Welcome to

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

56.67 𝑚
 Table of contents

Session 𝟏 03 Session 𝟒 77
Leaning tower of Pisa 04 Sum of angle in terms of tan −1
𝑥 78
Inverse Functions 08 Difference of angle in terms of tan−1 𝑥 80
Condition for existence of Inverse 09 Telescopic series / Method of Differences 86
Domain, Range and Graph of ITF 11 Sum and difference of angles in terms of sin−1 93
Sum and difference of angles in terms of cos −1 94
Session 𝟐 32
Property 1 33 Session 𝟓 99
Property 2 Functions of the form 𝑓 𝑓 −1 𝑥 37 Multiple Angles in terms of sin−1 100
Property 3 43

Session 𝟑 49
Property 3 50
Property 4 57
Property 5 60
Interconversion of different ITF 64
Sum of angle in terms of tan−1 𝑥 72
 Session 1
Introduction to Inverse Trigonometry
Functions and their Domain & Range

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 Leaning Tower of Pisa:

The leaning Tower of Pisa is well 5.45 m Perpendicular

known for its tilted resemblance which

was caused due to some earthquakes. Hypotenuse
𝜃

58.36 m

Engineers were hired to stop the tower

from falling off to the ground

The perpendicular shift that was observed was 5.45 𝑚 and the
hypotenuse was 58.36 𝑚.

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 Leaning Tower of Pisa:

Now, if the angle made by the tower 5.45 m Perpendicular

with its perpendicular is 𝜃, then:

Perpendicular Hypotenuse
sin 𝜃 =
Hypotenuse 𝜃

Base
cos 𝜃 = 58.36 m
Hypotenuse

Perpendicular
tan 𝜃 =
Base

Hypotenuse
csc 𝜃 =
Perpendicular

Hypotenuse
sec 𝜃 =
Base

Base
cot 𝜃 =
Perpendicular

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 Leaning Tower of Pisa:

Perpendicular 5.45 m Perpendicular

sin 𝜃 =
Hypotenuse

5.45
⇒ sin 𝜃 = Hypotenuse
58.36 𝜃

⇒ sin 𝜃 = 0.09338 58.36 m

⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 (0.09338)

⇒ 𝜃 = 5.3580°

⇒ 𝜃 = 5.4° (approx.)

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 Leaning Tower of Pisa:

Later the engineers tried to reduce the 3.9 m Perpendicular

perpendicular distance to 3.9 𝑚 to

ensure a better stability to the tower. Hypotenuse
𝜃

Perpendicular
sin 𝜃 = 56.67 m
Hypotenuse

3.9
⇒ sin 𝜃 =
56.67

⇒ sin 𝜃 = 0.0688

⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 (0.0688)

⇒ 𝜃 = 3.94°

⇒ 𝜃 = 3.9° (approx.)
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 Inverse Functions:

If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a one – one and onto function, then 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐴 or 𝑓 −1 : 𝐵 → 𝐴 will

be its inverse.

(𝑓 −1 𝑜 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥

Domain of 𝑓 = Range of 𝑔

Range of 𝑓 = Domain of 𝑔

Both 𝑓 and 𝑔 will be inverse of each other.

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 Condition for existence of Inverse:

The function should be one – one and onto (Bijective).

Example:

𝑓 ∶ 𝑅 → 𝑅 ∶ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 is not a Bijection for its entire domain. So, the domain
has to be modified to make it a Bijective function.
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓: − , → −1,1 ; 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
2 2

−2𝜋 −
3𝜋 −𝜋 −
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
2 2 2 2 2

−1

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 Condition for existence of Inverse:

Inverse of sine function = sin−1 = arcsine

For sin 𝑥:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓: − , → −1,1
2 2

For sin−1 𝑥 :
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 −1 : −1,1 → − ,
2 2

Note: sin−1 𝑥 is the measure of the angle in radians whose sine is 𝑥

1
while sin 𝑥 −1
=
sin 𝑥

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 Domain, Range and Graph of sin−1 𝑥:
𝜋
2 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 𝑦=𝑥
For 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥:
𝜋 𝜋
Restricted Domain: − , 1
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
2 2

Range: [−1,1]
𝜋 −1 𝜋
− 1
2 2

−1
For 𝑓(𝑥) = sin −1
𝑥:
Domain: [−1,1] 𝜋
−
2
𝜋 𝜋
Range: − ,
2 2

It can be observed that the graph of sin−1 𝑥 is a mirror image of

sin 𝑥 through the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
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 Domain, Range and Graph of sin−1 𝑥:
𝜋
2 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥
For 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 𝑥:

Domain: [−1,1]
−1 1
𝜋 𝜋
Range: − ,
2 2

𝜋
−
2

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 𝜋 𝜋
For 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 𝑥: Domain: [−1,1] Range: − ,
2 2

Examples :
➢ Find the value of the inverse trigonometric function sin−1 1.
We know that 1 ∈ −1,1

So, the value exists.

−𝜋 𝜋
Let sin−1 1 = 𝜃; 𝜃 ∈ ,
2 2
𝜋
⇒ sin 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 =
2
−1
➢ Find the value of the inverse trigonometric function sin−1 .
2
1
We know that − ∈ −1,1 So, the value exists.
2
1 −𝜋 𝜋
Let sin−1 − = 𝜃; 𝜃 ∈ ,
2 2 2

1 −𝜋
⇒ sin 𝜃 = − ⇒ 𝜃 =
2 6
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 𝜋 𝜋
For 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 𝑥: Domain: [−1,1] Range: − ,
2 2

Examples :

➢ Find the value of the inverse trigonometric function sin−1 𝜋.

We know that 𝜋 ∉ −1,1

So, the value does not exist.

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 Domain, Range and Graph of cos−1 𝑥:

𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 𝜋
For 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥:
Restricted Domain: 0, 𝜋 𝜋
2
Range: [−1,1] 1

𝜋 𝑂 1 𝜋
− −1 𝜋
2 2
−1
𝑦 = cos 𝑥
For 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝜋
cos−1 𝑥: −
2

Domain: [−1,1] 𝑦=𝑥 −𝜋

Range: 0, 𝜋

It can be observed that the graph of cos−1 𝑥 is a

mirror image of cos 𝑥 through the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

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 Domain, Range and Graph of cos−1 𝑥:

𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥
𝜋
For 𝑓(𝑥) = cos−1 𝑥:
𝜋
Domain: [−1,1] 2

−1 𝑂
Range: 0, 𝜋 1
𝜋
−
2

−𝜋

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 3
Find the value of the inverse trigonometric function cos−1 .
2

Solution:
3
We know that ∈ −1,1
2

So, the value exists.

