Operating System Tutorial

Operating System Tutorial provides the basic and advanced concepts of operating system . Our
Operating system tutorial is designed for beginners, professionals and GATE aspirants. We have
designed this tutorial after the completion of a deep research about every concept.

The content is described in detailed manner and has the ability to answer most of your queries. The
tutorial also contains the numerical examples based on previous year GATE questions which will help
you to address the problems in a practical manner.

Operating System can be defined as an interface between user and the hardware. It provides an
environment to the user so that, the user can perform its task in convenient and efficient way.

The Operating System Tutorial is divided into various parts based on its functions such as Process
Management, Process Synchronization, Deadlocks and File Management.

Operating System Definition and Function

In the Computer System (comprises of Hardware and software), Hardware can only understand
machine code (in the form of 0 and 1) which doesn't make any sense to a naive user.

We need a system which can act as an intermediary and manage all the processes and resources
present in the system.

An Operating System can be defined as an interface between user and hardware. It is responsible
for the execution of all the processes, Resource Allocation, CPU management, File Management and
many other tasks.

The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can execute
programs in convenient and efficient manner.
Structure of a Computer System
A Computer System consists of:

o Users (people who are using the computer)

o Application Programs (Compilers, Databases, Games, Video player, Browsers, etc.)
o System Programs (Shells, Editors, Compilers, etc.)
o Operating System ( A special program which acts as an interface between user and hardware )
o Hardware ( CPU, Disks, Memory, etc)

What does an Operating system do?

1. Process Management
2. Process Synchronization
3. Memory Management
4. CPU Scheduling
5. File Management
6. Security

Types of Operating Systems

An operating system is a well-organized collection of programs that manages the computer hardware.
It is a type of system software that is responsible for the smooth functioning of the computer system.
Batch Operating System
In the 1970s, Batch processing was very popular. In this technique, similar types of jobs were batched
together and executed in time. People were used to having a single computer which was called a
mainframe.

In Batch operating system, access is given to more than one person; they submit their respective jobs
to the system for the execution.

The system put all of the jobs in a queue on the basis of first come first serve and then executes the
jobs one by one. The users collect their respective output when all the jobs get executed.
The purpose of this operating system was mainly to transfer control from one job to another as soon
as the job was completed. It contained a small set of programs called the resident monitor that always
resided in one part of the main memory. The remaining part is used for servicing jobs.
Advantages of Batch OS
o The use of a resident monitor improves computer efficiency as it eliminates CPU time between two jobs.

Disadvantages of Batch OS

1. Starvation

Batch processing suffers from starvation.

For Example:

There are five jobs J1, J2, J3, J4, and J5, present in the batch. If the execution time of J1 is very high,
then the other four jobs will never be executed, or they will have to wait for a very long time. Hence
the other processes get starved.

2. Not Interactive

Batch Processing is not suitable for jobs that are dependent on the user's input. If a job requires the
input of two numbers from the console, then it will never get it in the batch processing scenario since
the user is not present at the time of execution.

Multiprogramming Operating System

Multiprogramming is an extension to batch processing where the CPU is always kept busy. Each
process needs two types of system time: CPU time and IO time.

In a multiprogramming environment, when a process does its I/O, The CPU can start the execution of
other processes. Therefore, multiprogramming improves the efficiency of the system.
Advantages of Multiprogramming OS
o Throughout the system, it increased as the CPU always had one program to execute.
o Response time can also be reduced.

Disadvantages of Multiprogramming OS
o Multiprogramming systems provide an environment in which various systems resources are used
efficiently, but they do not provide any user interaction with the computer system.

Multiprocessing Operating System

In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved. There are more than one processors present in the
system which can execute more than one process at the same time. This will increase the throughput
of the system.
In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved. More than one processor present in the system
can execute more than one process simultaneously, which will increase the throughput of the system.

Advantages of Multiprocessing operating system:

o Increased reliability: Due to the multiprocessing system, processing tasks can be distributed among
several processors. This increases reliability as if one processor fails, the task can be given to another
processor for completion.
o Increased throughout: As several processors increase, more work can be done in less.

