LESSON 1.

Mathematics In Our World

PATTERN IN NATURE AND THE REGULARITIES IN THE WORLD
Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world. These patterns recur
in different contexts and can sometimes be modelled mathematically. Natural patterns include
symmetries, trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks and stripes.
Mathematics helps organize patterns and regulations in the world. Mathematics will stay in our
life forever because it is part of our journey. It simply organizes patterns and regularities in the
world by the means of it exist in everything that our eyes see.

SOME EXAMPLE OF PATTERN IN NATURE

Patterns in nature are visible regularities of structure, shape, and form of plants and animals.
Natural patterns include spider webs, trees, shells, leaves, spirals, scales, meanders, waves, spots,
stripes, and many more.
THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each number is the sum of the
two preceding ones. Numbers that are part of the Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci
numbers, commonly denoted Fn . The sequence commonly starts from 0 and 1, although some
authors start the sequence from 1 and 1 or sometimes (as did Fibonacci) from 1 and 2. Starting
from 0 and 1, the first few values in the sequence are:

A tiling with squares whose side lengths are successive Fibonacci numbers: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13
and 21.
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144.
The Fibonacci numbers were first described in Indian mathematics, as early as 200 BC in work
by Pingala on enumerating possible patterns of Sanskrit poetry formed from syllables of two
lengths. They are named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, also known as
Fibonacci, who introduced the sequence to Western European mathematics in his 1202 book
Liber Abaci.[5]

Fibonacci numbers appear unexpectedly often in mathematics, so much so that there is an entire
journal dedicated to their study, the Fibonacci Quarterly. Applications of Fibonacci numbers
include computer algorithms such as the Fibonacci search technique and the Fibonacci heap data
structure, and graphs called Fibonacci cubes used for interconnecting parallel and distributed
systems. They also appear in biological settings, such as branching in trees, the arrangement of
leaves on a stem, the fruit sprouts of a pineapple, the flowering of an artichoke, an uncurling
fern, and the arrangement of a pine cone's bracts.
Fibonacci numbers are also strongly related to the golden ratio: Binet's formula expresses the nth
Fibonacci number in terms of n and the golden ratio, and implies that the ratio of two
consecutive Fibonacci numbers tends to the golden ratio as n increases. Fibonacci numbers are
also closely related to Lucas numbers, which obey the same recurrence relation and with the
Fibonacci numbers form a complementary pair of Lucas sequences.
HISTORY OF FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

The Fibonacci sequence appears in Indian mathematics, in connection with Sanskrit prosody. In
the Sanskrit poetic tradition, there was interest in enumerating all patterns of long (L) syllables of
2 units duration, juxtaposed with short (S) syllables of 1 unit duration. Counting the different
patterns of successive L and S with a given total duration results in the Fibonacci numbers: the
number of patterns of duration m units is Fm+1.
Knowledge of the Fibonacci sequence was expressed as early as Pingala (c. 450 BC–200 BC).
Singh cites Pingala's cryptic formula misrau cha ("the two are mixed") and scholars who
interpret it in context as saying that the number of patterns for m beats (Fm+1) is obtained by
adding one [S] to the Fm cases and one [L] to the Fm−1 cases. Bharata Muni also expresses
knowledge of the sequence in the Natya Shastra (c. 100 BC–c. 350 AD).However, the clearest
exposition of the sequence arises in the work of Virahanka (c. 700 AD), whose own work is lost,
but is available in a quotation by Gopala .

Variations of two earlier meters [is the variation]... For example, for [a meter of length] four,
variations of meters of two [and] three being mixed, five happens. [works out examples 8, 13,
21]... In this way, the process should be followed in all mātrā-vṛttas [prosodic combinations].

Hemachandra (c. 1150) is credited with knowledge of the sequence as well, writing that "the sum
of the last and the one before the last is the number ... of the next mātrā-vṛtta."

The Fibonacci sequence first appears in the book Liber Abaci (The Book of Calculation, 1202)
by Fibonacci where it is used to calculate the growth of rabbit populations.Fibonacci considers
the growth of an idealized (biologically unrealistic) rabbit population, assuming that: a newly
born breeding pair of rabbits are put in a field; each breeding pair mates at the age of one month,
and at the end of their second month they always produce another pair of rabbits; and rabbits
never die, but continue breeding forever. Fibonacci posed the puzzle: how many pairs will there
be in one year?
At the end of the first month, they mate, but there is still only 1 pair.
At the end of the second month they produce a new pair, so there are 2 pairs in the field.
At the end of the third month, the original pair produce a second pair, but the second pair only
mate to gestate for a month, so there are 3 pairs in all.
At the end of the fourth month, the original pair has produced yet another new pair, and the pair
born two months ago also produces their first pair, making 5 pairs.
At the end of the nth month, the number of pairs of rabbits is equal to the number of mature pairs
(that is, the number of pairs in month n – 2) plus the number of pairs alive last month (month n –
1). The number in the nth month is the nth Fibonacci number.
The name "Fibonacci sequence" was first used by the 19th-century number theorist Édouard
Lucas.

IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS IN LIFE

Math helps us have better problem-solving skills. Math helps us think analytically and have
better reasoning abilities. Analytical thinking refers to the ability to think critically about the
world around us. Reasoning is our ability to think logically about a situation.
Mathematics is the science and study of quality, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians
seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from
appropriately chosen axioms and definitions.
It seems natural that the majority of the population knows almost nothing about mathematics and
that their relation to math is limited to the four rules. This distance contrasts with the importance
of mathematics today in society.
Mathematics is at the center of our culture and its history is often confused with that of
philosophy. Just as the cosmological and evolution theories have exerted considerable influence
on the conception that humans have of ourselves, the non-Euclidean geometries have allowed
new ideas about the universe and theorems of mathematical logic have revealed the limitations of
the deductive method.
There is also mathematics in art. Since Pythagoras, the most famous mathematician, discovered
numerical reasons in musical harmony, the relationship between mathematics and art has been
permanent. These aspects of mathematics make them a bridge between the humanities and the
natural sciences, between the two cultures.
Mathematics has a number of very useful benefits to our mind if we go into its study. It develops
our reasoning, helps us to have analytical thinking, quickens our mind, generates practicality and
also its use can be applied in the day to day.
The mathematics is present in our daily lives. For many students, math is boring, abstract,
lacking in creativity, complex and very difficult to understand, hence the typical expressions of
“I am of letters” or “Numbers are not mine.” However, it is a subject that is part of the study of
our children and as such should be an effort for compression, which usually involves constant
practice.
If you think that you are not able to help your child with mathematics, lessons from a math tutor,
in that case, would be the right solution. In addition to the knowledge that these professionals
have, they also know the methodological procedures in the transfer of knowledge, and that is
very important.
As boring as math may seem, her study translates into benefits for education and for our life in
general as:
Math helps us to have analytical thinking. We could define it as the thought directed to
decompose the arguments in its premises or expressions that compose it, to see the relations that
exist between them and their conclusion, in order to judge its veracity or reliability of the same.
This is what we do when we do a mathematical problem: collect the data, break down its
premises, observe the relations that keep or systematically solve their parts in a rational way. If
we are able to understand mathematics and arrive at logical solutions, we will be able to prepare
our minds when we have real problems. We can look for the best logic, see the possible solutions
and relate the data we have to reach the conclusion.
NATURE OF MATHEMATICS, ITS CONCEPT, MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS AND
APPLICATIONS
Mathematics is the science of patterns and relationships. As a theoretical discipline, mathematics
explores the possible relationships among abstractions without concern for whether those
abstractions have counterparts in the real world.
Mathematical Applications focuses on extending the mathematical skills and knowledge of
students in both familiar and new contexts. Some of these contexts include financial modelling,
matrices, network analysis, route and project planning, decision making, and discrete growth and
decay.
A great example of mathematical concepts in nature is symmetry which is found in abundance in
the natural world. A snowflake exhibits a six-fold radial symmetry with unique and identical
patterns on each arm .
A mathematical statement forms the basis of any kind of reasoning. Before delving into the
details let’s first discuss what a mathematical statement is?
Mathematical Statement
For understanding any mathematical statement we first need to recollect what maths is basically.
When we solve any problem in maths our solution is either right or wrong. There is no midway
to the problems! Similar is the situation with any mathematical statement. A mathematical
statement is either true or false.
Any statement which is predicted to be both cannot be a mathematical statement. For
understanding this we take three sentences:
1. The first prime minister of India was a woman.
2. Blue Whale is the largest animal on Earth.
3. Girls are intelligent than boys.
The first statement is false while the second is true, but when we consider the third statement for
some it is true while for others it is false. All girls are not intelligent than boys. So a statement
which is either true or false is called a mathematical statement. Every statement that is either
true or false is said to be a mathematically accepted one, hence is called a mathematical
statement.
THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS IN SOME DISCIPLINES
Mathematics provides an effective way of building mental discipline and encourages logical
reasoning and mental rigor. In addition, mathematical knowledge plays a crucial role in
understanding the contents of other school subjects such as science, social studies, and even
music and art.
Mathematics is the science and study of quality, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians
seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from
appropriately chosen axioms and definitions.
It helps to prepare students for technical and other vocations where mathematics is applied e.g.
engineering, architecture, accountancy, banking, business, even the agriculture, tailoring,
carpentry, surveying, and the office work requires the knowledge of mathematics.
Math encourages logical reasoning, critical thinking, creative thinking, abstract or spatial
thinking, problem-solving ability, and even effective communication skills.

APPRECIATING MATHEMATICS AS A HUMAN ENDEAVOR

Mathematics also acts as a Human Endeavor in terms of traveling. Engineers used the concept of
Mathematics to construct roads and rails. Mathematics is based on both creativity and logic.
There are numbers, operators, and symbols in Mathematics.
Mathematics offers rationality to our thoughts.It is a tool in our hands to make our life simpler
and easier. Let us realize and appreciate the beauty of the subject and embrace it with all our
heart.
Mathematics plays a crucial role in our daily lives, from calculating our expenses to managing
our schedules. Mathematics is a fundamental part of our everyday lives, and it is the language of
science, technology, and engineering.
MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD
Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the world. Mathematics
helps control nature and occurrences in the world for our own ends. Mathematics has numerous
applications in the world making it indispensable. Mathematics helps predict the behavior of
nature and phenomena in the world.
Mathematics is a critical tool in the modern world. It is used in everything from engineering and
architecture to medicine and finance. It helps us understand the world around us and make
decisions based on data. In the past, mathematics was used primarily for practical purposes.
Math helps us have better problem-solving skills.
Math helps us think analytically and have better reasoning abilities. Analytical thinking refers to
the ability to think critically about the world around us. Reasoning is our ability to think logically
about a situation.

PROBLEM EXERCISES

1. What are the four example of pattern in nature?

2. It a sequence in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones.
3. What are the next two numbers in the sequence 2 6 12 20 30 ___ ___?
4. What is the next term in the Fibonacci sequence 1 12 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89?
The list of first 20 terms in the Fibonacci Sequence is: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89,
5. What is the 11th term of the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13?