TME 223

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING PRACTICE

(MODULE 2)

Course Facilitator: T.T Olugasa

Ph.D(Ibadan), MNSE ,C.Eng (COREN Regd.)

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 Different Branches and
Scope of each area of
Engineering

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 Engineering and Engineers

What is Engineering?

Who is an Engineer?

What do you considered to be the work of engineers?

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 Engineering Definitions

Engineering is the art of organising and directing men and controlling

the forces and materials of nature for the benefit of the human race (Henry
G.Stott)
Engineering is the application of science to the needs of humanity. This is
accomplished through knowledge, mathematics, and practical experience
applied to the design of useful objects or processes (www.wordig.com)

Engineering is concerned with the design of a solution to a practical problem

(Anonymous).

Engineering is an activity other than purely manual and physical work which
brings about utilisation of the materials and laws of nature for the good of
humanity (R.E. Hellmund).

Engineering is the practice of safe and economic application of scientific laws

governing the forces and materials of nature by means of organisation , design
and construction for the general benefit of mankind(S.E.Lindsay)
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 Engineering Definitions

The creative application of scientific principles to design or

develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing
processes or works utilising them singly or in combination or to
construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their
design or to forecast their behaviour under specific operating
conditions; all in respect of an intended function , economics of
operation and safety to life and property (ABET,2009)
Engineering is the profession in which knowledge of the
mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience,
and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize,
economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit
of mankind (ABET).

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 Engineering Definitions

Engineering can be defined as the practical applications of the principles

,theories and laws of science in the design, modelling, modification,
construction, operation and maintenance of engineering systems and
structures ( such as machines, aircrafts, ships, buildings, road networks
e.t.c.) for the benefit of mankind through utilisation of available materials
and resources in the most economic and safe manner ( Ajide, 2014).

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 What do you considered to be the work of engineers?

Build a Bridge?
Fabricate Machines?
Construct Road Networks?
Make a Robot?
Build a house?
Work on a Computer?
Drive a Train?
Repair Car Engines?

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 A Telecommunication Engineer at work

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 Space Engineers at Work
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 Underwater Vehicle Engineer at Work

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 Civil Engineers at Work
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12 Pipeline Engineers
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Civil Engineering Structures
14 Civil Engineers at Bridges Construction Site
 Petroleum Engineers working in a Crude Oil
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Refinery
 Computer Engineers Working on a computer hardware

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 Electrical and Electronic Engineer at Work
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 Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineers at Work
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Mechanical Engineers Working on a Car Engines
 Who is an Engineer?
Engineers design , manufacture, operate and maintain machines,
systems and all forms of engineering structures

Engineers design, create, or modify nearly everything we touch,

wear, eat, see, and hear in our daily lives.

Engineers brings about innovations and inventions that fuel the

economic growth, fortify national security, improve healthcare,
and safeguard the environment (adapted from ASEE 2004)

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 Engineering Job Descriptions
Analytical engineer
Design engineer
Test engineer
Manufacturing engineer
Development engineer
Research engineer
Sales engineer
Engineering manager
Consulting engineer

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 What does it take to be an Engineer?

Drive & perseverance!

How do you get those?

Have to be willing to make the effort.
Don’t let anything stand in your way.
Know what you’re getting into.

Engineers have in common the desire to make the world a

better place(VCSU, 2006).

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 Why Be An Engineer?
Money ?

Fame ?

Fortune ?

Make life better through problem solving?

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 Why might YOU want to be an Engineer?

You have high goals in life and want to get a strong

college education!
You like mathematics & sciences and would like to apply
them to real world problems!
You enjoy hands-on work and tinkering with things!
You were told that engineers make a lot of money!
You were told that you can get a good job with an
engineering degree!
You want to help humanity!

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 Characteristics of student that might have an interest in
pursuing Degree engineering are:

Are curious or inquisitive about how things work

Has passion for solving interesting life problems

Strong fervor and proficient skills in mathematics and sciences

Interested in design and hands-on works
High perseverance spirit !
Desire or passion for making the world a better place

Capable of working both independently and with others as a team in

providing solutions to engineering needs of mankind

An urging from a high school counselor

Knows someone who is an engineer

Knows that engineering offers literally dozens, if not hundreds of job

opportunities

aware that globally, a degree in engineering is quite lucrative

25 Sound like you???

 Qualities of an Engineer
Sound knowledge in mathematics and sciences
Curious or inquisitive about problem solving towards societal needs
Ability to think with imagination and insight
Ability to conceptualise, organise and carry out to completion
appropriate experimental investigations
Ability to understand scientific principles and to apply analytical
methods to the study of natural phenomena
Ability to synthesize and make decision
High perseverance spirit and passion for technical/hands-on project
Capable of working both independently and with others as a team in
providing solutions to engineering needs of mankind

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 The First Engineer: Imhotep

The first acclaimed Engineer in the world is Imhotep

Designed the pyramid near Memphis, Egypt around 2550 BC.
(BBC)
He set a precedent by including temples, pavilions, corridors, chapels
and halls within the closed walls.
He was a commoner by birth.
Which means he did not have a formal education (that was only for the
rich).
At that time, engineers learned the trade through the apprenticeship
system. (BBC)
He became one of the king’s most trusted advisors.
His reputation lives on still today in many fictional stories.

