the ruler of
Turkey,who was the caliph of Sunni Muslims across the world. this angered the muslims in india who
under the leadership of Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, started the Khilafat movement against
Britishers.

Rowlatt Act – Justice Rowlatt passed a ‘Black Bill’ which took away the civil rights of the people and was
known as the Rowlatt Act. The act gave Supreme Powers to police to arrest any individual and search any
place without an official warrant. The main clauses of the act were as follows:-

1.Arrest of a person without a warrant.

2.In camera trial.

3.Restrictions on the movement of individuals

4.Suspension of right of Habeus Corpus.

Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy – on. 13th April 1919, A peaceful crowd gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh to
protest against the wrongful arrest of the two Leaders Dr Satyapal and Doctor Kitchlu under the
provisions of Rowlatt Act. General Dyer along with his men Surrounded the bag from all sides and
opened fired on peaceful protesters till their ambitions was exhausted.

Objectives of non cooperation movement

1. Restoring the old status of the Sultan of Turkey.

2. Punishing those who are guilty of the Punjab horror.

3.Suspension of the Rowlatt Act

4. Attainment of Swaraj for Indians.

Boycott programme Swadeshi programmes

1.Boycott of government school colleges and court. 1.Removal of untouchability

2.Boycott of foreign goods. 2.Popularize Swadeshi and Khadi.

Program of Khilafat movement

1. Restoring the old status of the Caliph.

2. The caliph must be left with adequate territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith.
3. To the Arab lands should remain under the Muslim rule.

The Chauri Chaura Incident- A group of 3000 farmers marched to the police station to protest against
a police officer who had beaten up the people protesting outside a liquor shop. The police fired at an
 unarmed farmer, which angered them, and they set police station on fire, killing 22 policemen inside
it.

Impact of non-cooperation movement.

1. It became a mass movement in India too.

2. It developed Hindu Muslim unity.
3. The Congress became a revolutionary movement.
4. It popularized the cult of Swaraj.

Civil disobedience movement.

Factors leading to civil disobedience movement

1.Protest against Simon Commission and the death of Lala Lajpat Rai- Sir John Simon came to India to
investigate the need for further constitutional reforms. The commission was rejected by the Indians
since it was an all-White Commission.

Lala Lajpat Rai organized a protest against the Simon Commission at a Lahore railway station.
There he was injured during the Lathi Charge, done by the police to break the protest. Later on, Lala
Rajput died due to the injuries he sustained in the Lathi Charge.

2. The Lahore session of the Congress and the declaration of Purna Swaraj. It was for the very first time
during the Lahore session of the Congress in 1929, that the Congress passed the resolution of Purna
Swaraj as its objective for the national movement.

Pandit Nehru hoisted the tricolor at the banks of River Ravi and declared henceforth
26th January will be celebrated as Purna Swaraj Day throughout the country.

Dandi March

On 12th March 1930, Gandhiji started a historic March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal village
in Gujarat. On 6th April 1930, he broke the salt law by collecting salt left from the sea waves. This marked
the beginning of civil disobedience movement.

Programme of the movement.

1. Breaking of the Salt Law.

2. Boycott of liquor.
3. Boycott of foreign goods.
4. Non payment of taxes.

Gandhi Irwin Pact

 The pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin to resolve the political deadlock in
1931, is termed as Gandhi Irwin pact.

The government agreed to:

1. Withdraw all ordinances and end prosecution.

2. Release all political prisoners except those guilty of violence.
3. Permit peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign clothes shops.
4. Restore the confiscated properties of Satyagrahis.
5. Permit the free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the sea coast.

The Congress in turn consented to the following:

1. To suspend the civil disobedience movement.

2. To participate in the second session of the Round Table Conference.
3. Not to press for investigation into police excesses.

Second round table conference

Gandhiji attended the second-round table conference in London as a representative of the Congress.
The conference piled in its objective due to three reasons: -

1. The leaders of the various political parties deadlocked over the issue of reservation of seats in the
Assembly elections.
2. The topic related to transfer of power from the British government to the Indians took a back seat.
3. The British government refused to grant immediate Dominion status to the Indians.