3
Let cos−1 = 𝜃; 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋
2

3
⇒ cos 𝜃 =
2

𝜋
⇒𝜃=
6

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 Find domain of sin−1 (2𝑥 + 3)

Solution:

We know that for 𝑓 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥;

Domain: [−1,1]
𝜋 𝜋
Range: − ,
2 2

⇒ 2𝑥 + 3 ∈ −1 , 1

2𝑥 + 3 ∈ −1 , 1

⇒ −4 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ −2

⇒ −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −1

∴ 𝑥 ∈ [−2 , −1]
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 If cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 + cos−1 𝑧 = 3𝜋, then find the value of 𝑥 50 + 𝑦 50 + 𝑧 50 .

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

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 If cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 + cos−1 𝑧 = 3𝜋, then find the value of 𝑥 50 + 𝑦 50 + 𝑧 50 .

Solution:
We know |cos−1 𝑥 | ≤ 𝜋 & cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 + cos−1 𝑧 = 3𝜋

A 0
⇒ cos−1 𝑥 = cos−1 𝑦 = cos−1 𝑧 = 𝜋

B 1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = cos 𝜋 = −1

C 2
∴ 𝑥 50 + 𝑦 50 + 𝑧 50 = 1 + 1 + 1

D 3
𝑥 50 + 𝑦 50 + 𝑧 50 =3

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 Domain, Range and Graph of tan−1 𝑥: 𝑌 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝜋
For 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥:
𝜋

𝜋 𝜋 2 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
Restricted Domain: − ,
2 2 𝜋 𝑋
𝜋
−𝜋 − 0 𝜋
Range:ℝ 2
𝜋
2

−
2

−𝜋
For 𝑓(𝑥) = tan−1 𝑥:

Domain: ℝ

𝜋 𝜋
Range: − ,
2 2

It can be observed that the graph of tan−1 𝑥 is a mirror image of

tan 𝑥 through the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
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 Domain, Range and Graph of tan−1 𝑥:

For 𝑓(𝑥) = tan−1 𝑥: 𝑌

𝜋
Domain: ℝ
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 2 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
Range: − , 𝑋
2 2 𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋 − 0 𝜋
2 2
𝜋
−
2

If 𝑥 > 0, 𝑓 𝑥 will be in first quadrant. −𝜋

If 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓 𝑥 will be in fourth quadrant.

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 1 1
The value of tan−1 (1) + cos−1 − + sin−1 − is
2 2

Solution:
𝜋
Let tan−1 1 = 𝑥 ⇒ tan 𝑥 = 1 = tan
4

𝜋
⇒ tan−1 1 =
4

1 1 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
Let cos−1 − = 𝑦 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = − = − cos = cos 𝜋 − = cos
2 2 3 3 3

1 2𝜋
⇒ cos−1 − =
2 3

1 1 𝜋
Let sin−1 − = 𝑧 ⇒ sin 𝑧 = − = sin −
2 2 6

1 𝜋
⇒ sin−1 − =−
2 6

1 1 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
Hence, tan−1 1 + cos−1 − + sin−1 − = + − =
2 2 4 3 6 4
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 Domain, Range and Graph of cot −1 𝑥:

For 𝑓(𝑥) = cot 𝑥:

𝑦=𝑥
𝜋
Restricted Domain: 0, 𝜋
𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥
Range:ℝ 𝜋
2

𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋 − 0 𝜋
2 2
For 𝑓(𝑥) = cot −1 𝑥: −
𝜋
2

Domain: ℝ −𝜋
𝑦 = cot 𝑥

Range: 0 , 𝜋

It can be observed that the graph of cot −1 𝑥 is

a mirror image of cot 𝑥 through the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
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 Domain, Range and Graph of cot −1 𝑥:

For 𝑓(𝑥) = cot −1 𝑥: 𝜋

𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥
Domain: ℝ 𝜋
2

Range: 0 , 𝜋 0
𝜋
−
2
Example : Find value of cot −1 0
−𝜋

From the graph,

𝜋
cot −1 0 =
2

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 Domain, Range and Graph of sec −1 𝑥:

𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥 𝑦=𝑥
For 𝑓(𝑥) = sec 𝑥: 𝜋

𝜋
Restricted Domain: 0 , 𝜋 − 𝜋
2 2

Range: −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞ 1
𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋 − −1 0 1 𝜋
2 2
−1
𝜋
−
For 𝑓(𝑥) = sec −1 𝑥: 2
𝑦 = sec 𝑥
−𝜋
Domain: −∞ , −1 ∪ [1 , ∞)

𝜋
Range: 0 , 𝜋 −
2

It can be observed that the graph of sec −1 𝑥 is a mirror image of

sec 𝑥 through the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
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 Domain, Range and Graph of sec −1 𝑥:

𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥
For 𝑓(𝑥) = sec −1 𝑥: 𝜋

Domain: −∞ , −1 ∪ [1 , ∞) 𝜋
2

𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0 1 𝜋
𝜋
Range: 0 , 𝜋 − −
2
−1
2
2 𝜋
−
2

−𝜋
When 𝑥 > 0, sec −1 𝑥 is in first
quadrant and when 𝑥 < 0,
sec −1 𝑥 is in second quadrant

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 Domain, Range and Graph of cosec −1 𝑥:
𝑦=𝑥
For 𝑓(𝑥) = cosec 𝑥: 𝜋
𝑦 = csc 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
Restricted Domain: − , − 0 𝜋
2 2 2
1
Range: −∞, −1 ∪ [1 , ∞) −𝜋 −
𝜋
2 −1
𝑂 1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = csc −1 𝑥 2
−1
For 𝑓(𝑥) = cosec −1 𝑥: −
𝜋
2

Domain: −∞, −1 ∪ [1 , ∞) −𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
Range: − , − 0
2 2

It can be observed that the graph of csc −1 𝑥 is a mirror image of

csc 𝑥 through the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
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 Domain, Range and Graph of cosec −1 𝑥:

For 𝑓(𝑥) = cosec −1 𝑥:

𝜋
Domain: −∞, −1 ∪ [1 , ∞)
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
Range:
2
− , − 0
2 2 −1
𝑦= csc −1 𝑥 𝑂 1
Example : Find the value of cosec −1 1 . 𝜋
−
2
𝜋
We know that cosec = 1 −𝜋
2

𝜋
⇒ cosec −1 1 =
2
1
Find the value of cosec −1 .
2

We know that domain of cosec −1 is 𝑅 − −1,1

1
⇒ cosec −1 does not exist.
2
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 Find domain and range of cos−1 [𝑥] where . represent G.I.F.

