MMW REVIEWER

 Michael Faraday - theory of

electromagnetism.
M1: MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD  James Clerk Maxwell - Successor of
 Mathematics is about numbers, Michael faraday
symbols, equations, operations,
functions, calculations, abstractions, CHAPTER 6 – BROKEN SYMMETRY
and devising proofs.
 Golden rectangles are special  Pierre Curie, who with his wife,
rectangles because the ratio of the Marie, discovered radioactivity.
length of the longer side to the  Eadweard Muybridge was an English
length of the shorter side is the photographer known for his
golden ratio. pioneering work in photographic
 Two quantities are in the Golden studies of motion and early work in
Ratio if the ratio between the sum of motion-picture projection.
those quantities and the larger one  Symmetry is a quality of being made
is the same as the ratio between the up of exactly similar parts facing
larger one and the smaller. each other or around an axis.
 Gearbox states that a single network  Mirror image is the virtual image
of oscillators can adopt different formed by a reflection in a plane
patterns under different conditions. mirror.
 Leonardo Fibonacci discovered the  A Line of Symmetry is a line that
Fibonacci Sequence. divides the figure into two
congruent parts.
 Symmetry Breaking refers to the
CHAPTER 5 - FROM VIOLINS TO VIDEOS ability to change the initial condition
to meet the needs of the current
 Carl Friedrich Gauss called the condition.
Number Theory as "The Queen of  Symmetry axis, which divides the
Mathematics."
figure into its two related halves.
 Wave equation by Leonhard Euler
 Boris Pavlovich Belousov was a
 William Gilbert who described the
Russian chemist who discovered a
 Earth as a huge magnet and
observed that electrically charged chemical reaction that
bodies can attract or repel each spontaneously formed patterns
other. apparently out of nothing.
 Luigi Galvani, who noticed that THREE KINDS OF SYMMETRY
electrical sparks caused a dead frog's
leg muscles to contract
 Alessandro Volta invented the first
battery.
 Reflection - capture symmetries in  Ordinal – order or rank (Ex: 1st, 2nd,
which the left half of a pattern is the 3rd)
same as the right half, like the  Nominal – name or to identify (Ex:
human body. Zip code, player number)
Translational - are transformations  Ratio – relationship between two
that slide objects along without no. (Ex: 1:2, 1/2)
rotating them.
Rotational - capture symmetries in
which the same units repeat around  Negation (¬): “not” if a statement is
circles, like the petals of a flower. true, then its negation is false
 Conjunction (^): The “or” operator
requires only one premise to be true
CHAPTER 7 – THE RHYTHM OF LIFE
for the result to be true.
 Milton Hildebrand noticed that most  Disjunction (v): “and”
gaits possess a degree of symmetry.  The mathematical sentence "8 is the
 Eberhard Hopf discovered and principal square root of 64" is an
developed the Hopf Bifurcation. example of member in a set.
 Zoetrope is a mechanical device  Proposition is a statement which is
showing "moving pictures."  either true or false.
 Seven most common quadrupedal  Biconditional is a combination of
two conditional statements; if and
gaits are the trot, pace, bound, walk,
only if
rotary gallop, transverse gallop, and
 A truth table is a table that shows
canter.
the truth value of a compound
 Gait is a manner of walking. statement for all possible truth
 Renato Mirollo and Steven Strogatz values of its simple statements
showed that synchrony is the rule
for mathematical models in which
every firefly interacts with every Statement If p, then q.
other. Converse If q, then p.
 Charles Peskin introduced that the Inverse If not p, then not q.
oscillators are pulse- coupled. Contrapositive If not q, then not p.


