MINOR PROJECT

 SUBMITTED BY:-
NAME ROLL NO. REGISTRATION
NO
1. Aadarsh kumar 19c07 19101159008
2. Haridev pandit 19c24 19101159020
3. Sangeet kumar 19c46 19101159045
4. Vishnu kumar Mandal 19c54 19101159051
PLASTIC AS SOIL STABILIZATION
AN IDEA TO USE PLASTIC WASTES
PLASTIC WASTES
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
❖ SOMETIMES THE SOIL CONDITIONS ARE VERY POOR LIKE
IN BLACK COTTON OR BENTONITE SOIL EVEN AT
GREATER DEPTH AND IT IS NOT PRACTICAL TO
CONSTRUCT EVEN DEEP FOUNDATION.
❖ IN SUCH CASES VARIOUS METHODS OF SOIL
STABILIZATION AND REINFORCEMENT TECHNIQUE IS
ADOPTED.
❖ THE OBJECTIVE IS TO IMPROVE THE CHARACTERISTICS AT
SITE AND MAKE SOIL CAPABLE OF CARRYING LOAD AND
TO INCREASE THE SHEARING STRENGTH AND DECREASE
THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE SOIL.
CONTINUE….
❖ SOIL STABILIZATION IS THE ALTERATION OF SOIL TO
ENHANCE THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTY.
❖ SOIL STABILIZATION CAN INCREASE THE SHEAR STRENGTH,
CONTROL THE SHRINK-SWELL PROPERTY AND REDUCE THE
PLASTICITY INDEX VALUE OF SOIL.
❖ AND HENCE IMPROVE THE LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF A
SUB-GRADE TO SUPPORT PAVEMENT AND FOUNDATION.
❖ SOIL STABILIZATION BY PLASTICS WASTE IS ONE OF THE
EASIEST AND CHEAPEST METHOD WHICH WE ARE GOING
TO TEST FOR BLACK COTTON SOIL AND HOPING FOR
POSITIVE RESULT.
CONTINUE…..

❖ PLASTICS WASTES CAN BE MADE USEFUL NOT ONLY FOR

IMPROVING THE SOIL ALSO TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS
RELATED TO DISPOSAL OF PLASTICS WASTES.
SOIL STABILIZER

❖ SOIL STABILIZATION WITH CEMENT:- The soil stabilized

with cement is known as soil cement. The cementing action is
believed to be the result of chemical reactions of cement with
siliceous soil during hydration reaction.

❖ SOIL STABILIZATION USING LIME:- Slaked lime is very

effective in treating heavy plastic clayey soils. Lime may be used
alone or in combination with cement, bitumen or fly ash.
CONTINUE…

❖ SOIL STABILIZATION WITH BITUMEN:-Asphalts and tars

are bituminous materials which are used for stabilization of soil.

❖ CHEMICAL STABILIZATION OF SOIL:- Calcium chloride,

Sodium chloride, Sodium silicate etc. such chemicals can be used.

❖ SOIL STABILIZATION BY GROUTING:-In this method,

stabilizers are introduced by injection into the soil.

❖ SOIL STABILIZATON BY PLASTICS:-They are made of

synthetic materials such as polyethylene, polyester, nylons and
polyvinyl chloride.
WHY PLASTIC ?
CONTINUE…..

❖ IN 2008, OUR GLOBAL PLASTIC CONSUMPTION

WORLDWIDE HAS BEEN ESTIMATED AT 260 MILLION
TONS, AND, ACCORDING TO A 2012 REPORT BY GLOBAL
INDUSTRY ANALYSTS, PLASTIC CONSUMPTION IS TO
REACH 297.5 MILLION TONS BY 2015.
❖ THE EXTREME USE OF SUCH PLASTIC CAUSED PLASTIC
POLLUTION.
❖ NOW WE ARE GOING TO USE SUCH PLASTIC
WASTES(PLASTIC BAGS) AS REINFORCEMENT IN SOIL
STABILIZATION.
❖ BECAUSE THEY ARE EASILY AVAILABLE, CHEAPER AND
USING PLASTIC BAGS AS REINFORCEMENT
LIKE AS STEEL IN CONCRETE
WHY BLACK COTTON SOIL??
(IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS VERTISOL)

❖ CENTRAL INDIAN AND DECCAN PLATEAU MAINLY

CONSTITUTES THIS TYPE OF SOIL.
❖ THEY COVER THE PLATEAUS OF MAHARASHTRA,
SAURASHTRA, MALWA, MADHYA PRADESH, CHATTISGAR .
❖ THESE SOIL COVERS AN EXTENSIVE AN AREA OF 3,00,000
SQUARE KILOMETER.
❖ THESE SOILS CONTAIN ESSENTIAL CLAY MINERALS AS
MONTMORILLONITE HAVING MORE SWELLING AND
SHRINKING CHARACTERISTICS.
BLACK COTTON SOIL
SHOWING CRACKS DUE TO HIGH SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING PROPERTY
BLACK COTTON SOIL
CONTINUES….