Solution:
Domain: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2

Range: For 𝑥 ∈ [−1 , 2) , 𝑥 = −1 , 0 , 1

When 𝑥 = −1, cos−1 −1 = 𝜋

𝜋
When 𝑥 = 0, cos−1 [0] =
2

When 𝑥 = 1, cos−1 [1] = 0

𝜋
Range: 0 , ,𝜋
2

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 𝜋
Find the domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin−1 2𝑥 + .
6
JEE Advanced 2003

Solution:
𝜋
𝜋
𝑓 𝑡 = sin−1 2𝑥 + 2
6

𝜋
⇒ sin−1 2𝑥 + ≥0 −
1
6 4
−1 1 1
𝜋 𝜋 2
⇒ − ≤ sin−1 2𝑥 ≤
6 2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ sin − ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ sin −
2
6 2

1
⇒ − ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 1
2

1 1
⇒− ≤𝑥≤
4 2

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 Session 2
Properties of Inverse Trigonometry
Functions

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 Properties of Inverse Functions:

Property 1:

sin−1 −𝑥 = − sin−1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ≤ 1

cos−1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − cos−1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ≤ 1

tan−1 −𝑥 = − tan−1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Proof:
𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 −𝑥 = 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 ∈ − ,
2 2

⇒ −𝑥 = sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 = − sin 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 = sin −𝜃 ⇒ sin−1 𝑥 = −𝜃 ; ≥ 𝜃 ≥ −
2 2

⇒ sin−1 𝑥 = − sin−1 −𝑥
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 Properties of Inverse Functions:

Property 1:

cot −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − cot −1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Proof:

For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ,

cot −1 −𝑥 = 𝜃; 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋

⇒ 𝑥 = − cot 𝜃

⇒ 𝑥 = cot 𝜋 − 𝜃 as 𝜋 − 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋

⇒ 𝜋 − 𝜃 = cot −1 𝑥

⇒ cot −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − cot −1 𝑥
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 Properties of Inverse Functions:

Property 1:

sin−1 −𝑥 = − sin−1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ≤ 1

tan−1 −𝑥 = − tan−1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Odd

cosec −1 −𝑥 = − cosec −1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ≥ 1

cos−1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − cos−1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ≤ 1

cot −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − cot −1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Neither Even Nor Odd

sec −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − sec −1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ≥ 1

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 1 𝜋 3
Solve: 𝑖) sin−1 − 𝑖𝑖) 2 cot −1 − 3 𝑖𝑖𝑖) sin − sin−1 −
2 2 2

Solution: 1 1 𝜋
𝑖) sin−1 − = − sin−1 =−
2 2 6

𝑖𝑖) 2 cot −1 − 3 = 2 𝜋 − cot −1 3

𝜋 5𝜋
=2 𝜋− =
6 3

𝜋 3 𝜋 3
𝑖𝑖𝑖) sin − sin−1 − = sin + sin−1
2 2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋
= sin +
2 3

𝜋 1
= cos =
3 2
 Property 2:

Functions of the form 𝑓 𝑓 −1 𝑥

sin sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1

Proof:

𝜋 𝜋
Let 𝜃 = sin−1 𝑥 𝜃∈ − , and 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1
2 2

⇒ 𝑥 = sin 𝜃

⇒ 𝑥 = sin sin−1 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1

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 Property 2:

sin sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1

cos cos−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1

tan tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ;∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

cot cot −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ;∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ

cosec cosec −1 𝑥 =𝑥; 𝑥 ≥1

sec sec −1 𝑥 =𝑥; 𝑥 ≥1

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 Property 2: Graph:

𝑌 sin sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1

2 cos cos−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1

𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2

−1

−2

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 Property 2: Graph:

𝑌 tan tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ;∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

2 cot cot −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ;∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2

−1

−2

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 Property 2: Graph:

𝑌 cosec cosec −1 𝑥 =𝑥; 𝑥 ≥1

2 sec sec −1 𝑥 =𝑥; 𝑥 ≥1

𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2

−1

−2

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 3 1
Solve: 𝑖) cos cos−1 − 𝑖𝑖) cosec cosec −1 𝑖𝑖𝑖) sin sin−1 2
2 2

Solution:

3 3
𝑖) cos cos−1 − =− cos cos−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1
2 2

1
𝑖𝑖) cosec cosec −1 = Does not exist cosec cosec −1 𝑥 =𝑥; 𝑥 ≥1
2

𝑖𝑖𝑖) sin sin−1 2 = Does not exist sin sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1

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 Property 3:

Functions of the form 𝑓 −1 𝑓 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 ;∀𝑥 ∈ − ,
2 2

Proof:

Consider 𝑦 = sin−1 sin 𝑥

⇒ sin 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝜋 + −1 𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ 𝑦 ∈ − ,
2 2

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 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = sin−1 sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝜋 + −1 𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ 𝑦 ∈ − ,
2 2
𝑌 𝜋
2

𝜋
𝑋
5𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
− −2𝜋 −
3𝜋 − 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

𝜋
−
2

𝑛 Relation Range of 𝑥
A periodic function
𝜋 𝜋
𝑛=0 𝑦=𝑥 𝑥∈ − , with period 2𝜋
2 2

𝜋 3𝜋
𝑛=1 𝑦 =𝜋−𝑥 𝑥∈ ,
2 2
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 𝑦 = cos−1 cos 𝑥 :
Consider 𝑦 = cos−1 cos 𝑥 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝑥 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ 𝑦 ∈ 0, 𝜋

𝑌
𝜋

𝜋
2

𝜋 𝜋
𝑋
−2𝜋 −
3𝜋 −𝜋 − 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
2 2 2 2 2

A periodic function with period 2𝜋

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 Let 𝑓 ∶ 0, 4𝜋 → 0, 𝜋 be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = cos−1 cos 𝑥 . The number of
10−𝑥
points of 𝑥 ∈ 0, 4𝜋 satisfying the equation 𝑓 𝑥 = is :
10
JEE ADV 2014
Solution:
Let 𝑓 ∶ 0, 4𝜋 → 0, 𝜋 be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = cos−1 cos 𝑥

10−𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
10

𝑌
𝜋

4𝜋
𝑋
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 10 𝑥
𝑦 =1−
10

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 Properties of Inverse Function

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = tan−1 tan 𝑥 ∶ 𝑦 ∈ − 2 , 2 𝑥 ∈ℝ− 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛 ∈ ℤ ; 𝑦 is periodic with ′𝜋′
2

⇒ tan 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝜋 + 𝑥 → Slope +1

𝑌
𝜋
2

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝑋
−
3𝜋 − 𝜋 2𝜋
2
−𝜋 2 2 2 2

𝜋
−
2

A periodic function with period 𝜋

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 𝑦 = cot −1 cot 𝑥 ∶

𝑦 ∈ 0, 𝜋 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

⇒ cot 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝜋 + 𝑥 → Slope +1

𝑌
𝜋

𝑋
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
−𝜋 − 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2 2
2

A periodic function with period 𝜋

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 Session 3
Properties of Inverse Trigonometry
Functions

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 Properties of Inverse Function
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = sec −1 sec 𝑥 ∶ 𝑦 ∈ 0, 𝜋 − 2
𝑥 ∈ℝ− 2𝑛 + 1
2