Impact of the civil disobedience movement

1. The movement caused a tide of patriotic fervor in the country.

2. It widened the base of the freedom struggle.
3. It made the people understand significance of principles of non-violence.
4. It bought women out of their homes to participate in politics.

Quit India movement

Events leading to quit India movement:

A. Failure of Cripps’ mission-

1. The Cripps’ mission did not bring to India the promise of Independence in the near
future.
2. It involved partitioning of the country into smaller fragments.
3. It did not give full responsibility to the national government that would be found under
the viceroy’s executive council, since the subjects of Defense and finance would only be
in the hands of Viceroy.
B. Japanese threat-
1. Japan was a part of Axis power during the Second World War. It was on a viceroy march
in South-east Asia, capturing one country after the other.
2. The presence of British in India was an invitation to the Japanese to invade India.
3. Gandhiji stated that India safety lies in the orderly and timely withdrawal of British from
India. So, they decided to launch a movement asking the British to quit India.

Quit India resolution

1. The Congress working committee (CWC) of the Congress party met at Wardha in July 1942 to
adopt a resolution known as Quit India resolution.
2. The CWC met at Bombay again on August 8th, 1942, And pass the quit India resolution, where
Gandhiji declared that it was a decision ‘To do or die’ for the Indians.

Quit India movement

1. It started on 9th August 1942, leaderless.

2. The main leaders of the underground movement were as follows: Achyut Rao Patwardhan, Jay
Prakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Aruna Asafali and Nana Patel.

Impact of quit India movement

1. It demonstrated the depth that nationalist feeling had reached in the country.
2. It was the mass uprising before attaining independence.
3. It strengthened the Congress Socialist Party because of the heroic role in the movement.
4. The constitutional question remained dormant till the close of the Second World War in 1945.

Forward bloc and the INA

Objectives of the forward bloc

Immediate objective- Liberation of India with the support of workers, peasants, youth and other
organizations.

Objectives after attaining Freedom:

1. Reorganization of Agriculture and industry on socialist lines.

2. Abolition of Zamin Dari system.
3. Introduction of new monetary and credit system.

Objectives of the INA

1. To organize an armed revolution to fight the British Army with modern weapons.
2. Since it was not possible for India to organize an armed revolution for their homeland, this task
must be assigned to the Indians living abroad.
3. To organize a provisional government of free India.
4. Total mobilization of Indian manpower and money for a total war.
5. Moto of INA was unity, faith and sacrifice.

Contribution of Subhash Chandra Bose

1. He was the Supreme Commander of the INA.

2. He was the founder of A political party on socialist lines called forward bloc.
3. Set up the women’s regiment in INA.
4. The Japanese handed over Andaman Nicobar Island to Netaji, which were renamed by him as
Shahid and Swaraj Islands.
5. He set up a provisional government of free India at Singapore.

Independence and partition of India

The Mountbatten Plan

Lord Mountbatten assumed office as the viceroy or governor general of India in 1947. His immediate
task was to resolve the deadlock between the Congress and the Muslim League. He realized that the
differences between the two political parties could not be solved. Therefore, there should be partition of
the country and the British government should formulate the procedure of transfer of power without
any further delay.

Clauses of the Mountbatten plan

A. Partition:
The country would be divided into 2 parts, namely India and Pakistan.

B. Relations between the two dominions

1. The national government of both the countries would decide what kind of relations
would they have between each other( India and Pakistan).
2. It would be the duty of the national government of both the countries to decide
whether they would join the British Commonwealth or not.

C. Boundary Commission- A boundary commission would be set up to decide the

boundaries of the new nation.
D. Princely States-
1. All the treaties between the princely states and the British government would come to
an end.
2. The Princely states would be free to join India or Pakistan or remain independent.
E. Bengal and Punjab – Both Bengal and Punjab would be partitioned province that the
legislative assembly of both the provinces were in favor of it.
F. Sindh – The legislative assembly of Sindh was to take a decision for its people, whether it
would be a part of India or Pakistan.
G. Northwest frontier province-a plebiscite will be held in northwest frontier province to
decide whether the people wanted to join India or Pakistan.
H. District of Sylhet- A referendum would be conducted Sylhet to decide whether the
people wanted to join India or Pakistan.
I. Constituent Assembly-
1. The existing constituent assembly would continue to work in framing the Constitution of
India.
2. A separate constituent assembly would be established for those provinces which were in
the favor of partition.
J. Transfer of Park – the British Parliament, would pass an act for the transfer of power
before August 15, 1947.

