TME 223

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING PRACTICE

(MODULE 6)

Course Facilitator: Temilola T. Olugasa

Ph.D(Ibadan), MNSE ,C.Eng (COREN Regd.)

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Energy Sources to Industries, Production Types and Features

All industries around world (including Nigeria as a

country) require energy to produce whatever commodity
the factory specialises in producing
Energy is primarily defined as the ability to do work.
Primary sources of energy are generally used to generate
electricity which is then used to produce mechanical
energy in industries
Industries can only produce the intended products and
operate effectively when there is energy supply.

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Some Notable Industries/Companies in Nigeria
that utilises Enormous Amount of Energy
Nigerian Bottling Company
Cadbury PLC
Nestle Nigeria PLC
Nigerite
Tower Aluminium Nigeria PLC
Universal Steel Limited
Procter and Gamble PLC (P&G)
Nigerian Breweries PLC
Dangote Group of Companies
Nigerian Flour Mills
West African Portland Cement
Sweetco PLC
BCOS
Channel Television
FAN Nigeria PLC

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Energy Sources to Industries, Production
Types and Features

Non-Renewable Energy Resources-Fossil Fuels and

Nuclear Sources.
Renewable Energy Resources- Solar, Wind, Biomass,
Hydro, Wood, Geothermal.
New & Future Sources Whether Renewable & Non-
Renewable

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ENERGY MOTIVATING QUOTES !!!

Energy systems are the basis for developing our societies. The
power and economic supremacy of social groups or countries
depend heavily on the methods to generate, transform and use
energy. Despite being a recent announcement, the trilemma
between energy security, social equality and environmental
impacts has been evident in several forms since the 19th
century, when the Industrial Revolution transformed the
landscape and the infrastructure of cities. ( Luciano Coutinho
,President of the Brazilian Development Bank 2012)

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ENERGY MOTIVATING QUOTES !!!
This trilemma implies meeting at the same time the
challenges of growing energy demand or energy security, the
protection of the environment and especially preventing
Climate change and the fight against energy poverty provide a
socially equitable energy system. According to him, almost
40% of Turkey’s Annual Exports go to fund Energy Imports
(Pierre Gandonnex ,Chairman World Energy Council,2012)
By 2030 Africa will have about 760 million urban residents,
more than the entire expected to grow to about 1.2 billion.
With more people moving to cities, the demand is increasing
for sustainable development projects in energy and water, as
well as healthcare. (Prof. A.S. Sambo, Director
General/CEO of Energy Commission of Nigeria & Vice
Chair WEC ,2012)

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 Industries & Energy Resources

Energy can be defined as the ability or capacity to do work.

Energy can also be described as the potential for providing useful
work or heat stored in the finite resources of the Earth. Energy
exist in various forms(Heat energy, Electrical energy, Solar
Energy, Nuclear energy, Mechanical energy). Energy is
conserved even though transformed in one form to the
other(Principle of Energy Conservation).
Energy resources can simply be described as the sources of
different forms of energy employed in doing work. Energy
resources can generally be categorized into
(i)Non-Renewable Energy Resource
(ii)Renewable Energy Resource

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 Industries & Energy Resources
Non-Renewable Energy Resource is the one that is not replaced
or that is replaced by very slow natural processes. Examples of
Non-renewable energy resources are fossil fuels(Crude Oil,
Natural Gas and Coal) and Nuclear Energy. Fossil fuels are
continually produced by the decay of plant and animal matter. We
should note that the rate at which fossil fuels are used is far more
than the rate of production.
Renewable Energy Resource is an energy resource that is replaced
rapidly by natural processes. It is an infinite source of energy.
Renewable energy can be described as natural energy which does
not have a limited supply.
Renewable Energy can be used again and again and will never run
out. Examples of renewable energy sources are Solar, Hydro,
Biomass, Wind, Geothermal , Tidal ,Wave and Wood.

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 NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE

Fossil fuels are found by natural processes such as anaerobic

decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the
organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically million of
years. It sometimes exceeds 650 million years. The fossil fuels
which contain high percentages of carbon include coal,
petroleum(crude oil) and natural gas.
It was estimated by the US Energy Information
Administration(EIA) that in 2007,fossil fuels alone supply 86.4%
of the primary energy consumption in the world(in which
petroleum constitute 36%,coal was 27.4% and natural gas
estimated as 23%). The table 1 below shows the world energy
consumption pattern in 1980,2004 and 2006 measured in TW of
Average power.