⇒ sec 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝑥

𝑌
𝜋

𝜋
2

𝑋
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
−2𝜋 − −𝜋 − 𝜋
2 2 2 2 2 2

A periodic function with period 2𝜋

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 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = cosec −1 cosec 𝑥 ∶ 𝑦 ∈ − 2 , 2 − 0 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 𝑛𝜋 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

⇒ cosec 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥 ⇒ sin 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝜋 + −1 𝑛 𝑥

𝑌
𝜋
2

𝑋
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋
−2𝜋 − −𝜋 − 𝜋
2 2 2 2 2
𝜋
−
2

A periodic function with period 2𝜋

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 Property 3: Functions of the form 𝑓 −1 𝑓 𝑥

(for principal values of 𝑥 only)

𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 (sin 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ − 2 , 2

cos−1 (cos 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 (tan 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ − ,
2 2

cot −1 (cot 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
cosec −1 (cosec 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ − , − 0
2 2

𝜋
sec −1 (sec 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 𝜋 −
2

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 If 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛 > 10 + sin−1 sin 9 + tan−1 tan 9 for all real 𝑥, then
possible value of 𝑛 can be

A 𝟏𝟏

B 𝟏𝟐

C 𝟏𝟑

D 14

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 If 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛 > 10 + sin−1 sin 9 + tan−1 tan 9 for all real 𝑥, then
possible value of 𝑛 can be

Solution: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛 > 10 + sin−1 sin 9 + tan−1 tan 9

3𝜋 − 9
𝑌

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 If 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛 > 10 + sin−1 sin 9 + tan−1 tan 9 for all real 𝑥, then
possible value of 𝑛 can be

Solution: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛 > 10 + sin−1 sin 9 + tan−1 tan 9

3𝜋 − 9 9 − 3𝜋

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 If 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛 > 10 + sin−1 sin 9 + tan−1 tan 9 for all real 𝑥, then
possible value of 𝑛 can be

Solution: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛 > 10 + sin−1 sin 9 + tan−1 tan 9

3𝜋 − 9 9 − 3𝜋
A 11
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛 > 10

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑛 − 10 > 0 B 𝟏𝟐

𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ CC 𝟏𝟑

⇒ 4 − 4 𝑛 − 10 < 0 D 14

⇒ 𝑛 > 11

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 Property 4:
1 1
cosec −1 𝑥 = sin−1 ; 𝑥 ≥1 sec −1 𝑥 = cos−1 ; 𝑥 ≥1
𝑥 𝑥

Proof:
𝜋 𝜋
Let cosec −1 𝑥 = 𝜃; 𝜃 ∈ − , − 0
2 2

⇒ 𝑥 = cosec 𝜃

1
⇒ sin 𝜃 =
𝑥

1
⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1
𝑥

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 Property 4: 1
cosec −1 𝑥 = sin−1 ; 𝑥 ≥1
𝑥
1
tan−1 ;𝑥 > 0 sec −1 𝑥 = cos−1
1
; 𝑥 ≥1
𝑥
𝑥
cot −1 𝑥
1
𝜋 + tan−1 ;𝑥 < 0
𝑥

Note:

1
sin−1 𝑥 = cosec −1 → Not identical
𝑥

𝑥=0 𝑥≠0

1
cos−1 𝑥 = sec −1 → Not Identical
𝑥

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 1
Find the value of sec −1 2 + cot −1 (− 2) + tan−1
2

Solution:

1
Given ,sec −1 2 + cot −1 (− 2) + tan−1 1
2 cot −1 𝑥 = 𝜋 + tan−1 ;𝑥 < 0
𝑥

𝜋 1 1
= + 𝜋 + tan−1 − + tan−1
4 2 2

5𝜋
=
4

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 Property 5:
𝜋
sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 = ; 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1
2

𝜋
sec −1 𝑥 + cosec −1 𝑥 = ; 𝑥 ≥ 1
2

𝜋
tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
2

Proof ∶

𝜋 𝜋
Let sin−1 𝑥 = 𝜃; 𝜃 ∈ − ,
2 2
𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 = cos 2
−𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ cos−1 𝑥 = −𝜃 − 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋
2 2

𝜋
⇒ sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 =
2
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 Find the range of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥

𝜋
Here, domain of 𝑓 𝑥 is 𝑥 ≤ 1 sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 = ; 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1
2

𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = + tan−1 𝑥
2

−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

𝜋 𝜋
⇒ − ≤ tan−1 𝑥 ≤
4 4

𝜋 3𝜋
∴𝑓 𝑥 ∈ ,
4 4

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 The greatest and least values of sin−1 𝑥 2
+ cos−1 𝑥 2
are respectively.

A 𝟓𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
&
𝟒 𝟖

𝝅 𝝅
B & −
𝟐 𝟐

𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
C &−
𝟒 𝟒

𝝅𝟐
D & 𝟎
𝟒

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 The greatest and least values of sin−1 𝑥 2
+ cos−1 𝑥 2
are respectively.

Solution: sin−1 𝑥 2 + cos−1 𝑥 2 = sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 2 − 2 sin−1 cos−1 𝑥

𝜋2 𝜋
= − 2 sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 𝑥 A 𝟓𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
4 2 &
𝟒 𝟖

𝜋2
= − 𝜋 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 sin−1 𝑥 2
𝝅 𝝅
4 B & −
𝟐 𝟐

𝜋 𝜋2
=2 sin−1 𝑥 2 − sin−1 𝑥 +
2 8 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
C &−
𝟒 𝟒

𝜋 2 𝜋2
=2 sin−1 𝑥 − +
4 16 𝝅𝟐
D & 𝟎
𝟒

𝜋2 𝜋2
Least Value = 2 =
16 8

𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋2 5𝜋2
Greatest value = 2 − − + =
2 4 16 4
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 Interconversion of different ITF

𝑝 𝑝
sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1
ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝑝
𝑏 𝑏
cos 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1
ℎ ℎ
𝜃
𝐴 𝐵
𝑏
Similarly,

𝑝 𝑏 𝑝 ℎ ℎ 𝑏
⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 = cos−1 = tan−1 = cosec −1 = sec −1 = cot −1
ℎ ℎ 𝑏 𝑝 𝑏 𝑝

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 Interconversion of different ITF

For 𝑥 > 0,
𝐶
⇒ sin−1 𝑥 = cos−1 1 − 𝑥2

𝑥 1 𝑥
= tan−1
1−𝑥 2

1−𝑥 2 𝜃
= cot −1 𝐴 𝐵
𝑥
1 − 𝑥2

1
= sec −1
1−𝑥 2

1
= cosec −1
𝑥
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 1 3
Find the value of expression sin cot −1 −
2 4

