University of Cebu - Banilad Campus

College of Nursing

Math 100 - 82729

College Mathematics
Schedule (4:00 pm - 5:30 pm, FS)

Midterm Project
Histogram

(Varron, Dazell Ann A.)

Student

Engr. Nicholas C. Banal

Instructor
 Table of Contents

Group Information 1

Introduction 2

Description 3

Definition of Terms 5

Steps / Procedure 6

Sample Problem # 1 7

Solutions # 1 8

Interpretation / Answer # 1 9

Sample Problem # 2 10

Solutions # 2 11

Interpretation / Answer # 2 13

Conclusion / Generalization 14

References 15
 Group Information

Group Number: 5

Group Leaders:
● Batuigas, Jannin Antoinette
● Padin, Anemor

Group Members:
● Arejola, MJ Jomoc
● Aro, Regina Salve
● Empaces, Cristine
● Fuentes, Jessica Pia
● Gopiao, Deborah Shaniah P.
● Manigos, Zeith Danielle
● Varron, Dazell

Individual Assignments:
● Introduction - Batuigas
● Description - Empaces
● Definition of terms - Fuentes
● Steps/Procedures - Varron
● Sample Problems - Manigos, Arejola, Aro, Gopiao
● Solutions - Manigos, Arejola, Aro, Gopiao
● Interpretation/Answer - Manigos, Arejola, Aro, Gopiao
● Conclusion/Generalization - Padin
● References - Arejola
 Introduction

In this project we’ll learn what Histogram is, how it's used, what are the
steps and procedure in creating one and different example problems involving
Histogram.

Similar in appearance to a bar graph, the histogram condenses a data

series into an easily interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping
them into logical ranges or bins.

It is a graphical representation of data where data is grouped into

continuous number ranges and each range corresponds to a vertical bar.

● The horizontal axis displays the number range.

● The vertical axis (frequency) represents the amount of data that is present
in each range.

The number ranges depend upon the data that is being used.

Histograms are commonly used in statistics to demonstrate how many of a

certain type of variable occurs within a specific range.
 Description

A histogram is a graphical representation of a grouped frequency

distribution with continuous classes. It is an area diagram and can be defined as
a set of rectangles with bases along with the intervals between class boundaries
and with areas proportional to frequencies in the corresponding classes.

Example:
Mirabel is the branch manager at a local bank. Recently, Mirabel's been
receiving customer feedback saying that the wait times for a client to be served
by a customer service representative are too long. Mirabel decides to observe
and write down the time spent by each customer on waiting. Here are her
findings:

● There are 3 customers waiting between 1 and 35 seconds.

● There are 5 customers waiting between 1 and 40 seconds.
● There are 5 customers waiting between 1 and 45 seconds.
● There are 5 customers waiting between 1 and 50 seconds.
● There are 5 customers waiting between 1 and 55 seconds.

Mirabel can conclude that the majority of customers wait between 35.1 and 50
seconds.
 In such representations, all the rectangles are adjacent since the base
covers the intervals between class boundaries. The heights of rectangles are
proportional to corresponding frequencies of similar classes and for different
classes, the heights will be proportional to corresponding frequency densities.
In other words, a histogram is a diagram involving rectangles whose area
is proportional to the frequency of a variable and width is equal to the class
interval.
 Definition of Terms

Statistics - a discipline of Range - is the difference between the

mathematics which deals with the lowest and highest values.
analysis, tabulation, collection,
interpretation and presentation of
numerical data.

Histogram - an area diagram and Percentage - it is the exact amount or

can be defined as a set of proportion of a data. Represented by the
rectangles with bases along with the symbol "%". It is a number or ratio that
intervals between class boundaries can be expressed as a fraction of 100.
and with areas proportional to Hence, the percentage means, a part
frequencies in the corresponding per hundred.
classes.

Raw Data - Sometimes called Midpoint - It is the average between the

“source data”, “atomic data” or upper and lower class limits. The lower
“primary data”, is data that is class limit is the lowest value in a bin (a
collected directly from a primary particular category); The upper class
source or the object of the study. limits are the highest values that can be
in the bin. To calculate the midpoint, we
just need to add the data and divide it to
the number of datas.

Frequency - amount of times an Intervals - It is the difference between

observation has occurred / recorded the upper class limit from the lower
during the experiment or study. class limit or the range of values for a
statistic.

Frequency Distribution - is a graph Class Limits - it is the representation of

or data set organized to represent the smallest and largest data values
the frequency of occurrence of each which belong to every class. Lower
possible outcome of an event that is Class Limit represent the smallest value
observed a specific number of data while the Upper Class Limit
times. represents the largest data value in a
class.

Cumulative Frequency - the sum Class Boundaries - are the end points
of all previous frequencies up to the of an open interval which contains the
current point. class interval.
 Steps / Procedure

Step 1: Represent the data in the continuous (exclusive) form if it is in the

discontinuous (inclusive) form.
- Observe the class intervals of the distribution. If they are nonoverlapping
(discontinuous), Change them into overlapping (continuous) classes.

Step 2: Mark the class intervals along the X-axis on a uniform scale.
- Locate the class boundaries on the x-axis (horizontal axis).

Step 3: Mark the frequencies along the Y-axis on a uniform scale.

- Put a kink mark (N) on the horizontal axis, between the vertical axis and
the first rectangle if the leftmost rectangle does not have the vertical axis
on its side.