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What is the Difference Between a Scientist
and an Engineer?

“ Scientists
discover the world that exists;
Engineers create the world that never was”

Quotes from :Theodore Von Karman, Aerospace Engineer

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 What are the Differences Between a Scientist and an
Engineer?
Scientist Engineer

Creates the world that exists Creates the world that do not exists
Uses knowledge of math and science
Develops knowledge from
to create something new
analysis and study
Characteristic activity: creative
Characteristic activity: research
design
Work in fields such as:
Work in disciplines such as:
Biology
Civil Engineering
Chemistry
Mechanical Engineering
Physics
Electrical Engineering
A practitioner of science is a A practitioner of engineering is
scientist an engineer

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 The Core Features of Engineering Design Process

Problem Identification: Identifying the needs of a client

Conceptual Design: Ideas, Sketches and Solution Lists
Refinement: Computer Modeling, Data Base Development
Testing: Analysis and Simulation of All Design Aspects
Prototyping: Visualizing and Improving the Design
Communication: Engineering Drawings, Specifications
Production: Final Design, Manufacturing, Distribution

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 Engineering Functions
The focus of an engineer’s work typically falls into one or more of the
following areas:
Research - explore, discover and apply new principles
Development - transform ideas or concepts into production processes
Design - link the generation of ideas and the production
Production and testing - manufacture and assemble components or
products
Sales - market engineering products
Operations - maintain equipment and facilities
Construction - prior to construction organizes bids, during construction
supervises certain components of process

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 Engineering Functions

Management - optimize the use of resources (equipment, labor,

finances)

Education - teach engineering principles in university and industrial

settings

Consulting - provide specialized engineering services to the clients.

May work alone or in partnership other engineers.

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 The Parent Engineering Courses
Mechanical Engineering: This involves the application of
engineering sciences to solve problems regarding the
manufacture and operation of industrial machines, processes and
power .

Civil Engineering: This involves structures, highway,

transportation, water resource and environment engineering

Electrical Engineering: This involves power systems,

communications ,computers e.t.c

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 Some offspring Courses in Mechanical Engineering
Agricultural Engineering
Wood Products Engineering
Petroleum Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Mining Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Automobile Engineering
Aeronautical Engineering
Material Engineering
Metallurgical Engineering
Marine Engineering
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 Some offspring Courses in Civil Engineering

Structural Engineering
Highway Engineering
Transportation Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Water Resources Engineering
Hydraulic Engineering
Environmental Engineering

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 Some offspring Courses in Electrical Engineering

Electronic Engineering
Computer Engineering
Control Engineering
Telecommunication Engineering
Instrumentation Engineering
Power Engineering
Networking Engineering

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 Other Branches of Engineering
Acoustical Engineering
Biomedical Engineering
Biomaterials Engineering
Ceramic Engineering
Communications Engineering
Electronics Engineering
Food Processing Engineering
Manufacturing Engineering
Mechatronics Engineering
Mineral Processing Engineering
Military Engineering
Systems Engineering
Polymer Engineering
Production Engineering
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 Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineering employs scientific and physical principles in the
development of useful and realistic models for machine design.
Deals with power, the generation of power, and the application of power to
a variety of machines, ranging from HVAC to space vehicles
It deals with the design of cars, heating and air conditioning systems,
and manufacturing systems
It is concerned with machines and systems that involve the production
and use of heat
In their design, Mechanical engineering makes use of solid models such as
FEA-Finite Element Analysis
CFD-Computational Fluid Dynamics
CAM-Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAD- Computer Aided Design
CNC Machining- Computer Numerically Controlled Machining

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 Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering

Aeronautical Engineering covers the application of engineering methods,

techniques and principles in the design , construction, maintenance of
aircrafts

It is concerned with engineering applications in the areas of aeronautics

(the science of air flight) and astronautics (the science of space flight).
Concerned with aerodynamics, propulsion and navigation

It involves the design of aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, missiles, and rockets

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 Agricultural Engineering
Agricultural Engineering involves the creation of new technology
for agricultural systems and farming equipment or structures such
as irrigation systems, tractors, road networks and buildings.
Agricultural engineering focuses on:
Soil and water
Structures and environment
Electrical power and processing
Food engineering
Power and machinery

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 Food Engineering

Food Engineering covers the application of engineering methods,

techniques and principles in the design , construction and
maintenance of food processing systems for quality food production.