1 3 8 𝜃
Solution: ⇒ sin cot −1 − ⇒ = 2cos2
2 4 5 2

1 3 𝜃 4
⇒ sin 𝜋 − cot −1 ⇒ cos2 =
2 4 2 5

𝜋 1 3
⇒ sin − cot −1 𝜃
∴ cos = +
2 𝜃
(As cos > 0)
2 2 4
2 5 2

1 3
⇒ cos cot −1
2 4

3 3 5
Let cot −1 = 𝜃 ⇒ cot 𝜃 = 4
4 4

𝜃
3 𝜃
cos 𝜃 =
5
= 2cos2 −1 3
2

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 5 2
The value of is cot cosec −1 + tan−1 is
3 3
JEE Mains 2008

5
A 17

6
B 17

3
C 17

4
D 17

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 5 2
The value of is cot cosec −1 + tan−1 is
3 3
JEE Mains 2008
Solution:

5 2
⇒ cot cosec −1 + tan−1 5 13
3 3
3 2
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼 𝛽
cot 𝛼⋅cot 𝛽−1 4 3
cot 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
cot 𝛽+cot 𝛼
5
A 17
4 3
∴ cot 𝛼 = , cot 𝛽 =
3 2
6
B 17
4 3
× −1
3 2
cot 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 4 3
+ 3
3 2 C 17

6
cot 𝛼 + 𝛽 = D
4
17 17

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 1
If 0 < 𝑥 < 1, then 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 cos cot −1 𝑥 + sin cot −1 𝑥 2
−1 2

JEE Advanced 2008

𝑥
A 1+𝑥 2

B 𝒙

C 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

D 1 + 𝑥2

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 JEE Advance 2008
1
If 0 < 𝑥 < 1, then 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 cos cot −1 𝑥 + sin cot −1 𝑥 2
−1 2

Solution:

1
1+ 𝑥2 𝑥 cos cot −1 𝑥 + sin cot −1 𝑥 2 −1 2
1 + 𝑥2

Let cot −1 𝑥 = 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 = cot 𝜃 1

𝜃
1
𝑥
sin 𝜃 =
1+𝑥 2

𝑥
cos 𝜃 =
1+𝑥 2

1
∴ 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 cos cot −1 𝑥 + sin cot −1 𝑥 2 −1 2

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 JEE Advance 2008
1
If 0 < 𝑥 < 1, then 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 cos cot −1 𝑥 + sin cot −1 𝑥 2
−1 2

Solution:

1
∴ 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 cos cot −1 𝑥 + sin cot −1 𝑥 2
−1 2

1
𝑥 1 2 2 𝑥
= 1 + 𝑥2 𝑥⋅ + −1 A 1+𝑥 2
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

1 𝒙
2 2 B
= 1+ 𝑥2 𝑥2 +1 −1

1
C 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
= 1 + 𝑥2 𝑥2 2

D 1 + 𝑥2
=𝑥 1+ 𝑥2

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 Sum of angle in terms of tan−1 𝑥

𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 , 𝑥𝑦 < 1
1−𝑥𝑦

tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 =
𝑥+𝑦
𝜋 + tan−1 𝑥 > 0 , 𝑦 > 0 , 𝑥𝑦 > 1
1−𝑥𝑦

𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 tan 𝜃 = 𝜃 𝜃∈ −
2
,
2

𝜋 3𝜋
=𝜃−𝜋 𝜃∈ ,
2 2

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 Sum of angle in terms of tan−1 𝑥
Proof:
𝜋 𝜋
Let, tan−1 𝑥 = 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑥 = tan 𝐴 , 𝐴 ∈ 0 ,
𝜋
tan−1 tan 𝜃 = 𝜃 𝜃∈ −
2
,
2
2

𝜋 3𝜋
=𝜃−𝜋 𝜃∈ ,
2 2
𝜋
tan−1 𝑦 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑦 = tan 𝐵 , 𝐵 ∈ 0 ,
2

𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 = tan−1 (tan(𝐴 + 𝐵))
1−𝑥𝑦

𝜋
𝐴+𝐵 0≤A+B<
2
𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 = 𝜋
1−𝑥𝑦 𝐴+𝐵−𝜋 <𝐴+𝐵 <𝜋
2

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 Sum of angle in terms of tan−1 𝑥
𝜋
Proof: 𝐴+𝐵 0≤A+B<
2
𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 = tan−1 (tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)) =
1−𝑥𝑦 𝜋
𝐴+𝐵−𝜋 <𝐴+𝐵 <𝜋
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴+𝐵 < ⇒A< −𝐵
2 2
⇒ tan 𝐴 < cot 𝐵

⇒ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 < 1 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 < 1

𝜋
If 𝐴 + 𝐵 > ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 > 1
2

𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 , 𝑥𝑦 < 1
1−𝑥𝑦

tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 =
𝑥+𝑦
𝜋 + tan−1 𝑥 > 0 , 𝑦 > 0 , 𝑥𝑦 > 1
1−𝑥𝑦
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 Sum of angle in terms of tan−1 𝑥
Proof:
𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 , 𝑥𝑦 < 1
1−𝑥𝑦

tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 =
𝑥+𝑦
𝜋 + tan−1 𝑥 > 0 , 𝑦 > 0 , 𝑥𝑦 > 1
1−𝑥𝑦

𝜋 1
If A + B = ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 =
2 𝑥

1
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1
𝑥

= tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥

𝜋
=
2
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 Prove that: tan−1 (1) + tan−1 (2) + tan−1 3 = 𝜋

Solution:
⇒ tan−1 (1) + tan−1 (2) + tan−1 3

2+3
⇒ tan−1 (1) + 𝜋 + tan−1
1−2⋅3

𝜋 5
⇒ + 𝜋 + tan−1
4 −5

𝜋
⇒ + 𝜋 + tan−1 −1
4

⇒𝜋

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 Session 4
Sum/Difference of Angles

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 Sum of angle in terms of tan−1 𝑥

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑥𝑦𝑧
tan−1 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 , 𝑧 ≥ 0 & σ 𝑥𝑦 < 1
1−σ 𝑥𝑦

tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 =

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜋 + tan−1 𝑥 > 0 , 𝑦 > 0 , 𝑧 > 0 & σ 𝑥𝑦 > 1
1−σ 𝑥𝑦

Note:

𝜋
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 =
2

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 = 1

tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = 𝜋

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧
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 12 4 63
If sin−1 + cos−1 + tan−1 = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝜋 , then find the value of 𝑘.
13 5 16

Solution:
12 4 63
Let 𝐴 = sin−1 + cos−1 + tan−1
13 5 16

12 3 63
𝐴 = tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1
5 4 16

12 3
+4 63
𝐴=𝜋+ tan−1 5
12 3 + tan−1
1− 5 ⋅4 16

63 63
𝐴 = 𝜋 + tan−1 + tan−1
−16 16

63 63
𝐴 = 𝜋 − tan−1 + tan−1 =𝜋 𝑘=1
16 16

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 Difference of angle in terms of tan−1 𝑥