Step 4: Construct rectangles with class intervals as bases and corresponding

frequencies as heights.
- Construct a vertical rectangle on each line segment representing a class
interval such that the height of the rectangle represents frequency of the
class interval.
 Sample Problem # 1
Arejola and Aro are student nurse volunteers which are tasked to make a
histogram based on the following data shown below concerning the age of the
sample population of 30 people who showed up for the annual free check-up
sponsored by the barangay captain.

Data

Ages of the people who attended the free annual check-up:

20 33 72 63 24

66 17 24 28 19

70 31 15 11 13

25 26 45 56 17

67 9 80 18 23

34 16 7 35 40
 Solutions # 1

Step 1: Represent the data in the continuous (exclusive) form if it is in the

discontinuous (inclusive) form.

Age: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 24, 25, 26, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35,
40, 45, 56, 63, 66, 67, 70, 72, 80

Step 2: Mark the class intervals along the X-axis on a uniform scale.

Let the categorised ages of the people represent the class intervals along the
x-axis.

Step 3: Mark the frequencies along the Y-axis on a uniform scale.

Let the frequency represent along the y-axis.

Step 4: Construct rectangles with class intervals as bases and

corresponding frequencies as heights.

Class Interval Tally Frequency

0 - 10 II 2

11 - 20 IIIII - IIII 9

21 - 30 IIIII - I 6

31 - 40 IIIII 5

41 - 50 I 1

51 - 60 I 1

61 - 70 IIII 4

71 - 80 II 2

Total: 30 30
 Interpretation / Answer # 1

Based on the data on the histogram above, ages 11 - 20 are the ages
of most frequent people that attended the check-up which has the
frequency of 7 out of 30 people. And there are only one attendee on ages
41 - 50 and also in ages 51 - 60.
 Sample Problem # 2
In the physical fitness subject, class President Deborah was tasked to
make a histogram based on the following data shown below concerning the
weights of BSN-1B students with a sample population of 25 students. How many
students weigh 55.0kg and above?

Data

42.3kg 52.2kg 53.1kg 69.9kg 54.0kg

58.5kg 45.2kg 52.8kg 78.4kg 69.3kg

55.9kg 45.9kg 48.9kg 59.8kg 89.0kg

49.5kg 53.2kg 54.3kg 64.0kg 50.5kg

70.7kg 67.7kg 55.5kg 47.4kg 52.1kg

 Solutions # 2

Step 1: Represent the data in the continuous (exclusive) form if it is in the

discontinuous (inclusive) form.

Weighs: 42.3kg, 58.5kg, 55.9kg, 49.5kg, 70.7kg, 52.2kg, 45.2kg, 45.9kg, 53.2kg,
67.7kg, 53.1kg, 52.8kg, 48.9kg, 54.3kg, 55.5kg, 69.9kg, 78.4kg, 59.8kg, 64.0kg,
47.4kg, 54.0kg, 69.3kg, 89.0kg, 50.5kg, 52.1kg

Step 2: Mark the class intervals along the X-axis on a uniform scale.

Let the categorized weights of BSN-1B students represent the class intervals
along the x-axis.

Step 3: Mark the frequencies along the Y-axis on a uniform scale.

Let the number of students represent the frequencies along the y-axis.

Step 4: Construct rectangles with class intervals as bases and

corresponding frequencies as heights.

First, we need to count the number of students that are included in the interval for
easier computations.

42.3kg 52.2kg 53.1kg 69.9kg 54.0kg

58.5kg 45.2kg 52.8kg 78.4kg 69.3kg

55.9kg 45.9kg 48.9kg 59.8kg 89.0kg

49.5kg 53.2kg 54.3kg 64.0kg 50.5kg

70.7kg 67.7kg 55.5kg 47.4kg 52.1kg

 CLASS
INTERVAL TALLY MARKS FREQUENCY

40.0-45.9 kg II 2

46.0-49.9 kg IIII 4

50-0-54.9 kg IIIII-III 8

55.0 kg -- IIIII-IIIII-I 11

TOTAL 25 25
 Interpretation / Answer # 2

Based on the data on the histogram above, the number of BSN - 1B

students that weigh 55.0kg and above is 11, which has the frequency of 11
out of 25 students in total. And there are 2 students weighing 40.0-45.9 kg,
with a frequency of 2 out of 25.
 Conclusion / Generalization
A histogram is a graphical representation of a grouped frequency
distribution with continuous classes. The histogram is represented by a set of
rectangles, adjacent to each other, where each bar represents a kind of data.
In constructing a histogram there are 4 steps that we can follow. In the first
step, we represent the data in the continuous (exclusive) form if it is in the
discontinuous (inclusive) form. Second, we mark the class intervals along the
X-axis on a uniform scale. Third, we mark the frequencies along the Y-axis on a
uniform scale. Lastly, we construct rectangles with class intervals as bases and
corresponding frequencies as heights.
Histograms are used to display and organize a large set of measurements
or numerical data in an easily understandable manner. A Frequency distribution
can be shown graphically by using Histogram. Therefore, it is also important to
learn about Histograms and apply it to our everyday life.
 References
● Frost, J. (n.d.). Using Histograms to Understand Your Data - Statistics By
Jim. Statistics by Jim. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from
https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/histograms/
● Histogram - Definition, Types, Graph, and Examples. (n.d.). Byjus.
Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://byjus.com/maths/histogram/
● A. (2021, March 22). General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR)
● Histogram - Graph, Definition, Properties, Examples. (n.d.). Cuemath.
https://www.cuemath.com/data/histograms/