Acceptance of Mountbatten plan

 1. It would bring an end to the large-scale communal riots that were going on
throughout the country.
2. The leader believes that a smaller country with a stronger centre was better than a
bigger country with a weak centre.
3. Further delay in the transfer of power could find India in the middle of civil war.
4. The partition would rid the Constitution of separate electorates and other
undemocratic procedures.

Indian independence act of 1947

1. Two new Dominions-India would be partitioned and two independent nations, India and
Pakistan, would be created on August 15, 1947.
2. Provisions of partition-
i. Legislative assemblies of Bengal in Punjab would decide whether they wanted to join
India or Pakistan.
ii. A plebiscite would be conducted in northwest frontier province for the people of the
province to decide whether they wanted to be a part of India or Pakistan.
3. Governor general for East Dominion – Each new dominion would have a governor general
appointed by the British King on the advice of the cabinet members of the two new dominions.
4. Constitution Assembly to serve as central legislatures- The constituent assemblies of both the
dominance would act as the central legislature of their respective countries and have the power
to formulate laws.
5. End of jurisdiction of British Parliament-
i. The authority of the British Parliament would come to an end on 15th, August 1947.
ii. Abolition of the title of employer of India.
iii. The power to veto loss by the British King was suspended.
iv. Tell the Constitution of the two domains was not frame. The government would
work under the provisions of the government of India Act of 1935.
6. Princely states –
i. All the treaties with the Princely states and the British government came to an end.
ii. The princely states were free to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent.
7. Treaties and agreements- All the treaties and agreements of the British government with Indian
rulers and tribal areas came to an end.
8. Division of army and assets – The Indian Army, along with the assets and liabilities of the nation,
was to be divided between the two new states, India and Pakistan.
9. Bringing the act into operation – The governor general will have the power to implement the act.
10. Office secretary of state and interest of existing officer-
i. The office of the Secretary of State of India was abolished.
ii. The officers of the administrative segment were inducted in administration of the
new government.

The rise of dictatorships.

 Fascism.

1. The word fascism has been derived from the Italian word fascia, meaning a league or
union.
2. Fascism literally means autocracy are dictatorship, where the power of the state is vested
in one man only, and it is obligatory for all others to obey his orders.

Causes of rise of fascism

1. Discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles- Italy joined the allies in First World War
to gain territories of Turkey and Germany. But by the Treaty of Versailles, she could get
only Southern Tyrol and Trentino and Coastal region of Dalmatia. She could not get
parts of German and Turkish colonial umpire.
2. Economic crisis - Italy suffered heavy losses in terms of life and prosperity in the First
World War. After the war, many soldiers became unemployed, trade and commerce
were ruined, and there was a shortage of food grains.
3. Trade of socialism or communism-The socialist who inclined the anarchist, the
Communist and the Social Democrats, created conditions conducive to the growth of
Fascism in Italy.
4. Leadership provided by Mussolini – Mussolini played an important role in the history
of Italy here. He had a charismatic personality. His speeches praised the past glories of
Italy and won the faith of countrymen. Mussolini was called Duce, which means the
leader.

Clauses of rise of Nazism

1. Humiliating Treaty of Versailles- Defeat in the First World War and the conditions imposed by the
Treaty of Versailles made the German feel humiliated and helpless. Germans look down upon
the way. The Weimar Republic, which had signed such a disgraceful treaty. Germany was forced
to cite large clients of territories to France, Belgium, Poland and Denmark. Germany was forced
to pay $33 billion as war indemnity.
2. Economic crisis- As a result of harsh terms of treaty of Versailles, Germany had to suffer an
agriculture productivity, colonies, foreign investment, trade contracts, etc. The foreign countries
raised tariffs against the German good. The number of unemployed people increased. The
condition of the farmers became miserable. By July 1931, debts on farmers had to 300 million.
3. Growing fear of communism – After the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, The communist influence
in Germany increased considerably. The Communist Organized themselves effectively and
succeeded in capturing a number of states in Reichstag. Hitler warned the people that
communist of Germany would become the servants of their Russian master and would follow
dictates of communists.
4. Charismatic personality of Hitler – Hitler had a charismatic personality. He had all the qualities.
required for a popular leader. He was a shrewd politician and a brave soldier. He knew the art of
molding public opinion in his favor according to the circumstances. He told the Germans what
they wanted to hear i.e., the betrayal of Germany by the Treaty of Versailles and the Jewish
Communist plot to conquer the world.
Similarities between the ideologies of fascism and Nazism