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 Non-Renewable Energy Cont’d
Table 1: Energy Consumptions Pattern for Three Different Year

S/No. FUELTYPE Quantity Quantity Quantity

Consumed Consumed Consumed
(TW) in 1980 (TW) in 2004 (TW) in 2006
1 Oil 4.38 5.58 5.74
2 Gas 1.80 3.45 3.61
3 Coal 2.34 3.87 4.27
4 Hydroelectric 0.60 0.93 1.00

5 Nuclear Power 0.25 0.91 0.93

6 Geothermal, 0.02 0.13 0.16

Wind, Solar and
Wood
Total 9.48 15.0 15.8

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 Non-Renewable Energy Cont’d
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock
normally occurring in rock strata in layers or veins. This layers or veins
are called beds. Coal is composed of mainly carbon along with variable
quantities of Hydrogen , Sulphur , Oxygen and Nitrogen. It is formed
under the Earth by process of carbonization.
Coal is the most abundant and burned fossil fuel. This was the fuel that
launched the industrial revolution and has continued to grow in use. For
instance, China which already has many of the world’s most polluted
cities was as at 2007 building about two coal fired power plants every
week! .
Coal is the fastest growing fossil fuel and its large reserves would make
it a popular candidate to meet the energy need of the global
community. Apart from global warming concerns , the IEA stated that
the proven reserves of coal are around 909billion tonnes which could
sustain the current production rate for the 155years.

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A Coal-Fired Plant in Nigeria
 Non-Renewable Energy Cont’d
Commercial exploitation of petroleum largely as replacement for Oils
from animal sources for use in oil lamps began in 19th century. Heavy
crude oil which is more viscous than conventional crude oil are
becoming more important as sources of fossil fuel. Oil shale and similar
materials are sedimentary rocks containing Kerogen, a complex
mixture of high –molecular weight organic compounds which yield
synthetic crude oil when heated (Pyrolyzed).
According to the world Oil and Gas Journal, years of production left are
as follows:
(i) Coal will be exhausted in 148years
(ii) Oil will be exhausted in 43years
(iii) Natural Gas will be exhausted in in 61years.

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 Non-Renewable Energy Cont’d

The major challenge of fossil fuels is environmental

pollution. In United States, 90% of greenhouse gas
emission come from the combustion of fossil fuels.
Combustion of fossil fuels also provides other air
pollutants such as Nitrogen oxides, Sulphur dioxides,
Volatiles organic compounds and heavy metals.

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 Advantages of Fossil Fuels as Energy Source to Industries

It can be burnt for direct use in automobiles

Fossil fuel from gas makes gas-fired power stations efficient

and reliable

Fossil fuels are available in large quantities

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Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels as Energy Source to Industries

It is the primary cause of global warming and environmental

pollutions
Fossil fuels energy sources will get exhausted since it is not
replaceable
Natural landscapes can be disrupted during surface coal
mining operations

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Nuclear as Energy Source to Industries
Nuclear Resource is the energy source obtained from nuclear
disintegration of the nucleus of radioactive elements such as
Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium, Radon, Radium e.t.c. The
enormous energy released in form of heat during radioactivity is an
important energy resource.

The IAEA estimates of the remaining Uranium reserves is

enormous( about 2500ZJ). This assumes the use of breeder reactors
which are able to create more fissile material than they consume .
However, political and environmental concerns about nuclear safety
and radioactive waste is the major threat to the growth of this energy
supply.

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 A Typical Nuclear Power Plant
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Advantages of Nuclear as Energy Source to Industries

It is highly efficient and reliable energy source

Large amount of energy is generated from little amount of
fuel
There is no emission of carbon gases

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 Disadvantages of Nuclear as Energy Source to Industries

Building Nuclear power plants is very expensive and requires

high technical know how
Nuclear accident is always severe. Whenever nuclear accident
occur, it often claims thousand of lives and properties ( A case
study of Fukushima Plant Accident that took place in March
2011)
Routine emissions and exposures at the nuclear power plant
and its neighbourhood affect the health of workers

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 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE
Solar is a renewable energy source obtained from
sunlight. Solar energy is a natural and cheap source. Solar
energy is somewhat unreliable depending on the
placement, location, and surrounding environment of the
solar cells . The greater the solar energy supply, the more
effective the cells will be, however the more heat a solar
panel receives, the more unreliable it can be.