Disadvantages of Multiprocessing operating System

o Multiprocessing operating system is more complex and sophisticated as it takes care of multiple CPUs
simultaneously.
Multitasking Operating System

The multitasking operating system is a logical extension of a multiprogramming system that enables
multiple programs simultaneously. It allows a user to perform more than one computer task at the
same time.

Advantages of Multitasking operating system

o This operating system is more suited to supporting multiple users simultaneously.
o The multitasking operating systems have well-defined memory management.
Disadvantages of Multitasking operating system
o The multiple processors are busier at the same time to complete any task in a multitasking
environment, so the CPU generates more heat.

Network Operating System

An Operating system, which includes software and associated protocols to communicate with other
computers via a network conveniently and cost-effectively, is called Network Operating System.
Advantages of Network Operating System
o In this type of operating system, network traffic reduces due to the division between clients and the
server.
o This type of system is less expensive to set up and maintain.

Disadvantages of Network Operating System

o In this type of operating system, the failure of any node in a system affects the whole system.
o Security and performance are important issues. So trained network administrators are required for
network administration.

Real Time Operating System

In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a certain deadline within which the job is supposed to be
completed, otherwise, the huge loss will be there, or even if the result is produced, it will be
completely useless.

The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the case of military applications, if you want to drop a
missile, then the missile is supposed to be dropped with a certain precision.
Advantages of Real-time operating system:
o Easy to layout, develop and execute real-time applications under the real-time operating system.
o In a Real-time operating system, the maximum utilization of devices and systems.

Disadvantages of Real-time operating system:

o Real-time operating systems are very costly to develop.
o Real-time operating systems are very complex and can consume critical CPU cycles.

Time-Sharing Operating System

In the Time Sharing operating system, computer resources are allocated in a time-dependent fashion
to several programs simultaneously. Thus it helps to provide a large number of user's direct access to
the main computer. It is a logical extension of multiprogramming. In time-sharing, the CPU is
switched among multiple programs given by different users on a scheduled basis.
A time-sharing operating system allows many users to be served simultaneously, so sophisticated
CPU scheduling schemes and Input/output management are required.

Time-sharing operating systems are very difficult and expensive to build.

Advantages of Time Sharing Operating System

o The time-sharing operating system provides effective utilization and sharing of resources.
o This system reduces CPU idle and response time.

Disadvantages of Time Sharing Operating System

o Data transmission rates are very high in comparison to other methods.
o Security and integrity of user programs loaded in memory and data need to be maintained as many
users access the system at the same time.

Distributed Operating System

The Distributed Operating system is not installed on a single machine, it is divided into parts, and
these parts are loaded on different machines. A part of the distributed Operating system is installed
on each machine to make their communication possible. Distributed Operating systems are much
more complex, large, and sophisticated than Network operating systems because they also have to
take care of varying networking protocols.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System
o The distributed operating system provides sharing of resources.
o This type of system is fault-tolerant.

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

o Protocol overhead can dominate computation cost.

Process Management Introduction

A Program does nothing unless its instructions are executed by a CPU. A program in execution is
called a process. In order to accomplish its task, process needs the computer resources.

There may exist more than one process in the system which may require the same resource at the
same time. Therefore, the operating system has to manage all the processes and the resources in a
convenient and efficient way.

Some resources may need to be executed by one process at one time to maintain the consistency
otherwise the system can become inconsistent and deadlock may occur.

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with Process
Management

1. Scheduling processes and threads on the CPUs.

2. Creating and deleting both user and system processes.
3. Suspending and resuming processes.
 4. Providing mechanisms for process synchronization.
5. Providing mechanisms for process communication.

Attributes of a process
The Attributes of the process are used by the Operating System to create the process control block
(PCB) for each of them. This is also called context of the process. Attributes which are stored in the
PCB are described below.

1. Process ID

When a process is created, a unique id is assigned to the process which is used for unique
identification of the process in the system.

2. Program counter

A program counter stores the address of the last instruction of the process on which the process was
suspended. The CPU uses this address when the execution of this process is resumed.

3. Process State

The Process, from its creation to the completion, goes through various states which are new, ready,
running and waiting. We will discuss about them later in detail.

