OUTLINE OF TOPICS

•Normal Distribution and Its Characteristics

•Constructing a normal curve
•Z-scores and Areas under the normal curve
•Conversion: Raw Score → z-score→ Area
(and vice versa)
•Probabilities and Percentiles
ACTIVITY: AM I NORMAL?
Graph the following scores
against its frequency using a
line graph.
ACTIVITY: AM I NORMAL? GROUP 3
GROUP 1 GROUP 2 X F
X F X F 5 1
15 1 6 5
20 2
7 11
16 3 30 3
8 8
17 6
40 5 9 7
18 11
50 9 10 6
19 7 11 4
60 15
20 5 12 3
21 2 70 6
13 1
LINE GRAPH
Group 1
12

10

0
15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Mean ≈ 18.23 Median = 18 Mode = 18

LINE GRAPH
Group 2
16

14

12

10

0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mean = 53 Median = 60 Mode = 60

LINE GRAPH
Group 3
12

10

0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Mean ≈ 8.6 Median = 8 Mode = 7

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
CONCEPTS AND PROPERTIES

•Sir Francis Galton - coined the term normal distribution

in 1889
•Karl Pearson – called its graph the normal curve
•Abraham De Moivre – first developed the mathematical
equation for the normal curve
•Karl Friedrich Gauss – developed the concept of the
curve from the study of errors on repeated
measurements of the same quantity
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
•The normal distribution, also known as the Z-
distribution or Gaussian distribution (in honor of
Gauss), is a probability distribution that is symmetric
about the mean, showing that data near the mean
are more frequent in occurrence than data far from
the mean
 NORMAL CURVE
•provides a graphical
representation of a normal
distribution
•a bell-shaped curve that
extends indefinitely on both
sides
•It is defined by an equation
that uses the mean (μ ), and
the standard deviation ( σ)
1. The curve is bell-shaped.
2. It is symmetrical about the center.
3. Mean = Median = Mode

Mean
Median
Mode
4. The tails or ends are asymptotic
relative to the horizontal axis.
5. The total area under the normal curve
is equal to 1 or 100%

50% 50%
5. The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1 or 100%
6. The normal curve area may be subdivided into
standard deviations, at least 3 units to the left
and 3 units to the right
ILLUSTRATIONS:
𝜇𝜇 = 80 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜎𝜎 = 5
ILLUSTRATIONS:
𝜇𝜇 = 80 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜎𝜎 = 10
ILLUSTRATIONS:
𝜇𝜇 = 75 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜎𝜎 = 5
QUIZ
1)The area under a normal curve is _____.
2)The tails of the curve are ________ to the base line.
3)The mean, median, and mode of a normal curve
are ________
4)There are ________ standard deviation units at the
baseline of a normal curve.
5)The curve is ________ about its center.
 QUIZ
6)The curve is divided into _____ standard deviation units (to the
left or right).
7)About _______%(whole) of the distribution falls between -1 to 1
standard deviation units.
8)The normal distribution is also known as _________.
9)The normal curve is ____________.(shape)
10)He coined the term normal distribution in 1889.
 QUIZ
11) He discovered the equation of the normal curve
12) - 13) The important values that best describe a
normal curve are ________ and __________.
14) He called the graph the normal curve
15) In a normal distribution, the mean, median and
mode are located at the _________.
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
•a normal distribution with mean
zero (μ = 0) and standard deviation
one (σ = 1)
x1 x 2 µ z1 z2 µ
•It is the distance of the score from the mean in terms
of standard deviation
•measures how many standard deviations a particular
value/score is above or below the mean (the distance
between the given measurement X and the mean)
•measure of relative standing
To convert a given score into the standard score,
use the equation
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑋𝑋− 𝜇𝜇
𝒛𝒛 = or 𝐳𝐳 =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜎𝜎