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A Typical Solar Panel in Nigeria
 Advantages of Solar Energy as Energy
Source to Industries

Solar energy can easily be exploited even in the rural or

remote areas where there is no access to national grid
Solar energy is renewable and never exhausted.
It is available for low power uses in appliances such as battery
chargers and low lights
There is virtually no risk of pollution arising from carbon
emissions

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Disadvantages of Solar Energy as Energy
Source to Industries
Solar energy is only available at a particular period of the
day. It is not available in the night)

The initial capital cost of setting up solar power stations is

always high (It is expensive to build)

Solar energy is largely obtained from Sunlight and be highly

unreliable when there is no Sunlight (favourable weather
condition) and more so in countries where not much
Sunlight is experienced ( Europe as typical continent)

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 Hydropower

Hydro Energy often referred to as hydropower is obtained from

water falling through a dam.
It is a very clean and powerful method for generating electricity
from a trapped wall of water.
This is also cheap in supply as the source is a gift of nature
although not present everywhere.
The disadvantage of hydropower is the cost to the surrounding
environment, as land upstream needs to be flooded, and land
downstream will be drained during construction.
This can be disastrous effect to wild life and life in the rivers.

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 Hydropower Station in Scotland
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 Kainji Dam for Hydropower Plant in Nigeria
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 Advantages of Hydro energy as Energy Source to
Industries
Energy is virtually free once the dam is built
It is more reliable when compared to solar or wind energy
source
It enhances opportunity for water storage above dams
which can be utilised when needed at peak periods
Continuous generation of electricity is possible
There is virtually no risk of pollution arising from carbon
emissions

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 Disadvantages of Hydro as Energy Source to Industries

High cost of dam construction

Dam constructions can cause upstream flooding which may
affect lives and properties in the neighbourhood
The quality of water downstream can be affected thus having
negative impact on the environment
Dam collapse is capable of claiming lives of workers and
others in neighbourhood of the site.

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 Biomass/Biofuel/Wind Energy Sources
Biomass is an Energy source obtained from plants and
animals(agricultural crops & residues, animal wastes e.t.c.).
Although biomass is significantly cleaner than fossil fuels
such as Coal and Oil, it still produces sulphur dioxide
during electricity production.
Wind is a renewable energy source that is obtained from
wind current. Wind energy can be a very reliable renewable
energy source if the wind turbines are placed in the right
location. The major drawbacks of this form of energy are
sight and noise pollution and that most designs of wind
turbines can be harmful to birds . More also, this energy
source may be inappropriate if the wind speed is not
enough to drive the turbine.

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 An Energy Expert Working on a Newly Developed Biofuel Plant
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 A Typical Wind Mill
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33 Wind Mill Farm
 Advantages of Wind as Energy Source to Industries

Wind is cheaply available

The source is pollution free
Wind energy source can easily be adopted in rural or remote areas
Wind energy applications can be used as tourists centres (Wind
farms)

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Disadvantages of Wind as Energy Source to Industries

Wind generators are always noisy

Wind towers accidents often claims lives and properties
The wind source could be unreliable

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 Geothermal As Energy Source Industries

Geothermal Energy is a reliable source depending on your

location. It is often used to provide a source of heating or hot
water for households using “ Ground Source Heat Pumps”. It is
also used as the energy source for power stations in
appropriate areas.

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 Advantages of Geothermal as Energy Source
to Industries

Geothermal power stations in most cases occupy little

spaces
It has relatively little effect on the environment and can be
operated in farm fields and other sensitive and recreation
areas

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Disadvantages of Geothermal as Energy Source
to Industries

Locating suitable sites for geothermal power stations is

difficult
It is possible for geothermal reservoirs to run out of steam for
many years
The availability and location of suitable rocks for easy drilling
and accessibility is a constraint for the construction of
geothermal plants

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 Tides & Ocean Current
Tides can be used to create electricity from the large
energy force behind the tides . The main disadvantage is
the effect on the surrounding environment, affecting sea
life and shore access. More also ,it is not a constant
energy supply resource.
Wave/Ocean current energy resource is similar to tidal
energy but instead uses the force behind the waves to
generate electricity. The cost to sea life is usually less of
an issue, as the construction tends to float on the water,
and not in the sea. This is relatively new technology and
in many cases, is still in research phase.
Wood Energy ties in with biomass as is still renewable.