4. Priority

Every process has its own priority. The process with the highest priority among the processes gets the
CPU first. This is also stored on the process control block.

5. General Purpose Registers

Every process has its own set of registers which are used to hold the data which is generated during
the execution of the process.

6. List of open files

During the Execution, Every process uses some files which need to be present in the main memory.
OS also maintains a list of open files in the PCB.

7. List of open devices

OS also maintain the list of all open devices which are used during the execution of the process.
 Process States
State Diagram
The process, from its creation to completion, passes through various states. The minimum number of
states is five.

The names of the states are not standardized although the process may be in one of the following
states during execution.

1. New

A program which is going to be picked up by the OS into the main memory is called a new process.

2. Ready

Whenever a process is created, it directly enters in the ready state, in which, it waits for the CPU to be
assigned. The OS picks the new processes from the secondary memory and put all of them in the
main memory.

The processes which are ready for the execution and reside in the main memory are called ready state
processes. There can be many processes present in the ready state.
3. Running

One of the processes from the ready state will be chosen by the OS depending upon the scheduling
algorithm. Hence, if we have only one CPU in our system, the number of running processes for a
particular time will always be one. If we have n processors in the system then we can have n processes
running simultaneously.

4. Block or wait

From the Running state, a process can make the transition to the block or wait state depending upon
the scheduling algorithm or the intrinsic behavior of the process.

When a process waits for a certain resource to be assigned or for the input from the user then the OS
move this process to the block or wait state and assigns the CPU to the other processes.

5. Completion or termination

When a process finishes its execution, it comes in the termination state. All the context of the process
(Process Control Block) will also be deleted the process will be terminated by the Operating system.

6. Suspend ready

A process in the ready state, which is moved to secondary memory from the main memory due to lack
of the resources (mainly primary memory) is called in the suspend ready state.

If the main memory is full and a higher priority process comes for the execution then the OS have to
make the room for the process in the main memory by throwing the lower priority process out into
the secondary memory. The suspend ready processes remain in the secondary memory until the main
memory gets available.

7. Suspend wait

Instead of removing the process from the ready queue, it's better to remove the blocked process
which is waiting for some resources in the main memory. Since it is already waiting for some resource
to get available hence it is better if it waits in the secondary memory and make room for the higher
priority process. These processes complete their execution once the main memory gets available and
their wait is finished.
Operations on the Process
1. Creation

Once the process is created, it will be ready and come into the ready queue (main memory) and will
be ready for the execution.

2. Scheduling

Out of the many processes present in the ready queue, the Operating system chooses one process
and start executing it. Selecting the process which is to be executed next, is known as scheduling.

3. Execution

Once the process is scheduled for the execution, the processor starts executing it. Process may come
to the blocked or wait state during the execution then in that case the processor starts executing the
other processes.

4. Deletion/killing

Once the purpose of the process gets over then the OS will kill the process. The Context of the
process (PCB) will be deleted and the process gets terminated by the Operating system.
Operating System MCQ Part-2
1) What is the use of directory structure in the operating system?

a. The directory structure is used to solve the problem of the network connection in OS.
b. It is used to store folders and files hierarchically.
c. It is used to store the program in file format.
d. All of the these

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Answer: (b) It is used to store folders and files hierarchically.

Explanation: In the OS, a directory structure is a container that is used to store folders and files in a
hierarchical manner.

2) What type of scheduling is round-robin scheduling?

a. Linear data scheduling

b. Non-linear data scheduling
c. Preemptive scheduling
d. Non-preemptive scheduling

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Answer: (c) Preemptive scheduling

Explanation: Round-robin scheduling is a preemptive scheduling algorithm in which a specific time is

provided to execute each process. This specific time is called time-slice.

3) Which conditions must be satisfied to solve a critical section problem?

a. Bounded Waiting
b. Progress
c. Mutual Exclusion
d. All of these.

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Answer: (d) All of the these

Explanation: A critical-section is a code segment that can be accessed by a signal mechanism at a

given point of time. The segment consists of shared data services that are need to be used by other
systems. The critical section problem must satisfy the three conditions: Mutual Exclusion, Bounded
Waiting, and Progress.