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 Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering covers the application of engineering
methods, techniques and principles in the design ,
construction, maintenance of infrastructures such as road
networks, bridges, water supply systems, buildings and
environmental make up of the modern society
Civil engineering focuses on structural issues, such as:
- Roads, Bridges and Highways
-Skyscrapers
-Industrial Plants and Power Plants
-Shipping Facilities and Railroad Lines
-Pipelines, Gas Facilities, Canals
-Storm water systems
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 Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering apply the theory and principles of
science in the study of the subterranean rock and soil so as to
ascertain its ability to withstand high loads.

Geotechnical Engineering is very important for the safety and

security of infrastructures and even other engineering structures

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 Structural Engineering

Structural Engineering apply the theory and principles of science in

the design, evaluation and improvement of new existing structures
such as buildings ,bridges , pipelines , machinery, automobiles and
spacecraft so as to withstand forces and analyse damage caused by the
natural environment (such as wind and earthquakes) and by man (such
as cargo and automobile traffic)

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 Transportation Engineering

Transportation Engineering apply the theory and principles of

science in the design , planning , monitoring, construction,
management and analyses of transportation systems such as
vehicles , facilities, control mechanisms as well as the policies
that combine to permit the efficient conveyance of people and
goods

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 Hydraulic Engineering

Hydraulic Engineering apply the theory and principles of

science in the study of movement and flow of fluids (with focus
on water) which respect to the design and construction of
channels ,dams , bridges, canals and other sanitary facilities

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 Environmental Engineering

Environmental Engineering apply the theory and

principles of science in the design and construction of
systems for the purification of water/air as well as the
treatment of biological/chemical/thermal wastes

It also covers the remediation of contaminated sites due

to deposition of wastes or contaminants

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 Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering covers the application of science
and engineering methods, techniques and principles in
the design , construction, maintenance and monitoring
of various operations including manufacturing of large
scale plants used in the extraction and recovery of
useful chemical products

Chemical engineering applies chemistry to industrial

processes, such as the manufacture of drugs, cements,
paints, lubricants, and the like.
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 Electrical Engineering

Concerned with electricity, electromagnetic fields, and light

It involves the design of power generation and distribution

systems

It involves designing products such as cell phones, computers,

antennas, televisions, and appliances

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 Power Engineering

Power Engineering is concerned with the design of various devices

that supply electricity such as transformers, electric generators,
electric motors and distribution of electricity

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 Electronic Engineering
Electronic Engineering is the art of studying the behavioural
pattern , effect and emission of electron as the design of
electronic devices , systems and equipment such as cathode
ray tube/electron tubes and transistors

It involves the use of electronic circuitry in the design of

products such as CCTV camera, cell phones, computers,
antennas, televisions, and appliances

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 Telecommunication Engineering

Telecommunication engineering is concerned with all operations

connected with transmission of information using various means
such as optic fibres, free space or coaxial cable

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 Instrumentation Engineering

Instrumentation Engineering covers the application of theories and

principles of physics as well as other sciences in the design and
development of equipment used in sizing or measuring physical
quantities such as temperature, pressure, flow pattern, emission
characteristics, e.t.c.

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 Computer Engineering

Computer Engineering covers the application of science and engineering

methods, techniques and principles in the design , construction , operation
and maintenance of computers, Computer systems hardware accessories

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 Industrial Engineering

Industrial engineers design, install, and improve systems that

integrate people, materials, and machines to improve
efficiency.

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 Biomedical Engineering
Concerned with the mechanical and chemical
properties of the human body

It involves the design prosthetic devices and

medical diagnostic systems

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 Marine Engineering
Concerned with the design, development, and operation of ships, boats
submarine pipelines and drilling platforms

It involves the design, fabrication and maintenance of the systems that

operate ships (i.e. propulsion, communication, steering and navigation)

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 Material Engineering
Involves the study of structure, as well as other important
properties of materials(i.e. strength, hardness, and durability)

Run tests to ensure the quality of the performance of the material

Material Engineering also involves metallurgy and the

development of new materials (e.g Alloys, composites alloys,
Nano materials, Smart materials)

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 Petroleum Engineering

Discover, remove, refine, and transport crude and refined oil

around the world
It is concerned with the design and operation of the
machinery used to refine crude oil into its many forms.
It deals with the design of various processes involved in the
crude oil refinery

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 Mining Engineering

Concerned with discovery, removal, processing and refining

minerals resources from their raw forms

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 Nuclear Engineering
Most concerned with producing and harnessing energy from
nuclear sources

Propulsion and electricity are the main uses of nuclear power

It includes disposal of the nuclear waste byproduct, and how

to keep people safe from harmful nuclear products

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 OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENGINEERS IN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS

Engineers can pursue careers in different sectors of the economy.