where x = raw score/value

𝝁𝝁 = mean
σ = standard deviation
EXAMPLE 1
Consider the distribution with 𝝁𝝁 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 and σ = 𝟒𝟒.
Determine the corresponding z-score for the following values:
1) 38 5) 54
2) 42 6) 58
3) 46 7) 62
4) 50
Then locate the z-score on the normal curve.
SOLUTION
𝟏𝟏) 𝑋𝑋 = 38
𝑿𝑿−𝝁𝝁 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒛𝒛 = = = = −𝟑𝟑
𝝈𝝈 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
2) 𝑋𝑋 = 42
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 −𝟖𝟖
𝒛𝒛 = = = −𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
SOLUTION
3) 𝑋𝑋 = 46
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 −𝟒𝟒
𝒛𝒛 = = = −𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
4) 𝑋𝑋 = 50
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟎𝟎
𝒛𝒛 = = = 𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
SOLUTION 5) 𝑋𝑋 = 54
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟒𝟒
𝒛𝒛 = = = 𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
6) 𝑋𝑋 = 58
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟖𝟖
𝒛𝒛 = = = 𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
7) 𝑋𝑋 = 62
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒛𝒛 = = = 𝟑𝟑
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
RAW SCORE

38 42 46 50 54 58 62
RAW SCORE VS. Z - SCORE

38
-3 -2
42 -1
46 0
50 541 2
58 3
62
PRACTICE:
DETERMINE THE Z-SCORE FOR EACH DISTRIBUTION

1) 𝝁𝝁 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝝈𝝈 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 2) 𝝁𝝁 = 𝟓𝟓, 𝝈𝝈 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒

X F X F
9 1
21 2
8 2
20 5
7 4
19 7
6 7
18 11 5 11
17 6 4 7
16 3 3 4
15 1 2 2
1 1
THREE CASES

•Area to the left

•Area between
•Area to the right
 1) AREA TO THE LEFT
below, less than, at most, to the left, not greater than
2) AREA
BETWEEN
3) AREA TO THE RIGHT
above, greater than, at least, more than
ACTIVITY
Draw and shade the indicated area
1) Below z = 1.5
2) To the right of z = -0.94
3) Between z = -2.15 and z = 1.45
4) Greater than z = 2.34
5) To the left of z = -1.25
 Probability Notation Probability Notation
AREA
(Given raw score) (Given z-score)
To the left P(X < c) P(z < a)
To the right P(X > c) P(z > a)
Between P(c < X < d) P(a < z < b)
c & d are given raw scores a & b are given z-scores
Examples
Write the probability notation for Answers:
each of the following: 1) P(z < 1.5)
1) Below z = 1.5
2) P(z > -0.94)
2) To the right of z = -0.94
3) P(-2.15 < z < 1.45)
3) Between z = -2.15 and z = 1.45
4) P(X > 40)
4) Greater than X = 40
5) P(X < 50)
5) To the left of X = 50
Understanding the area in the z-table given the z-score
Illustration 1:
Given
z = -2.75

-2.7 0.05

The area for

z =-2.75 is
0.0030.
graph
The area for z = -2.75
as indicated in the z-
table is
A = 0.0030 or 0.3%

It is important to note that the area found at the

z-table indicates the area to the left of the given z.
Illustration 2

Given
z = -1.13

-1.1 0.03

The area for z = -1.13 is A = 0.1292.

graph

z = -1.13

A = 0.1292 or 12.92%
 Illustration 3
Given z = 1.78

The area for z = 1.78 is A = 0.9625.

graph

z = 1.78

A = 0.9625 =96.25%
Steps in finding the area given
X, µ, and σ
1) Convert the raw score X into the Z-score
𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇
using the formula: Z =
𝜎𝜎
2) Locate the Z-score on the normal curve
and shade the required area.
3) Find the area using the process used for
3 cases
 Process Flowchart:

Finding the Area/Probability under the Normal Curve

Raw Z-Score Area or

Score 𝑿𝑿−𝝁𝝁 Probability
X 𝐳𝐳 =
𝝈𝝈 in z-table
Finding the Area
1) to the left
2) to the left
3) between
Example 1
Consider the distribution with 𝝁𝝁 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 and σ = 𝟒𝟒.
Determine the area of each of the following.
1) To the left of X=42 5) P(z > -1)
2) P(X < 54) 6) P(z < -0.5)
3) Above X = 58 7) P(-2 < z < 1)
4) P(46 < X < 54) 8) P(1 < x < 2.54)
Answers
1) 0.0228 = 2.28% 5) 0.8413 = 84.13%
2) 0.8413 = 84.13% 6) 0.3085 = 30.85%
3) 0.0228 = 2.28% 7) 0.8186 = 81.86%
4) 0.6827 = 68.27% 8) 0.1531 = 15.31%
 PRACTICE
•FIND THE AREA
1) To the left of z = -1.78 5) Between z = -1 and z = 2
2) Between z = 0 and z = 2 6) Between z = -3 and z = -0.5
3)To the left of z = 1.78 7) To the right of z = -2.38
4) To the right of z = 1.5
 Activity 2:
Determine the area & show graphically:
1) P(z > 1.52)
2) P(z < -2.13)
3) P(0.8 < z < 2.94)
4) P(z > -2.36)
5) P(-1.75 < z < 1.88)
 Answers
Determine the probability &
show graphically:
1) P(z > 1.52) = 6.43%
2) P(z < -2.13) = 1.66%
3) P(0.8 < z < 2.94) = 21.03%
4) P(z > -2.36) = 99.09%
5) P(-1.75 < z < 1.88) =
92.98%
 Assignment
Determine the required area or
probability.
1) P(z < - 1.16)
2) P(z > -0.54)
3) P(z < 0.93)
4) P(2.04 < z < -1.84)
5) P(-3.02 > z > -2.25)
Let’s generalize!

Summarize the steps in

finding the area given a
raw score X, µ and .
Application
 Application
Problem
In a job fair, 3000 applicants applied for a job. Their
mean age was found to be 28 years old, with a
standard deviation of 4 years.
1) How many percent of the applicants are below
20 years old?
2) How many percent of the applicants are above
32 years old?
3) How many have ages between 24 and 32 years
old?
 Application
Solution:
µ = 28 years  = 4 years X = given age
1) P(X < 20)
𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇 20−28 −8
z= = = = −2
𝜎𝜎 4 4
The corresponding area for z = -2 is A = 0.0228
Then, P(X < 20) = 0.0228 = 2.28%
 Application
Solution:
µ = 28 years  = 4 years X = given age
1) P(X < 20)
z = -2 A= 0.0228 or 2.28%

2) P(X > 32) = 15.87%

z = 1, A = 1 – 0.8413 = 0.1587

3) P(24 < X < 32) = 68.26%

z = -1 and z = 1 A = 0.3413 + 0. 0.6826
n = 0.6826 (3000) = 2047.8 ≈ 2048
 GROUP 1
1) The IQ of 300 students in a certain high school is
approximately normally distributed with μ=100 and
σ=15.
a) What is the probability that a randomly
selected student will have an IQ of 115 and above?
b) How many students will have an IQ between
85 and 120?
 GROUP 2
2) In an examination in Statistics, the
mean grade is 72 and the standard
deviation is 6. Find the probability that a
student will have a score
a) higher than 75
b) from 65 to 80
 GROUP 3
3) The scores of 400 applicants who took the
examination in a certain company approximate a
normal distribution, with mean of 75 and standard
deviation of 5.

a) How many applicants got a score 80 and above?

b) How many applicants got a score 70 and below?

 Practice
Find the z-score that corresponds to the
following areas:
1) 0.9945
2) 0.7088
3) 0.0735
4) 0.0268
5) 0.86
 Sales

9%
10%
1st Qtr

23% 58% 2nd Qtr

3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
16%
What if we are going to
reverse the process, say
the given starts with
probability?
 Practice
Answers:
1) 0.9945 z = 2.54
2) 0.7088 z = 0.55
3) 0.0735 z = -1.45
4) 0.0268 z = -1.93
5) 0.86 z = 1.08
PERCENTILES
Examples:
Find
1) P99
2) P90
3) P68
4) P40
5) P32.5
 Finding the area given X, µ and σ

Raw Score Z-Score Area or

𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇
X Z= Probability
𝜎𝜎

Finding the raw score X given the µ, σ, and the area

or probability
Raw Score
Area or
X = Zσ +µ Z-Score
Probability
 Application
1) In a job fair, 3000 applicants applied for a job. Their
mean age was found to be 28 with a standard
deviation of 4 years. Find the age such that 75% is
below it.

2) The results of a nationwide aptitude test in

Mathematics are normally distributed with μ=80 and σ
= 15. Find the raw score such that
a) 70% of the cases are below it.
b) 60% of the scores are above it.
 Application
3) The mean age of students in a particular
high school is 14.5 with a standard deviation of
3. If the total enrollment in that school is 500,
how many students have ages between 13 &
16?