4) Which of the following options is correct about the windows operating system?

a. Windows is a CUI operating system.

b. Windows is based on CUI.
c. Windows is a GUI operating system.
d. None of the these

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Answer: (c) Windows is a GUI operating system.

Explanation: Windows is a GUI operating system. Windows OS does not require a command to run.
Only one mouse is required to run the windows operating system.

5) Which of the following file systems is supported by the windows OS?

a. NTFS
b. FAT32
c. exFAT
d. All of the these

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Answer: (d) All of the these

Explanation: The following are the types of file systems that support the Windows operating system,
such as NTFS, FAT, exFAT, HFS Plus, and EXT.

6) Which of the following keys does the user use to switch between applications running simultaneously in
the Windows operating system?

a. FN + TAB
 b. ALT + TAB
c. CTRL + TAB
d. SHIFT + TAB

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Answer: (b) ALT + TAB

Explanation: The user uses the Alt + Tab button to switch from one window to another in the
Windows operating system. Also, the user can use the Ctrl + Tab button to switch from tab to tab in
internet explorer.

7) Which of the following commands creates an emergency repair disk for Windows NT 4.0?

a. BAT
b. EXE
c. EXE/S
d. ADD/REMOVE program

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Answer: (b) RDISK.EXE

Explanation: There are the following steps to repair disk in windows NT 4.0:

Step 1: Go to the search button in windows NT 4.0, then type Command Prompt.

Step 2: Then type "RDISK.EXE" and press enter.

Step 3: Then open a pop-up window. This pop-up window will update the emergency repair disk.

8) Which of the following scheduling algorithms is preemptive scheduling?

a. FCFS Scheduling
b. SJF Scheduling
c. Network Scheduling
d. SRTF Scheduling

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Answer: (d) SRTF Scheduling

Explanation: Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF) scheduling is preemptive scheduling. In this
scheduling, the process that has the shortest processing time left is executed first.

9) How can you get a printout of the system configuration on windows 9x OS?

a. Open the CMD window, type "MSDN", and press <printscrn>

b. From the device manager, click the print button
c. Open the CMD window, type "SYS", and press <printscrn>
d. None of the these

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Answer: (c) From the device manager, click the print button

Explanation: Windows 9x is a generic term that refers to a series of Microsoft windows OS from 1995
to 2000. If you want to print out in Windows 9x, go to the device manager and click the printer option
and then print the page.

10) Which of the following operating system runs on the server?

a. Batch OS
b. Distributed OS
c. Real-time OS
d. Network OS

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Answer: (d) Network OS

Explanation: The network operating system runs on a server. This operating system has some
functions that work to connect local area networks and computers.

11) What type of memory stores data in a swap file on a hard drive?

a. Secondary memory
b. Virtual memory
 c. Low memory
d. RAM

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Answer: (b) Virtual memory

Explanation: A swap file is a type of file that stores the data retrieved from Read-Only-Memory
(RAM) or main memory. It is also a virtual memory because it is not stored in physical RAM.

12) Which of the following "semaphore" can take the non-negative integer values?

a. Binary Semaphore
b. Counting Semaphore
c. Real Semaphore
d. All of the these

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Answer: (b) Counting Semaphore

Explanation: Counting semaphore takes only the non-negative integer value that is used to solve the
critical section problem and process synchronization.

13) In which directory the local user profile settings are stored by default in windows 2000?

a. C: \ USERS
b. C: \ NETLOGON
c. C: \ WIN NTUSER.DAT
d. C: \ Documents and settings

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Answer: (d) C: \ Documents and settings

Explanation: When a user logs in with an account for the first time, Windows 2000 automatically
creates a user's profile in the "Documents and Settings" folder.
14) Which of the following operating system does not require a command to run?

a. Kali Linux
b. Windows
c. Unix
d. All of the these

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Answer: (b) Windows

Explanation: Windows is a GUI operating system. This operating system does not require a command
to run. Only one mouse is required to run this operating system.