𝑥−𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 ≥ 0 ,𝑦 ≥ 0
1+𝑥𝑦

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 3 3 8
The value of tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 − is:
4 5 19

Solution:
3 3 8
tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 −
4 5 19

𝑥−𝑦
3 3
+ 8 tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 1+𝑥𝑦 𝑥 ≥ 0 ,𝑦 ≥ 0
= tan−1 4 5
33 + tan−1 −
1− ⋅ 19
45

27 8
= tan−1 − tan−1
11 19

27 8
−
= tan−1 11 19
27 8
1+11⋅19

513−88
= tan−1
209+216

425
= tan−1
425
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 3 3 8
The value of tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 − is:
4 5 19

Solution:
425
= tan−1
425

𝜋
= tan−1 1 =
4

3 3 8 𝜋
⇒ tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 − =
4 5 19 4

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 3 1 𝜋
If 𝛼 = cos−1 , 𝛽 = tan−1 , where 0 < 𝛼, 𝛽 < .
5 3 2

Then 𝛼 − 𝛽 is equal to
JEE Advance 2019

𝟗
A 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏
𝟓 𝟏𝟎

𝟗
B 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝟓 𝟏𝟎

𝟗
C 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏
𝟏𝟎 𝟓

𝟗
D 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝟏𝟎 𝟓

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 3 1 𝜋
If 𝛼 = cos−1 , 𝛽 = tan−1 , where 0 < 𝛼, 𝛽 < .
5 3 2

Then 𝛼 − 𝛽 is equal to
JEE Advance 2019
Solution:

3 4 −1 1 5 10
𝛼 = cos−1 = tan−1 , 𝛽 = tan 3 9
5 3

tan 𝛼−tan 𝛽 13
tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 =
1+tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
𝟗
A 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏
4 1 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
−
3 3 9
tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 41 =
1+3⋅3 13
𝟗
B 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝟓 𝟏𝟎
9
𝛼 − 𝛽 = tan−1
13 𝟗
C 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏
𝟏𝟎 𝟓

9
= sin−1
5 10 𝟗
D 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝟏𝟎 𝟓
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 1 1 1
Sum of series: tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms
1+1+12 1+2+22 1+3+32

1
Solution: 𝑇𝑛 = tan−1
1 + 𝑛 + 𝑛2
1 𝑥−𝑦
= tan−1 tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 1+𝑥𝑦
1+𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
𝑛+1 −𝑛
= tan−1
1+𝑛 𝑛+1

𝑇𝑛 = tan−1 𝑛 + 1 − tan−1 𝑛
+
𝑇1 = tan−1 2 − tan−1 1
𝑇2 = tan−1 3 − tan−1 2
+
𝑇3 = tan−1 4 − tan−1 3

+ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑇𝑛 = tan−1 𝑛 + 1 − tan−1 𝑛
𝜋
𝑆𝑛 = tan−1 𝑛 + 1 − tan−1 1 𝑆𝑛 = tan−1 𝑛 + 1 −
4
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 Telescopic series / Method of Differences:

This method of solving a series in which general term 𝑡𝑛 can be expressed

as difference of two consecutive terms i.e., 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛+1 − 𝑎𝑛 is known as
telescopic series or Method of differences.

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 19 𝑛

The value of cot ෍ cot −1 1 + ෍ 2𝑝 is:

𝑛=1 𝑝=1
JEE Main Jan 2019

𝟐𝟑
A 𝟐𝟐

𝟐𝟐
B 𝟐𝟑

𝟏𝟗
C
𝟐𝟏

𝟐𝟏
D 𝟏𝟗

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 19 𝑛

The value of cot ෍ cot −1 1 + ෍ 2𝑝 is:

𝑛=1 𝑝=1
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution: 19 𝑛

cot ෍ cot −1 1 + ෍ 2𝑝 A
𝟐𝟑
𝟐𝟐
𝑛=1 𝑝=1

𝟐𝟐
19 B
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝟐𝟑
= cot ෍ cot −1 1 + 2
2
𝑛=1
𝟏𝟗
C 𝟐𝟏
19
1
= cot ෍ tan−1
1+𝑛 𝑛+1 D
𝟐𝟏
𝑛=1 𝟏𝟗

19
𝑥−𝑦
= cot ෍ tan−1 (𝑛 + 1) − tan−1 𝑛 tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 ; 𝑥 ≥ 0 ,𝑦 ≥ 0
1+𝑥𝑦
𝑛=1

21
= cot tan−1 20 − tan−1 1 =
19
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 1 1 1 1
Sum of series: tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 +⋯𝑛 terms
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+3 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+7 𝑥 2 +7𝑥+13

A tan−1 ( 𝑥 + 𝑛) − tan−1 𝑥

B tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑛 − 1

C tan−1 𝑥

D tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑛 + 1 − tan−1 𝑥

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 1 1 1 1
Sum of series: tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 +⋯𝑛 terms
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+3 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+7 𝑥 2 +7𝑥+13

1 1 1 1
Solution: tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+3 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+7 𝑥 2 +7𝑥+13

1 + 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 1 + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) 1 + (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) 1 + (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)

−1 1 −1 −1 A tan−1 ( 𝑥 + 𝑛) − tan−1 𝑥
𝑇1 = tan 1+𝑥(𝑥+1) = tan 𝑥 + 1 − tan 𝑥

1 B tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑛 − 1
𝑇2 = tan−1 1+(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) = tan−1 𝑥 + 2 − tan−1 (𝑥 + 1)
1
𝑇3 = tan−1 1+(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3) = tan−1 𝑥 + 3 − tan−1 (𝑥 + 2) C tan−1 𝑥

1 −1 −1 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑛 + 1 − tan−1 𝑥
𝑇4 = tan−1 1+(𝑥+3)(𝑥+4) = tan 𝑥 + 4 − tan (𝑥 + 3) D
⋯

⋯
𝑇𝑛 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑛 − tan−1 (𝑥 + 𝑛 − 1)

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = tan−1 (𝑥 + 𝑛) − tan−1 𝑥
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 Considering only the principal values of inverse , the set
𝜋
A = 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∶ tan−1 2𝑥 + tan−1 3𝑥 =
4

Solution: 𝜋 contains two

Given equation: tan−1 2𝑥 + tan−1 3𝑥 = A elements
4

𝛼 𝛽
contains more
Take tan on both sides B than two elements
𝜋
tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 = tan
4 is an empty set
tan−1 2𝑥 = 𝛼 ⇒ tan 𝛼 = 2𝑥 C
tan 𝛼+tan 𝛽 𝜋
⇒ = tan &
1−tan 𝛼⋅tan 𝛽 4 −1
tan 3𝑥 = 𝛼 ⇒ tan 𝛽 = 3𝑥
D is a singleton
2𝑥+3𝑥 𝜋
⇒ = tan
1−6𝑥 2 4