❖ THE PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON

SOIL ARE :-
• HIGH COMPRESSIBILITY
• LOW BEARING CAPACITY
• LOW SHEARING STRENGTH.
❖ THE ABOVE PROPERTY ARE NOT
SUITABLE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
ROADS OR FOUNDATION.
TEST TO BE CONDUCT
1. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST
2. ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST
a) SHRINKAGE LIMIT
b) PLASTIC LIMIT
c) LIQUID LIMIT
3. COMPACTION
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
5. PERMEABILITY
6. TRIAXIAL TEST
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST

 THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) WAS

DEVELOPED BY THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORTATION.
 THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST IS A
PENETRATION TEST FOR EVALUATION OF THE
MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF ROAD SUBGRADE
AND BASECOURSES.
 THE CBR TEST IS FULLY DESCRIBED IN BS1377:
PART9:1990: SOIL FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
PURPOSE.
CBR TESTING SET
WHY CBR TEST IS PERFORMED?

 TO DETERMINE THE RESISTANCE OF THE SUBGRADE

FOR THE DEFORMATION UNDER THE LOAD FROM
VEHICLE WHEELS.
 OR IT IS LIKELY TO SAY THAT HOW STRONG IS THE
GROUND UPON WHICH WE ARE GOING TO BUILD THE
ROAD.
 TO COMPARE THE STRENGTHS OF DIFFERENT
SUBGRADE MATERIALS.
 THE HIGHER THE CBR READING THE LESS THICK IT IS
NECESSARY TO DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT THE ROAD
LABELED DAIGRAM OF CBR TESTING
MACHINE
CONTINUE….

 WHEN CBR INDICATES A LOW CBR READING MEANS

SUBGRADE IS WEAK, WE MUST CONSTRUCT A SUITABLE
THICKER ROAD PAVEMENT TO SPREAD THE WHEEL LOAD
OVER A GREATER AREA OF THE SUBGRADE IN ORDER
THAT THE WEAK SUBGRADE MATERIAL IS NOT
DEFORMED, CAUSING THE ROAD PAVEMENT TO FAIL.
CBR COMMONLY FOUND IN SUB-GRADE
SOIL

CBR VALUE SUBGRADE STRENGTH

3% AND LESS THAN POOR

3% - 5% NORMAL

5% - 15% GOOD
HOW CBR TEST IS PERFORMED?

 THE CBR TEST IS PERFORMED BY MEASURING THE

PRESSURE REQUIRED TO PENETRATE A SOIL SAMPLE
WITH A PLUNGER OF STANDARD AREA.
 THE MEASURED PRESSURE IS THEN DIVIDED BY THE
PRESSURE REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE AN EQUAL
PENETRATION ON A STANDARD CRUSHED ROCK
MATERIAL.
CONTINUE….

 THE TEST IS PERFORMED BY PENETRATING A SOIL MASS

WITH STANDARD CIRCULAR PISTON AT THE RATE OF 1.25
mm/min.
 BY DRAWING GRAPH BETWEEN LOAD AND PENETRATION
CBR VALUE IS DECIDED.
2) ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST
SHRINKAGE LIMIT

 SHRINKAGE LIMIT IS THE MINIMUM WATER CONTENT

WHERE FURTHER REDUCTION IN WATER CONTENT WILL
NOT CAUSE ANY REDUCTION IN VOLUME.
 IF THE WATER CONTENT IS LESS THAN THE SHRINKAGE
LIMIT THEN SOIL WILL BE PARTIALLY SATURATED.
 BUT AT SHRINKAGE LIMIT, SOIL IS JUST SATURATED(S=1).
 THE TEST TO DETERMINE THE SHRINKAGE LIMIT IS ASTM
INTERNATIONAL D4943.
PLASTIC LIMIT