1. To have faith in totalitarian rule.

2. To despise Democratic political system.
3. To uphold one party and one leader.
4. To regard war as an instrument for further national interest.
5. Charismatic personality.

Second World War

Cause of the Second World War
 1. Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles-
i. The Treaty of Versailles implanted the siege of conflict and bitterness in the
minds of people in Germany and Italy.
ii. Germany was forced to pay $33 billion as war indemnity and give away all
its colonies to the victorious countries.
iii. Italy, too was economically shattered and did not get the war loot, as
promised to it by the Allied powers

2.Rise of fascism and Nazism-

iv. The rise of aggressive nationalism in Germany and Italy due to the economic
crisis helped Hitler and Mussolini to spread the ideas of Nazism and
Fascism.
v. Hitler annexed Rhine Land, Austria and Czechoslovakia, where Mussolini
captured Ethiopia and Albania.
3. Japanese invasion of China-
i. Japan captured Manchuria and set up a government there.
ii. China appealed. the league of nations to take action against Japan, but due
to the policy of appeasement being followed by Britain and France, the
league could not take any action against Japan.
iii. Japan lap the league in 1933 and started capturing all American and British
properties in China.
4. Failure of the league of Nations –

The League of nations failed due to the following reasons:

i. It did not have an army of its own due to which it could not take actions
against the big nations.
ii. France and Britain followed a policy of appeasement due to which the
league could not take an actions against Germany, Italy and Japan.
iii. The members of the league entered into mutual political and military
alliances, which were against the objectives of the league.
5. Hitler’s invasion of Poland( immediate cause)-
i. Germany was divided 2 parts to give a land route to Poland up to the port of
Danzig.
ii. The city of Danzig was inhabited by German speaking people. Therefore,
Hitler wanted to unify them with Germany.
iii. The Port of Danzing would connect Germany with East Prussia.
iv. The Germany had signed a non aggression treaty with Russia promising it
certain territories of Poland.

Therefore, on 1st September on excuse of Poland

committing atrocities on the German living there invaded Poland.

Consequences of the Second World War.

1. Defeat of Axis powers-

 a) Germany-
i. At the end of the Second World War, Germany was divine to four zones. Each
zone under the army of Allied powers.
ii. The Federal Republic of Germany commonly known as West Germany, was
controlled by UK, France and USA, with Bonn as capital.
iii. The German Democratic Republic, known as E Germany, was controlled by
Soviet Union with East Berlin as the capital.
b) Japan-
i. After the attack on Hiroshima Nagasaki, Japan surrendered unconditionally.
ii. The American Army was to occupy Japan till 1952, after this. The Japanese
would resume soul control over their own affairs.
c) Italy –
i. Italy became very weak after the war, and was divided among the Allied powers.
Mussolini was caught by his own people and killed when he was trying to flee
from Italy.
2. Formation of the United Nations organization- The orders are the two world wars, and the failure
of the league of Nations led to the meeting of big three – President Roosevelt of USA, Prime
Minister Churchill of Britain and Premier of USSR Stalin, formed the United Nations organization
on 24th October 1945.
3. Cold War-
i. The state of extreme political tension between USA and USSR are which emerged
after the Second World War, but it did not convert into an actual armed conflict is
termed as Cold War.
ii. It divided the world into two rival blocks, namely-
a) The capitalist bloc led by USA.
b) The Communist Bloc, led by USSR.

United Nations
Objectives of the United Nations organization-

1. Disarm decolonise and develop other three objectives of the UNO.

2. To maintain international peace and security.
3. To develop friendly relations among the nations.
4. To be a centre of harmonizing the actions of Nations.