5𝑥
⇒ =1
1−6𝑥 2

⇒ 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 =
6
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 Considering only the principal values of inverse , the set
𝜋
A = 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∶ tan−1 2𝑥 + tan−1 3𝑥 =
4

Solution: contains two

A elements
6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
1 contains more
𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 =
6 B than two elements
1
If 𝑥 = −1 If 𝑥 =
6
𝜋 C is an empty set
tan−1 2𝑥 + tan−1 3𝑥 = tan−1 2𝑥 + tan−1 3𝑥 =
𝜋
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
− ,0 − ,0 0, 0, D is a singleton
2 2 2 2
(Not possible) (Accepted)

1
Hence, 𝑥 = will be the required answer
6

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 Sum and difference of angles in terms of sin−1

𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
sin−1 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2 ,
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≤ 1
• sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 =
𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0
𝜋 − sin−1 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2 ,
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 > 1

• sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

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 Sum and difference of angles in terms of cos−1

• cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 = cos−1 𝑥𝑦 − 1 − 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

cos−1 𝑥𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 < 𝑦 & 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0

• cos−1 𝑥 − cos−1 𝑦 =

− cos−1 𝑥𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 > 𝑦 & 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0

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 12 3
The value of sin−1 − sin−1 is equal to
13 5

JEE Main Apr 2019

𝜋 56
A 2
− sin−1
65

63
B 𝜋 − sin−1
65

𝜋 9
C 2
− cos−1
65

33
D 𝜋 − cos−1
65

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 12 3
The value of sin−1 − sin−1 is equal to
13 5

JEE Main Apr 2019

Solution: 12 3
sin−1 − sin−1
13 5
sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2
12 9 3 144
= sin−1 1− − 1−
13 25 5 169 𝜋 56
A − sin−1
2 65
12 4 3 5
= sin−1 . − . 63
13 5 5 13 𝜋 − sin−1
B 65

48 15 33
= sin−1 − = sin−1 𝜋
− cos −1
9
65 65 65 C 2 65

33 𝜋 33
= sin−1 = − cos−1 D 𝜋 − cos −1
33
65 2 65 65

𝜋 33 2
= − sin−1 1− cos−1 𝑥 = sin−1 1 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 ≥ 0
2 65

𝜋 4225−1089 𝜋 56
= − sin−1 = − sin−1
2 4225 2 65
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 If cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 + cos−1 𝑧 = 𝜋, then prove that
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1.
Solution:
cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 + cos−1 𝑧 = 𝜋

⇒ cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 = 𝜋 − cos−1 𝑧

⇒ cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 = cos−1 (−𝑧)

⇒ cos cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 = cos ( cos−1 (− 𝑧)) Take cos on both sides

⇒ 𝑥𝑦 − 1 − 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑦 2 = −𝑧

⇒ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑦2

2
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑦2

⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1

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 𝑦 𝑦
If cos−1 𝑥 − cos−1 = 𝛼, where −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 𝑥 ≤ ,
2 2
then for all 𝑥, 𝑦, 4𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 is equal to :
2 2
AIEEE 2005 & April 2019
Solution: 𝑦 4 sin2 𝛼
Given: cos−1 𝑥 − cos−1 = 𝛼 A
2

cos−1 𝑥 − cos−1 𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑦2
cos−1 + 1 − 𝑥2 1 − =𝛼 = cos−1 𝑥𝑦 − 1 − 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑦 2 B 2 sin2 𝛼
2 4

𝑥𝑦 𝑦2 4 sin2 𝛼 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
+ 1 − 𝑥2 1 − = cos 𝛼 C
2 4

(Squaring both sides)

𝑥𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 2 4 − 𝑦 2 = 2 cos 𝛼 D 4 cos2 𝛼 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2

1 − 𝑥 2 4 − 𝑦 2 = 2 cos 𝛼 − 𝑥𝑦

(1 − 𝑥 2 )(4 − 𝑦 2 ) = 4 cos2 𝛼 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 cos 𝛼

⇒ 4 − 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 4 cos2 𝛼 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 cos 𝛼

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 Session 5
Multiple Angles

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 Multiple Angles in terms of sin−1
1
−𝜋 − sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 < −
2
1 1
2 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 ; − ≤𝑥≤
2 2
1
𝜋 − sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 >
2
Proof:
𝜋 𝜋
Let 𝑥 = sin 𝛼 ; 𝛼 ∈ − , ⇒ 𝛼 = sin−1 𝑥
2 2

sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 = sin−1 sin 2𝛼 where 2𝛼 ∈ −𝜋, 𝜋

𝜋
−𝜋 − 2𝛼; −𝜋 < 2𝛼 < −
2
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝛼; − ≤ 2𝛼 ≤
2 2
𝜋
𝜋 − 2𝛼; < 2𝛼 < 𝜋
2
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 𝜋
−𝜋 − 2𝛼; −𝜋 ≤ 2𝛼 −
2
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝛼; − ≤ 2𝛼 ≤
2 2
𝜋
𝜋 − 2𝛼; < 2𝛼 ≤ 𝜋
2

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 Multiple Angles in terms of sin−1
𝜋
−𝜋 − 2𝛼; −𝜋 ≤ 2𝛼 < −
2
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝛼; − ≤ 2𝛼 ≤
2 2
𝜋
𝜋 − 2𝛼; < 2𝛼 ≤ 𝜋
2
𝜋
−𝜋 − 2 sin−1 𝑥 ; −𝜋 ≤ 2 sin−1 𝑥 < −
2
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 = 2 sin−1 𝑥 ; − ≤ 2 sin−1 𝑥 ≤
2 2
𝜋
𝜋 − 2 sin−1 𝑥 ; < 2 sin−1 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
2

−𝜋 −𝜋
2

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 sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 = sin−1 sin 2𝛼 where 2𝛼 ∈ −𝜋, 𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
𝑌
−𝜋 − 2 sin−1 𝑥 ; − ≤ sin−1 𝑥 < − 𝜋
2 4
2
sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝜋
2 sin−1 𝑥 ; − ≤ sin−1 𝑥 ≤
𝜋
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 − 2 sin−1 𝑥 ; < sin−1 𝑥 ≤ 𝑋
4 2

𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋 − 2 sin−1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 < − −
2 2
1 1
⇒ sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 = 2 sin−1 𝑥 ; − ≤𝑥≤
2 2
1
𝜋 − 2 sin−1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 >
2

1
−𝜋 − sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 < −
2
1 1
⇒ 2 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 ; − ≤𝑥≤
2 2
1
𝜋 − sin−1 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 >
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 The trigonometric equation sin−1 𝑥 = 2 sin−1 𝛼 has a solution for :