 PLASTIC LIMIT IS THE MINIMUM WATER CONTENT AT

WHICH IF SOIL IS ROLLED INTO THREAD OF 3 mm DIA
THEN SURFACE CRACK WILL JUST APPEAR.
 FINER SOIL HAVE GREATER PLASTICITY THAN COARSED.
 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE LIQUID LIMIT AND
PLASTIC LIMIT IS KNOWN AS PLASTICITY INDEX.
PLASTICITY INDEX RANGE OF SOILS

TYPES OF SOIL LIQUID LIMIT PLASTIC LIMIT PLASTICITY INDEX

GRAVEL AND SAND <10% <10% 0

CLAY 40% - 60% 20% - 40% 20% - 40%

BLACK SOIL 400% - 500% 200% - 250% 200% - 250%

LIQUID LIMIT
 LIQUID LIMIT IS THE MINIMUM WATER CONTENT AT
WHICH SOIL HAS TENDENCY TO FLOW.
 AT LIQUID LIMIT MOST OF THE SOILS HAVE NEGLEGIBLE
SHEAR STRENGHT OF THE ORDER OF 2.7 N/mm2.
 IF THE LIQUID LIMIT OF SOIL IS GREATER THEN SUCH
SOIL ARE MORE COMPRESSIBLE(HIGH SWELLING AND
HIGH SHRINKAGE) FOR EXAMPLE :-BLACK COTTON SOIL ,
BENTONITE.
METHODS TO DETEMINE LIQUID LIMIT

❑ CASSAGRANDE METHOD
❑ ONE POINT METHOD
❑ CONE PENETROMETER METHOD
CASSAGRANDE APPARATUS
3) COMPACTION

 COMPACTION IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH SOIL PARTICLES

ARE ARTIFICIALLY RE-ARRANGED AND PACKED TOGETHER
INTO CLOSER STATE OF CONTACT BY MECHANICAL
MEANS.
 IT IS DONE IN ORDER TO :-
1. REDUCE THE VOID RATIO, PERMEABILITY, AND
COMPRESSIBILITY.
2. INCREASE THE DEGREE OF DENSENESS, STABILITY,
SHERAR STRENGTH, AND BEARING CAPACITY.
COMPACTION LAB TEST

 THE TEST IS CONSIST OF STANDARD CYLINDER

WOOD IN WHICH SOIL IS TO BE TESTED IS FILLED
IN LAYERS AND EACH LAYER IS COMPACTED BY
25 No. OF BLOWS WITH THE HELP OF HAMMER.
4) SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS DONE BY DENSITY BOTTLE METHOD

AS PER IS: 2720 (PART III/Sec 1) – 1980.
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS THE RATIO OF THE WEIGHT IN AIR
OF A GIVEN VOLUME OF A MATERIAL AT A STANDARD
TEMPERATURE TO THE WEIGHT IN AIR OF AN EQUAL
VOLUME OF DISTILLED WATER AT THE SAME STATED
TEMPERATURE.
5) PERMEABILITY

 IT IS THE ABILITY OF POROUS MEDIUM TO PERMIT FLOW

OF LIQUID THROUGH ITS INTERCONNECTING VOIDS.
 IT IS DEFINED BY DARCY’S LAW.
 LABOATORY TEST AND FIELD TEST CAN BE PERFORMED
TO DETERMINED COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY.
 VARIABLE HEAD PERMEABLE TEST CAN BE PERFORMED
FOR FINE GRAINED SOIL.
6) TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST

 SHEAR STRENGTH OF A SOIL IS THE RESISTANCE

OFFERED BY THE SOIL AGAINST SHEAR DEFORMATIONS.
 A SOIL MAY DERIVES ITS SHEAR STRENGTH FROM
FOLLOWING PARAMETERS:-
1. INTERLOCKING BETWEEN PARTICLES
2. FRICTION BETWEEN PARTICLES
3. INTERMOLECULAR ATTRACTION
➢ TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST IS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE
SHEAR STRENGTH.
SIGNIFICANCE
❖ THE SOIL STABILIZATION WITH PLASTIC
WASTE IMPROVES THE STRENGTH
BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL AND CAN
POTENTIALLY REDUCE GROUND
IMPROVEMENT COSTS BY ADOPTING
THIS METHOD OF STABILIZATION.
❖ PLASTIC REINFORCEMENT
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE EXTENT