15) Which method is the best among file allocation methods?

a. Linked
b. Contiguous
c. Indexed
d. None of the these

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Answer: (c) Indexed

Explanation: The indexed allocation method is the best file allocation method because it removes the
problem of contiguous and linked allocation.

16) The operating system work between

a. User and Computer

b. Network and User
c. One user to another user
d. All of the these

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Answer: (a) User and Computer

Explanation: The OS is software that acts as an interface between a device and users and is also
known as system software.

17) What is the paging in the operating system?

a. Memory management scheme

b. Network management scheme
c. Internet management scheme
d. None of the these

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Answer: (a) Memory management scheme

Explanation: In the operating system, paging is a memory management scheme (MMS) in which
memory is divided into pages of fixed size.

18) Which of the following programs is loaded first when starting a computer?

a. Window desktop
b. Network connection program
c. Operating system
d. CMD

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Answer: (c) Operating system

Explanation: When the computer is powered on, the first operating system program is loaded into
the computer. The OS's job is to control the computer's hardware and help other computer programs
work.

19) Which of the following backup methods is quickest and requires the least amount of backup space?

a. Complete backups
b. Incremental
c. Differential
 d. None of the these

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Answer: (b) Incremental

Explanation: Incremental backups take less time and space than differential and complete backups.

20) Which of the following is not a type of directory structure?

a. Acyclic-graph directory structure

b. Single-level directory structure
c. Tree directory structure
d. Stack directory structure

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Answer: (d) Stack directory structure

Explanation: Acyclic-graph, Single-level, and Tree directory structures are a type of directory
structure in the operating system. But the stack is a linear data structure, so option (d) is correct
answer.

21) Which of the following scheduling algorithm is non-preemptive scheduling?

a. SJF scheduling
b. Round-Robin scheduling
c. SRTF scheduling
d. None of these.

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Answer: (a) SJF scheduling

Explanation: Shortest job first scheduling is non-preemptive scheduling. In this scheduling algorithm,
the process which takes the least time to complete executes that process first.

22) Which of the following scheduling reduces process flow time?

 a. FCFS
b. LIFO
c. SJF
d. All of the these

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Answer: (b) SJF

Explanation: Shortest job first scheduling is non-preemptive scheduling. In this scheduling algorithm,
the process which takes the least time to complete executes that process first.

23) Consider the following three processes in the FCFS.

Process ID. Brust-time. Arrival-time

P1 3 3

P2 6 6

P3 9 9

What is the average waiting time?

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5

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Answer: (b) 3

Explanation:

TA Time = CT - AT

Waiting Time = TA - BT

Process ID. Arrival- Completion-Time Turnaround-Time Waiting-Time

 Brust-time. time (CT) (TA) (WT)

P1 3 3 3 3 0

P2 6 6 9 8 2

P3 9 9 18 16 7

Average waiting time = (0 + 2 + 7) / 3 = 3

24) How many types of buffer overflow in the operating system?

a. Two
b. Six
c. Seven
d. Five

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Answer: (a) Two

Explanation: There are two types of buffer-overflows: heap-based and stack-based.

25) In which allocation method does the user size the file before creating the file?

a. Contiguous
b. Linked
c. Indexed
d. None of the these

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Answer: (a) Contiguous

Explanation: In the contiguous allocation method, the user has to give the size of the file before
creating the file so that the operating system can give contiguous blocks in the disk-based on the size
of that file.
26) Which of the following algorithms is used to avoid deadlock?

a. Dynamic Programming algorithm

b. Primality algorithms
c. Banker's algorithm
d. Deadlock algorithm

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Answer: (c) Banker's algorithm

Explanation: Banker's algorithm is a deadlock avoidance and resource allocation algorithm. This
algorithm was developed by Edger Dijkstra. It is also called a detection algorithm.

27) Which of the following component does not belong to PCB (Process Control Block)?

a. CPU registers
b. CPU scheduling information
c. Operating System information
d. Accounting information

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Answer: (c) Operating System information

Explanation: The operating system information is not the component of the PCB, so option (d) is the
correct answer.

28) Which of the following method is used to improve the main memory utilization?

a. Swapping
b. Operating system
c. Memory stack
d. None of these.