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 NEW ENERGY RESOURCES
Recent Researches shows that new energy sources are emerging. While Some
have been developed in large quantity, countless others are on experimental
stage. The following are the new energy resources :
Combustible Ice
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Bio-fuel Cells
High Temperature fuel cells(PEM)
Geothermal
Blue Energy(Electricity from fresh and salt water)
Methane Hydrate
New Biofuel is currently being synthesized from a variety of
plants(including soy beans and corn)
Waste Heat Energy Recovery

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 ENERGY : Economy , Poverty, Health
The energy transition that powered the industrial revolution create a
new economic and social class by raising the incomes and changing
the occupations of large fraction of society who were then employed in
rural, agrarian economy.
Future energy systems must supply adequate energy to support the
high and still growing living standard in wealthy nations.
There is the need to supply energy sufficient to relieve the abject
poverty’s of the world’s poorest.
The scale of the world’s underclass is unprecedented in human history.
According to the world bank, about 1.2billion people still live on less
than $1 per day, and almost 3billion on less than $2 per day. Nearly
110 million primary school age children are out of school, 60% are
girls .31million people are affected with HIV/AIDS. And many more
live without adequate food, shelter, safe water and sanitation.

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 ENERGY : Economy , Poverty, Health
Energy use and economic development go hand –in-hand . So
poverty has an important energy dimension : The access to high
quality forms of energy.
Energy poverty has been defined as the absence of sufficient
choice in accessing adequate , affordable , reliable, high quality ,
safe and environmentally friendly services to support economic
and human development.
Nearly 1.6billion people have no access to electricity and some
2.4billion people rely on traditional biomass(Wood , agricultural
residues and dung) for cooking and heating.
All energy technologies present some level of environmental,
occupational , and public health and safety risk.

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Energy Technology :Health & Safety Risks
Nuclear Power-Accidents and sabotage at reactors , reprocessing
plants , waste repositories and in waste transport can release large
quantities of radioactivity . Routine emissions and exposures
affect Uranium miners, workers at reactors, reprocessing plants,
fuel-fabrication plants and members of the public.

Fossil Fuels-Air pollution in the form of Sulphur , oxides of

Nitrogen ,petrochemical oxidants , and particulate matter can
cause or aggravate diseases. Water pollution from coal mines , oil
refineries, drilling platforms , tanker accidents and synfuel plants
can damage wildlife recreation areas, and domestic waste supports
.

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Energy Technology :Health & Safety Risks
Fossil fuel caused acid rain which can damage plants, kill aquatic life ,
accelerate leaching of nutrients, mobilize toxic metals and alter
microbial populations. Carbon dioxide from combustion ,
accumulating in the atmosphere can alter climate. This is the major
cause of global warming/greenhouse effect. Accident can injure and
kill workers in coal mines, on drilling platforms and at oil refineries .
Gas explosions and flaring affects public health immensely.
Hydropower-There can be dam collapse through miscalculation ,
earthquake or sabotage. This easily claims thousands of lives at a goal.
There is potential risk of flooding in hydropower environments.
Biomass-Deforestation from over-harvesting fuel wood accelerates
erosion increases flooding and reduces land productivity . Soil
depletion from removal of crop and forest residues reduces fertility
and water holding capacity. Air pollution results from biomass.
Combustion.

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 Energy Technology :Health & Safety Risks

Solar-Toxic substances used in solar cell manufacture

are occupational hazards . It can easily contaminate
water in manufacturing areas and can easily be
released from overheated or burning cells.

Wind-The accident possibilities include toppling towers

, flying blades and falls during construction and
maintenance.

Geothermal-Water pollution by dissolved salts and

toxic elements in geothermal water can affect
streams, lakes and domestic water supplies .
Hydrogen sulphide gas is toxic and odoriferous air
pollutant.

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 Concluding Remarks for Module 6
The importance of energy to the effective operation and production
in industries/companies can not be overemphasised.
Engineers are expected to play significant roles on the
improvement of the available energy resources and exploitation of
new sources in order to boost the country industrial growth (and
the world at large).
Robust energy development will no doubt attract local and
investors to Nigeria and our engineering industries will wax
stronger and stronger
Energy development will increase functional and productive
industries in Nigeria. This will boost the country’s industrial
economic growth and reduce unemployment to the barest minimum
if not totally faced out

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 ASSIGNMENT 6
(1)Give examples of Nigerian industries using each or
combination of the following energy sources
- LPO (Low Pour Oil)
- Natural Gas
- Diesel
- Coal
-Biofuel
- Hydropower
(2) Renewable energy could be directly or indirectly applied
as it obtains in various industries within and outside
Nigeria. Explain and give examples of such applications.
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