Composition of General Assembly-

1. All the members of the United Nations are a member of the general assembly.
2. Each country has five representatives in the General Assembly, but has one vote collectively.
3. At the beginning of the session, the General Assembly, elects a new precedent, 21 vice
presidents and a chairman of 6 main committees.
4. The decisions on important matters are made by two third majority votes.

Powers and Functions of the General Assembly-

1. To consider and approve the budget of the United Nations organization.

2. To elect the non permanent members of the Security Council.
3. To appoint the secretary general on the recommendation of the security council.
4. To discuss any questions related to international peace and security.

Composition of security council-

1. The Security Council consists of 15 members.

2. It has five permanent members, namely China, France, Russia, Britain and USA.
3. The 10 non permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a period of two years.

Veto power- The negative vote of a permanent member of a security council is called a veto power.

Powers and function of the Security Council-

1. To maintain international peace and security.

2. To take military actions against an aggressor country.
3. To recommend admission of new members in the United Nations organization.
4. To elect judges of the International Court of Justice, along with the members of the General
Assembly.

Composition of the International Court of justice-

1. It is composed of 15 judges elected for a term of nine years.

2. Only one judges elected from one nationality.
3. Elections are held every three years for 1/3 of the seats. And the retiring judges may be
reelected.
4. The judge must possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment
to the highest Judicial officers or be a renowned jurist in the international law.
5. The court alleged its president and vice president also for a period of three years.

Pawan function of the International Court of justice-

 1. Voluntary jurisdiction- The court can entertain all those disputes which are brought to it by the
members nations voluntarily to resolve the issue.
2. Advisory opinion -. The code can render its advisory opinion to the five organs of the United
Nations organization and 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations.
3. Codification of international law.
4. Evolving procedures for peaceful settlement of disputes.

Major emergencies of United Nations organization

 1. UNICEF- United Nations Children’s fund.
● Headquarters – New York ,USA.
● Functions-
i. It provides Have two children and mothers in emergencies.
ii. It provides funds for training of Health and sanitation helpers, including teachers
and nutritionists.
iii. Work for the protection of children, in respect of the survival, health and well
being.
iv. It makes efforts to prevent diseases like TB, malaria, eye diseases and skin
diseases.
3. WHO- World Health Organization.
● Headquarter- Geneva, Switzerland.
● Functions
i. Help the countries to improve their health systems by building infrastructure.
ii. It works towards providing safe drinking water and adequate waste disposal
system.
iii. Organize conferences and training programs for healthcare worker from
different part of the country.
iv. It defines the standards for the strength and purity of medicines.
4. UNESCO- United Nations education scientific and cultural organization.
● Headquarters – Paris, France.
● Functions –
a. Education:
i. Helps in the education of women and girls.
ii. Financial help for the education of disabled children.
b. Scientific activities:
i. Organizes seminars and conference of sciences across the globe.
ii. Promotes research in mathematics, physics, geology and Oceanography.
c. Communication:
i. Improve the quality of press film and video services.
ii. Promotes freedom of press and independence of media.
d. Preservation of cultural heritage:
i. It has prepared a world heritage list to identify the monument which are to be
protected.
iii. Protects workers of ancient art and rare manuscripts.

President and vice president

Qualifications for the post of president

 1. Should be citizen of India
2. Should be 35 years of age or ABOVE
3. Should not hold any office of profit under the government

4. Qualified as a member of Lok Sabha

Composition of Electoral College

the president is elected indirectly by the members of Electoral College consisting of the elected MPs and
elected MLAs

note : the nominated members of Rajya Sabha and the state vidhan sabhas are not a part of the
Electoral College

manner of election of the president

1. the president is elected indirectly through the process of proportional representation and single
transferable vote
2. the name of the presidential candidate will have to be proposed by fifty members of the
Electoral College. it has also to be seconded by another fifty members of the same college.

Reasons for indirect election of the president

1. If the president is elected directly under the parliamentary form of government then he/ she
becomes her rival center of power for the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.
2. The constitution makers wanted the presidential election to be a quiet and dignified affair
without wasting that the sources of the nation.
3. a direct election would give too much power in the hands of the masses, having a higher
percentage of illiterates, who would cast the vote under the bias thereby diluting the dignity of
such a high post.