M2: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE and

SYMBOLS
Different use of a number
 Cardinal – counting numbers (Ex: 1,
2, 3)
 M3: THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS  Step 2: Make a plan
(PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING)  Step 3: Do the plan
 Step 4: Look back
 A problem is a question that 
motivates a person to search for an M4: MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL --> DATA
answer. MANAGEMENT
 Problem solving is finding solutions
and not just answers to problems. Statistics is a branch of science
pertaining to the methods of
 The Deductive reasoning is a process
collecting/obtaining, organizing,
of reaching a conclusion by applying presenting, analyzing, interpreting
general assumptions, procedures or data and then drawing conclusions
principles. based on the data.
 Inductive Reasoning is the process of
reaching a general conclusion by  Descriptive Statistics tries to
summarize or describe a collection
examining specific examples.
of data. It is a set of methods to
 A conclusion based on inductive
describe data that we have
reasoning is called a conjecture. collected.
 A sequence is an ordered list of  Inferential Statistics is use to draw
numbers that may have repeated conclusions and make predictions
values. based on the analysis of numeric
 Each number in a sequence is called data.
a term of the sequence.  Population is defined as the
complete or entire collection of
 Difference table – a table which
elements (person or things) to be
shows the differences between studied.
successive terms of the sequence.
 Sample refers to the representative
 Dice represents probability in
part or finite number of elements
life/symbol for chance. chosen from the population.
 A Prediction means foretelling the  Parameter is numerical value
future. calculated from a population.
 A Butterfly effect phenomenon  Statistic is a number that describes a
wherein small things can have set of observations in a sample.
nonlinear impacts on a complex  Variables are characteristics or
system. values that vary across individuals. It
can be qualitative or quantitative.
  Logic allows people to determine
the validity of arguments.
 Qualitative Variables, also known as
categorical variables, are used to
Polya's Problem-Solving Strategy represent character, class or kind
but not in amount. Some examples
 Step 1: Understand the Problem of qualitative variables are gender,
 religion, nationality, favorite color  Sampling is the process of choosing
and birthplace. elements, such as person, objects or
 Quantitative Variables are variables groups from a known population of
that can be measured on a numeric interest to be included in a study in
or quantitative scale. It can be order to generate a fair result.
classified as discrete or continuous. Sampling is done to reduce cost
 Discrete uses natural numbers or since it is less expensive conduct
counting numbers. Some examples survey in a sample than in whole
of discrete variables are number of population. Another advantage of
students enrolled in STA111, using a sample instead of a
number of iPad units in a store and population is that in sampling, data
number of buildings in Metro can be obtained faster. Also, greater
Manila. scope and accuracy are expected
 Levels of measurement are used to since the volume of work in
encoding and computing will be
determine the statistical tool that
reduced. There are two types of
can be used to describe a data.
sampling techniques: probability
 The first level is called the Nominal sampling and non-probability
level. In this level, names are sampling.
assigned to objects for the purpose
of identifying or belonging to a
 Probability sampling or random
sampling gives all members of the
group or category. The data cannot
population a known and equal
be arranged in an ordering system.
chance of being part in the sample.
 The second level is the Ordinal level. In other words, the selection of
In this stage, the words or numbers individuals does not affect the
are assigned to objects to represent chance of anyone else in the
the rank or order between them. It population being selected.
implies ranking, order or inequalities  Simple random sampling is also
 Interval level is the third level of called the lottery or the fishbowl
measurement. It refers to method. Simple random sampling
quantitative measurements used to uses scientific calculator or
identify and rank but, in this scale, computer program to generate a
differences between two items can random number or a table of
be determined and operations such random numbers to select the
as multiplication and division are numbers for the elements to include
worthless. Interval scales do not in the sample.
have a true zero point.  In Systematic Skip Sampling,
 Lastly, fourth level of measurement elements are listed numerically and
is the Ratio level. It is similar to then every “kth” element from the
interval scale but ratio has a true list is selected from a randomly
zero point and operations such as selected starting point
multiplication and division are  Mean is also called the computed
therefore significant. average. It is defined as the sum of
 the values divided by the total winner is the one with the largest
number of items. number of first place votes.
 The median is the middle value in a  The Borda Count method assigns
set of data. points in a descending manner to
 Mode is a point on the distribution each of the ballots, ranking the
in which the frequency is higher choices, and then sums these points.
than any other value.
The winner is the one with the most
 The range is the difference between
points.
the highest and lowest
 The Plurality with Elimination
value/observation.
method consists of a sequence of
MATHEMATICS AS TOOL -> rounds where the plurality method
APPORTIONMENT AND VOTING is used to eliminate the choice(s)
with the least number of votes. The
 Apportionment is a method of winner is the choice with the largest
dividing a number of points in the final round.
whole into various parts  The Pairwise Comparisons method
 The first method adopted in 1790 uses all possible pairwise
was the Jefferson Plan suggested by comparisons of the choices. The
Thomas Jefferson. winner is the one with the most
 Hamilton Plan points after all of the comparisons.

  Huntington-Hill Apportionment
Method

 Voting
 The Plurality method calculates the
number of first place votes and the