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    Fundamentals of Surveyingtheory of Observations

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    Angelie Tugadi Dingle
    Here are the steps to solve the sample problem: 1. Add all the measurements: 740.53 × 4 = 2962.12 740.59 × 3 = 2221.77 740.57 × 6 = 4443.42 740.53 × 7 = 5183.71 Total = 15811.02 2. Divide the total by the number of measurements (4 + 3 + 6 + 7 = 20) to get the most probable value: 15811.02 / 20 = 740.55 3. Calculate the standard deviation of any single observation using: Sx = √(Σ(x - x̅)2 / n)

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Fundamentals of Surveyingtheory of Observations

    Uploaded by

    Angelie Tugadi Dingle
    19 views5 pages
    Here are the steps to solve the sample problem: 1. Add all the measurements: 740.53 × 4 = 2962.12 740.59 × 3 = 2221.77 740.57 × 6 = 4443.42 740.53 × 7 = 5183.71 Total = 15811.02 2. Divide the total by the number of measurements (4 + 3 + 6 + 7 = 20) to get the most probable value: 15811.02 / 20 = 740.55 3. Calculate the standard deviation of any single observation using: Sx = √(Σ(x - x̅)2 / n)

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    Here are the steps to solve the sample problem: 1. Add all the measurements: 740.53 × 4 = 2962.12 740.59 × 3 = 2221.77 740.57 × 6 = 4443.42 740.53 × 7 = 5183.71 Total = 15811.02 2. Divide the total by the number of measurements (4 + 3 + 6 + 7 = 20) to get the most probable value: 15811.02 / 20 = 740.55 3. Calculate the standard deviation of any single observation using: Sx = √(Σ(x - x̅)2 / n)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views5 pages

    Fundamentals of Surveyingtheory of Observations

    Uploaded by

    Angelie Tugadi Dingle
    Here are the steps to solve the sample problem: 1. Add all the measurements: 740.53 × 4 = 2962.12 740.59 × 3 = 2221.77 740.57 × 6 = 4443.42 740.53 × 7 = 5183.71 Total = 15811.02 2. Divide the total by the number of measurements (4 + 3 + 6 + 7 = 20) to get the most probable value: 15811.02 / 20 = 740.55 3. Calculate the standard deviation of any single observation using: Sx = √(Σ(x - x̅)2 / n)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

    INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. DARYL JAY RABOY


    MODULE TOPIC: THEORY OF ERRORS IN OBSERVATIONS

    Error is the difference between the observe value and the true value of a measurement.
    In reality, true values can never be identified thus, all observations are assumed to have errors.
    Surveyors are tasked to correct their observations depending on many factors such as the
    mechanical equipment used, environmental conditions during the survey, and how careful the
    person is during the survey. In this topic, we’ll discuss about the theory of errors, their
    propagation, and how to apply the correction necessary to make observations more accurate

    SYSTEMATIC/CUMULATIVE ERRORS
    Errors resulting from the observer, the instrument, and the environment. The nature
    of this type of error is cumulative meaning it tends to increase in magnitude so long as the
    conditions remain constant.
    ACCIDENTAL ERRORS/RANDOM ERRORS
    These are errors beyond the control of the surveyor. They are probabilistic in nature
    and often tends to cancel out. They are still present even after systematic errors and mistakes
    have been eliminated.

    PRECISION AND ACCURACY

    PRECISION refers to the degree of a group of observations


    ACCURACY refers to the closeness of a measurement to its true value
    MOST PROBABLE VALUE
    -As discussion, no observation is completely free from error hence, the true value of an
    observation must be represented by a value assumed to be close to it. This value is called the
    most probable value and it is taken as,

    ERROR/RESIDUAL/DEVIATION
    -The difference between an observation x and the most probable value mpv

    STANDARD DEVIATION OF ANY SINGLE OBSERVATION


    -Also called the root-mean square, is a measure of spread/variation/dispersion/scatter of
    distribution.

    STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN


    -Also called the standard deviation of the mean, is a method used to estimate the standard
    deviation of a sampling distribution. It measures the accuracy with which the sample
    represents a population. In statistics, the deviation of the sample mean from the actual mean
    of the population is called standard error.

    PROBABLE ERROR OF ANY SINGLE OBSERVATION


    𝑃𝐸𝑆 = +
    −0.6745𝑆𝑋

    PROBABLE ERROR OF THE MEAN


    𝑆𝑋
    𝑃𝐸𝑀 = +
    −0.6745 =+
    −0.6745𝑆𝑋̅
    √𝑛
    RELATIVE ERROR/PRECISION
    -The ratio of the magnitude of the error to the magnitude of the measured value
    𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
    𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
    𝑚𝑝𝑣

    INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ERRORS
    -The following shows the algorithm used when values with known errors are added or
    multiplied

    SUMMATION OF ERRORS
    -When measurement of known probable errors are added, the probable error of the sum is
    given by
    +
    𝑃𝐸𝑆𝑈𝑀 = √𝑃𝐸12 + 𝑃𝐸22 + 𝑃𝐸32 + ⋯ + 𝑃𝐸𝑛2
    −

    PRODUCT OF ERRORS
    -When measurements of known probable errors are multiplied, the probable error of the
    product is given by
    +
    𝑃𝐸𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐷𝑈𝐶𝑇 = −√(𝑄1 + 𝑃𝐸2 )2 + (𝑄2 + 𝑃𝐸1 )2

    Where: 𝑄1 & 𝑄2 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠


    𝑃𝐸1 & 𝑃𝐸2 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
    SAMPLE PROBLEM
    Given the following data in measuring a distance of a certain line.

    1. Determine the most probable value of the measurement.


    2. Calculate the standard deviation of any single observation.
    3. Calculate the standard error of the mean.
    4. Calculate the probable error of any single observation.
    5. Calculate the probable error of the mean.
    6. Determine the relative error or precision of the mean.
    ACTIVITY no 1:
    Long bond paper to be pass on Monday ( Oct. 3, 2022). Solutions must be neat and put 1 inch
    margin in your bond paper. Messy solutions and Late papers will not be accepted and be
    considered as zero.

    I. Given the following data in measuring a distance of a certain line.

    DISTANCE NO. OF MEASUREMENTS


    740.53 4
    740.59 3
    740.57 6
    740.53 7

    1. Determine the most probable value of the measurements.


    2. Calculate the standard deviation of any single observation.
    3. Calculate the standard error of the mean.
    4. Calculate the probable error of any single observation.
    5. Calculate the probable error of the mean.
    6. Calculate the relative error or precision of the mean.

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