Procedure for the impeachment of the president

1. the resolution of impeachment he’s moved in the parliament with at least 14 days prior notice
signed by ¼ members of the house.
2. charges can be framed against the president by either House of the parliament by a two third
majority of vote of the members of the house.
3. The charges are investigated by the other house ,where the president has the right to come and
defend himself
4. If the charges are proved against the president then the president stands impeached by another
two third majority vote passed by the members of other house.

Powers of the president of India

executive powers

1. he appoints the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers

2. he appointed the governor of different states
3. he appointed the Chief Justice says of the Supreme Court and the High Court
4. he appoints the chairman and members of UPSC
legislative powers

1. he addresses the first session of parliament after the general elections in which he outlines the
programs and policies of new government
2. he summons and prorogues the session of the parliament
3. he nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from the areas of heart science sports etc
4. he has the power to issue an ordinance when the parliament is not in session

financial powers

the Prime Minister can draw money from the contingency fund of India on the approval of the president

the president appoints the chairman and members of finance Commission

money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha with the prior consent of president

the annual budget of the country is presented in the parliament by the finance minister on behalf of the
president

discretionary powers

1. the president can appoint the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers on his own in case of a
hung parliament
2. the president can dismiss the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers if they refuse to resign
after losing the no confidence motion .
3. the president can use his own wisdom and ask the leader of the other party to prove his majority
in the Lok Sabha when the existing government has lost the no confidence motion
4. the president can sit over an ordinary bill for an indefinite period of time.

Emergency powers

1. general or national emergency : it can be declared when there is a danger of foreign aggression
or civil war or any other cause affecting the entire population of the country
2. breakdown of constitutional machinery: it can be declared when there is a political instability
more deadlock in a particular state due to which the daily governance of the state breaks down
3. financial emergency : it can be declared when the financial stability of the country he’s affected
very badly due to which there is a fall in the valley of domestic currency giving rise to financial
crisis throughout the country

vice president

qualification for election of the vice president

1. should be a citizen of India

2. should be of 35 years of age or above
 3. should not hold any office of profit under the government

election of the vice president

1. the vice president is also elected indirectly through the process of proportional representation
and single transferable vote
2. the electoral Electoral College for the election of the vice president consists of elected members
of parliament of both the houses of the parliament
3. the candidature for a person to contest the election for the post of vice president should be
proposed by 20 members of the Electoral College and then seconded by another 20 members.

Powers and functioning of vice president

1. chairman of the Rajya Sabha: he is the ex officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha

Note the Salary of vice president is not given to him as vice president but as the chairman of the
Rajya Sabha

2. taking over as the president

a) death of the president
b) resignation of the president
c) removal of the president
d) when the president is unable to discharge his duties due to illness or any other cause

the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers

collective responsibility

the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are collectively responsible for all their acts of
Commission and omission to the Lok Sabha. they swim and sink together in all the decisions they take
collectively.

Individual responsibility

individually the Council of Ministers are responsible for their acts of omission and Commission to the
president. they enjoy office till the pleasure of the president.

The appointment of Prime Minister

a) the Prime Minister is appointed by the president of India

b) the president invites the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha to form the government
c) in case of a hung parliament the president can use his own wisdom to appoint the person as the
Prime Minister, who can prove that he has the majority support of other smaller parties, in order
to have a majority in the Lok Sabha

categories of Council of Ministers

cabinet minister:

1. they are the senior leaders of the party so hold important portfolios
2. they decide major policies of the government and are Trusted colleagues of the Prime Minister.
3. They have a right to attend meetings of the cabinet.

Minister of state.

1. They are the second category of ministers. They may or may not hold an important charge of any
portfolio.
2. The Prime Minister may or may not consult them for the policy decisions.
3. They do not attend cabinet meetings until called by the Prime Minister.

Deputy ministers.

1. They are the third category of ministers, Who help the cabinet ministers and the Ministers of
State.
2. They do not participate in the cabinet meetings at all.

Powers and functions of the cabinet.

a) Administrative powers.
1) Policymaking. The cabinet ministers formulate both electoral and domestic policies of
the government.
2) Implementation of policies. Once the policy has been decided, It is passed on to the civil
servants , to implement it in a uniform manner throughout the country.