These can be:
Private Sector (e.g Oil & Gas, Construction company, Design
companies e.t.c )
Public Sector (State , Local and Federal governments)
International Organisation
Non-governmental Organisation
Military (Army, Navy, Air force e.t.c)
Institutions of learning
Research Institutes
Self Employment e.g Consultancy services

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 Opportunities for Civil Engineers in Private and Public Sectors
The employment opportunities for civil engineers are very wide and include the
following:
Oil and Gas Industry: Chevron, Shell BP, Total, Forte Oil , Schlaumberger
,LNG,NNPC ,e.t.c
Building Industry
Road Construction Industry e.g Julius berger, Monier Construction Company
(MCC),Reynolds Construction Company (RCC),DUMEZ
Military : Army Engineering
Transportation Industry e.g Railways
Mining Industry
Ministry of works (state or federal)
Ministry of Housing (state or federal)
Water Corporation
Water Resources company
Research Institutes
Consultancy services
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 Opportunities for Electrical Engineers in Private and Public Sectors

Electrical Engineers have a wide range of career employment opportunities

Oil and Gas Industry: Chevron, Shell BP, Total, Forte Oil , Schlumberger
,LNG,NNPC ,e.t.c
Military : Army Engineering
Telecommunication Industry e.g MTN, Globacom, Airtel, ETISALAT e.t.c
Power Stations e.g EDC, TRC ,IPP , e.t.c
Computer Hardware Industry: Microsoft, IBM, Gateway, Paks,Data
Sciences ,e.t.c
Building Electrical Design Industry(for wiring , lighting systems, system
design and selection
Machines and Equipment Installation Industry
Research Institutes
Consultancy services
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 Opportunities for Mechanical Engineers in Private and Public Sectors

Mechanical Engineers have a wide range of career employment opportunities

Oil and Gas Industries: Chevron, Shell BP, Total, Forte Oil ,Schlaumberger
,LNG,NNPC ,e.t.c
Military : Army Engineering
Manufacturing Industries e.g ANNAMCO,PZ,NESTLE,P & G e.t.c
Machine Tools
Steel Rolling Mills
Aviation Industries
Power Plants
Building Mechanical Design Industries
Cement Industries
Machines and Equipment Installation Industries
Bottling Companies
Cadbury
Research Institutes
Consultancy services

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RENUMERATION & SALARY PACKAGE FOR
ENGINEERS : A Global Scenario

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RENUMERATION & SALARY PACKAGE FOR
ENGINEERS : A Global Scenario
Salary Package of Engineers in US as at 2012
OCCUPATION AVERAGE SALARY PER ANNUM
Electrical Engineers $ 87,920
Mechanical Engineers $ 80,580

Biomedical Engineers $ 86,960

Civil Engineers $ 79,340

Chemical Engineers $ 94,350

Aerospace Engineers $ 103,720

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Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012)
 Concluding Remarks for Module 2
Engineering is concerned with the application of science theories,
principles and laws in the design, construction, modification ,operation
and maintenance of machines , systems and other engineering
structures
Engineers design, create, or modify virtually all we make use of in our
daily lives.
Innovations and inventions are products of engineering activities.
These fuel economic growth, fortify national security, improve
healthcare, and safeguard the environment
The three parent engineering disciplines are Mechanical Engineering,
Civil Engineering and Electrical Engineering.
Today, there are numerous branches or divisions of engineering. Any
of this branch will be an offspring of any of the parent engineering
disciplines.
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 Concluding Remarks for Module 2
Engineering student must be:
- curious
- proficient in mathematics and sciences
-passionate for problems solving independently and as a team player
- Determined in order to provide solutions to the needs of the society
- Zealous for making the world a better place to live

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 ASSIGNMENT 2
Who is the first Nigerian to be recognised as a professional
Engineer in Nigeria? Write a one-page biography of the person.

Who is the first Nigerian to obtain a degree in Engineering?

State year, the University and the aspect of engineering where the
person obtained the B.Sc Degree.

In tabular form and chronologically, the first SIX Nigerians to obtain

B.Sc Degrees in Engineering
(S/N, Name, Aspect of Engineering, University Attended, Year Obtained ,Class of Degree Obtained)

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