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Answer: (a) Swapping

Explanation: Swapping is a technique in which the process is removed from the main memory and
stored in secondary memory. It is used to improve the main memory utilization.

29) Buffer is a ___________.

a. Permanent area
b. Temporary area
c. Small area
d. Large area

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Answer: (b) Temporary area

Explanation: Buffer is a temporary area where data is stored for some time before being transferred
to the main memory.

30) Which of the following operating systems supports only real-time applications?

a. Batch OS
b. Distributed OS
c. Real-time OS
d. Network OS

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Answer: (c) Real-time OS

Explanation: The real-time OS supports real-time applications. This OS is used for industrial and
scientific work. It completes the tasks in a given time.

31) Which of the following binary formats support the Linux operating system?

a. 0 and 1
b. Binary Number Format
c. ELF Binary Format
d. None of the these
Hide Answer Workspace

Answer: (c) ELF Binary Format

Explanation: ELF stands for "Executable-and-Linkable-Format". The ELF format is used for libraries
and executable files in Linux operating systems.

32) What is Kali Linux?

a. Network device
b. Operating system
c. Server name
d. Computer name

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Answer: (b) Operating system

Explanation: Kali Linux is an operating system similar to Windows, Unix, and macOS. Kali operating
system was designed for reverse engineering, security, computer forensics, etc.

33) Which of the following statement is correct about fragmentation?

a. It is software that connects the OS.

b. It is part of the software.
c. Loss the memory
d. All of the these

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Answer: (c) Loss the memory

Explanation: A fragmentation is a state of a hard disk in which the most important parts of a single
file are stored at different places in the disk. Due to which there is a loss of memory, and the working
efficiency of the operating system is also affected.

34) SSTF stands for ________.

a. Shortest Signal Time First

 b. Shortest Seek Time First
c. System Seek Time First
d. System Shortest Time First

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Answer: (b) Shortest Seek Time First

Explanation: SSTF stands for Shortest-Seek-Time-First. In the SSTF algorithm, that request is executed
first, whose seek time is the shortest.

35) The PCB is identified by ___________.

a. Real-Number
b. Binary Number
c. Store block
d. Integer Process ID

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Answer: (d) Integer Process ID

Explanation: PCB is a data structure that is used to store the information of processes. It is identified
by an integer process ID (PID).

36) Which of the following method is used to prevent threads or processes from accessing a single
resource?

a. PCB
b. Semaphore
c. Job Scheduler
d. Non-Contiguous Memory Allocation

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Answer: (b) Semaphore

Explanation: Semaphore is an integer variable that is used to prevent threads or processes from
accessing a single resource.
37) Which of the following mechanisms is a locking mechanism?

a. Semaphore
b. PCB
c. Mutex
d. Binary Semaphore

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Answer: (c) Mutex

Explanation: The mutex is a locking mechanism that ensures that only one thread can occupy the
mutex at a time and enter the critical section.

38) Which of the following statements is correct about virtual memory?

a. It is a combination of the logical-memory and physical-memory

b. It is a separation of user logical memory and physical memory
c. It is a virtual network memory
d. None of the these

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Answer: (b) It is a separation of user logical memory and physical memory

Explanation: Virtual memory is used to separate the user's logical memory and actual physical
memory. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

39) COW stands for __________

a. Compress of write memory

b. Copy overwrite
c. Compress overwrites
d. Computer of world

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Answer: (b) Copy overwrite

Explanation: COW stands for Copy-Overwrite. Initially, it allows both the parent and child systems to
share the same page.

40) Who is responsible for keeping the process from the program?

a. Operating system
b. CPU
c. Monitor
d. All of the these

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Answer: (a) Operating system

Explanation: A process is created from a program by the operating system. The OS is software that
acts as an interface between a device and users and is also known as system software.

41) Which of the following operating systems require a command to run?

a. Kali Linux
b. Windows
c. Mac OS
d. Single-user operating system

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Answer: (a) Kali Linux

Explanation: Kali Linux is a fast operating system as more work is done through the command line in
it. This OS is a Debian-based Linux OS.