3) Coordinating the functions of various ministries: The cabinet Ministers coordinates the
working of various departments for the smooth implementation of the government
policies.

4) Appointment. All the major appointments made by the President are decided by the
cabinet.

b) Legislative powers.
1) Introduction of government bills. The cabinet introduces 95% of the bills in the
Parliament for approval.
2) Source of information. The cabinet minister answers the questions put to them by
the members of the opposition to provide information to the general public.
3) Amendment to the Constitution. The cabinet moves the bill for amendment of the
Constitution in the Parliament.
4) Issuing of ordinances. The president issued the ordinances only on the advice of the
cabinet.

Powers and position of Prime Minister.

 Prime Minister and the President.
1) He /she is the principal advisor of the president.
2) He /she is the link between president and the council of ministers
3) The Prime Minister chooses the ministers. The president appoints them.
4) It is on the advice of the Prime Minister. That the President summons and
prorogues the Parliament.

Prime Minister and the cabinet.

1) The Prime Minister is the leader of the cabinet.

2) Power to allocate portfolios and to reshuffle the Council of Ministers.
3) Power to select and dismiss ministers.
4) Power to direct and coordinate government policies.

Prime Minister inside the parliament.

1) He’s the leader of Lok Sabha.

2) He’s the prime spokesperson of the government.
3) He is a defender of the government policies.
4) Intervention in case of controversial issues.

Prime Minister as the leader of the nation.

1) He represents the nation.
2) He decides what kind of relations India would have with other countries.
3) At the time of general election,proposed Prime Minister for whom the
people vote.
4) Prime Minister is also the ex officio chairman. Of the Niti aayog and the
Atomic Energy Commission.

Council of Ministers. Cabinet.

The Council of Ministers consists of all The cabinet is a smaller group consisting of
categories of ministers- Cabinet minister, senior ministers holding important portfolio
Ministers of state, And deputy minister. such as defense, finance, home etc.

The Prime Minister may or may not consult They are the most trusted colleagues of the
with the other ministers, below the rank of Prime Minister. Prime Minister always
cabinet ministers. consults them. The decision of the cabinet are
binding on all the ministers.

In day-to-day working of the government, The The cabinet is a small, cohesive group of
Council of Ministers as the whole rarely meets. senior ministers who determines the policy
and program of the government. So they met
as frequently as possible.
According to the constitution, The president In day-to-day governments of the country, the
Acts on the advice of Council of Ministers. In cabinet advises the President through the
reality, it is not Council of Ministers but the Prime Minister.
cabinet which advises the President.

The Supreme Court.

Qualification
1. He she should be a citizen of india .

2 a) He should have been A judge in any of the high courts for not less than five years Or
2 b) He should have been an advocate in any of the high courts for not less than 10 years Or
2 C) He should be a well renowned jurist in the eyes of the president.

Appointment.
2. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the president in consultation with
senior most judges of the Supreme Court along with the Council of Ministers.
3. The Chief Justice of Supreme Court is usually a senior most judge of the Supreme Court.
4. The other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president in consultation with
the chief justices. Of Supreme Court, High Court and the Council of Ministers.

Composition.
1. The Supreme Court consists of 1 Chief Justice.
2. According to the amendment of 2019, The other judges of the Supreme Court are now 33 in
number.
Term of office.
A judge of the Supreme Court holds office till he attains the age of 65 years.

Seat of Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court is situated in New Delhi, but the seat of the Supreme Court can be
changed to any of the places across the country, if the Chief Justice agrees to, after taking
approval from the president.
Jurisdiction and powers of Supreme Court.

a) Original jurisdiction.
All those cases which are directly brought to the Supreme Court at the very first instance
come under the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Examples of original jurisdiction :-
i. Centre estate dispute.
ii. Interstate dispute.
iii. Dispute between the center and state on one side and two or more states on the
other side.
iv. Enforcement of fundamental rights.
v. Interpretation of the Constitution.
 B) Appellate jurisdiction. All those cases which are brought to the Supreme Court through
an appeal from the High Court, come under the APPEALLATE Jurisdiction of the Supreme
Court.

Example. All kinds of Civil and all kinds of criminal cases.

C) advisory jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has the powers to render an opinion on any
question of law or facts of public importance, as may be referred to it for consideration by
the President.

Note

1) The advice given by the Supreme Court to the President is not binding in
nature.
2) The Supreme Court is also not bound to render an opinion every time a
matter is sent for its consideration.

D) revisory jurisdiction. The powers of the Supreme Court to review any of its old judgments
or orders in order to rectify the error which might have been crept into the judgment is
termed as revisory jurisdiction.

E) judicial review. The Supreme Court is the final interpreter of the Constitution, due to which it
has the power to review the laws passed by the Parliament or the state legislatures in
India. If these laws are not according to the provisions of the Constitution, the Supreme
Court can declare it null and void.

f) Court of record. All judgments of the Supreme Court are recorded for future evidence
and testimony for the lawyers, law students and judges across the country. These judgments
are in the nature of presidents. It cannot be questioned in any court of law.

g) Enforcement of fundamental rights. Any citizen whose rights are violated may move
the Supreme Court for the enforcement of the rights. The Supreme Court has the power to
issue orders or writs in the nature of habeas corpus ,Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto,
Certiorari for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights.
 Q) Give examples illustrating the independence of judiciary from the control of executive
and legislative?

i. Appointment of judges. Every judge of the Supreme Court as well as the High Court
are appointed by the President in consultation with the cabinet as well as judges of
both the Supreme Court as well as the High Court.

ii. Security of tenure( Service)

A judge can remain in the office till he has attained the age of 65 years. He can only be
removed by the president on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity.

iii. Security of salaries and service conditions.

The salaries of the judges cannot be reduced during their term of service, except
during the periods of financial emergency. Their salaries and allowances are charged
on the consolidated funds of India, which is not subject to vote of the Parliament.

iv. Freedom to announce decision and Decree.

The judges are free to announce their decisions and decrees in the court chambers
without any danger to their persons, property or fame. Their decisions cannot be
criticized by press or media.

v. Punishment for contempt of court.

The Supreme Court can punish for the contempt of court if a person or authority tries
to lower the dignity of the court.

vi. Full control over its procedure of work and establishment.

The Supreme Court is free to decide its own procedure of work and conditions of
service of its employees.

vii. No discussion in the Parliament on the conduct of judges.

No discussion can take place in the Parliament regarding the conduct of any judge
during his discharge of duties.

viii. Provision of practice after retirement.

The judges are paid handsome pension but are not allowed to practice after their
retirement in any court of law.

The high courts and subordinate courts.

Qualifications.

1) Should be a citizen of India.

 2) Should not be above 62 years.
3) A) Should have worked as judge in any of the subordinate court for not less than 10 years. Or

B) Should have been an advocate in any of the subordinate codes for not less than 10 years.

Composition.
The High Court consists of 1 Chief Justice and as many other judges as the president may appoint
from time to time.

Appointment.
1 The Chief Justice of India of High Court is appointed by the President in consultation with the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and governor of the state.
2 The other judges of the High Court are appointed by the president in consultation with the Chief
Justice of High Court, The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the governor of the state.

Powers and jurisdiction of High Court.

Original jurisdiction.

All those cases which are directly brought to the High Court at the very first instance come under the
original jurisdiction of the High Court.

Example

1 cases related to state revenue and state collection.

2 Cases related to divorce, marriage will, contempt of court and Company Act.
3 Cases related to interpretation of the Constitution. Cases related to fundamental rights.
4 Cases selected to election petition dealing with state vidhan sabha or local bodies.

Appellate jurisdiction.

All those cases which are brought through an appeal from the subordinate courts to the high courts
come under appellate jurisdiction of the High Court.

Example.

All the cases related to the District Judge( Civil cases) And sessions judge (Criminal cases) in a
particular state.

Lok Adalat.

Look, Adalat means People’s Court. It is a legal forum where cases are brought for redressal in
the spirit of compromise and understanding between the 2 parties. There is No involvement of lawyer
for representation of the case. It can be done by the individual Himself or herself.

Advantages of lok Adalat

1 Disputes are settled in a spirit of compromise and understanding without hurting egos of Either
parties.
2 Delivers fast and inexpensive justice.
3 Promote social justice by providing legal aid to weaker sections of the society.
4 Reduces the workload of other courts.