A All real values

𝟏
B 𝜶 ≤
𝟐

𝟏
C 𝜶 ≥
𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
D < 𝜶 <
𝟐 𝟐

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 The trigonometric equation sin−1 𝑥 = 2 sin−1 𝛼 has a solution for :

Solution: sin−1 𝑥 = 2 sin−1 𝛼

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ − ≤ 2 sin−1 𝛼 ≤ − ≤ sin−1 𝑥 ≤
2 2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋
⇒ − ≤ sin−1 𝛼 ≤
4 4

𝜋 𝜋
⇒ sin − ≤ 𝛼 ≤ sin
4 4
A All real values

1 1 1
⇒− ≤𝛼≤ ⇒ 𝛼 ≤
2 2 2 𝟏
B 𝜶 ≤
𝟐

𝟏
C 𝜶 ≥
𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
D < 𝜶 <
𝟐 𝟐
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 2 cos−1 𝑥 = 2𝜋 − cos−1 2𝑥 2 − 1 is true for which values of 𝑥 ?
1
a) 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1 b) 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0 c) 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1 d) 𝑥 ∈ ,1
2

2 cos−1 𝑥 = 2𝜋 − cos−1 2𝑥 2 − 1

Let cos−1 𝑥 = 𝜃, 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑥 = cos 𝜃

cos−1 2𝑥 2 − 1 = cos−1 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1

2𝜋 − 2𝜃 for 2𝜃 ∈ 𝜋, 2𝜋
𝜋
≤𝜃≤𝜋
2

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 2 cos−1 𝑥 = 2𝜋 − cos−1 2𝑥 2 − 1 is true for which values of 𝑥 ?
1
a) 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1 b) 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0 c) 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1 d) 𝑥 ∈ ,1
2

cos−1 2𝑥 2 − 1 = cos−1 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1

= cos−1 cos 2𝜃 , 2𝜃 ∈ 0, 2𝜋
𝜋

= 2𝜋 − 2𝜃 for 2𝜃 ∈ 𝜋, 2𝜋 𝜋
2

𝜋
≤𝜃≤𝜋
2
−1 𝑂 1

𝜋 𝜋
≤ cos−1 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 −
2
2

−𝜋
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
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 2𝑥 1−𝑥 2
If 𝑓 𝑥 = tan−1 , 𝑔 𝑥 = cos−1 , ℎ 𝑥 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 and 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
are identical function, then 𝑥 belongs to :

A 𝟎, 𝟏

B 𝟎, 𝟏

C −𝟏, 𝟎

D −𝟏, 𝟎

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 2𝑥 1−𝑥 2
If 𝑓 𝑥 = tan−1 , 𝑔 𝑥 = cos−1 , ℎ 𝑥 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 and 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
are identical function, then 𝑥 belongs to :

𝜋 𝜋
Put tan−1 𝑥 = 𝜃 ⇒ − < 𝜃 < ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
2 2
2𝑥 1−𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥 = tan−1 𝑔 𝑥 = cos−1 ℎ 𝑥 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
Put 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃 1−tan2 𝜃
𝑓 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑔 𝜃 = cos−1 ℎ 𝑥 = 2𝜃, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
1−tan2 𝜃 1+tan2 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝜃 = tan−1 tan 2𝜃 𝑔 𝜃 = cos−1 cos 2𝜃 − <𝜃< ⇒ − < tan−1 𝑥 <
4 4 4 4

= 2𝜃 = 2𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1
tan−1 tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 cos−1 cos 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
If 𝑥 ∈ − , If 𝑥 ∈ 0, 𝜋
2 2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
If − < 2𝜃 < ⇒− <𝜃<
4 4
If 0 < 2𝜃 < 𝜋 ⇒ 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋
2 2 2
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 2𝑥 1−𝑥 2
If 𝑓 𝑥 = tan−1 , 𝑔 𝑥 = cos−1 , ℎ 𝑥 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 and 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
are identical function, then 𝑥 belongs to :

2𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = tan−1
1−𝑥 2
= 2 tan−1 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1
−1 0 1
1−𝑥 2
𝑔 𝑥 = cos−1 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 for 𝑥 ≥ 0
1+𝑥 2

ℎ 𝑥 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ A 𝟎, 𝟏

As 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ are identical ⇒ Domain= 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 ∩ 𝐷ℎ

B 𝟎, 𝟏

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1
C −𝟏, 𝟎

D −𝟏, 𝟎

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 2𝑥 1
Let tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 ; 𝑥 < . Then a value pf 𝑦 is :
1−𝑥 2 3
3𝑥+𝑥 3 3𝑥−𝑥 3 3𝑥+𝑥 3 3𝑥−𝑥 3
a) b) c) d)
1−3𝑥 2 1+3𝑥 2 1+3𝑥 2 1−3𝑥 2

2𝑥 1
Let tan−1 𝑥 = 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1
1−𝑥 2
; 𝑥 <
3
2𝑥
tan−1 = tan−1 tan 2𝜃 = 2𝜃
1−𝑥 2 1 1
⇒− < tan 𝜃 <
3 3
∴ tan−1 𝑦 = 𝜃 + 2𝜃 = 3𝜃 𝜋 𝜋
⇒− <𝜃<
6 6
3 tan 𝜃−tan3 𝜃 3𝑥−𝑥 3
⇒ 𝑦 = tan 3𝜃 = = 𝜋
⇒ − < 3𝜃 <
𝜋
1−3 tan2 𝜃 1−3𝑥 2
2 2

𝑌
𝜋
−
2
𝑋
𝜋
2

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 6 4
If 𝛼 = 3 sin−1 and 𝛽 = 3 cos−1 where the inverse trigonometric
11 9
functions take only the principal values, then the correct option(s) is (are)

A 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 > 𝟎

B 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 < 𝟎

C 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝜷 > 𝟎

D 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 < 𝟎

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 6 4
If 𝛼 = 3 sin−1 and 𝛽 = 3 cos1 where the inverse trigonometric
11 9
functions take only the principal values, then the correct option(s) is (are)

6 6 𝜋
𝛼 = 3 sin−1 > 3 sin−1 >
11 12 2

6 𝜋
𝛼 = 3 sin−1 >
11 2

4 4 1
𝛽 = 3 cos−1 > 3 cos−1 > 3 cos−1 >𝜋
9 8 2

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 6 4
If 𝛼 = 3 sin−1 and 𝛽 = 3 cos1 where the inverse trigonometric
11 9
functions take only the principal values, then the correct option(s) is (are)

6 𝜋
𝛼 = 3 sin−1 >
11 2

4
𝛽 = 3 cos−1 >𝜋
9
3𝜋
∴𝛼+𝛽 >
2

Hence, sin 𝛽 < 0, cos 𝛼 < 0, cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 > 0 A 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 > 𝟎

B 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 < 𝟎

C 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝜷 > 𝟎

D 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 < 𝟎

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 𝜋
Solve for 𝑥 ∶ sin−1 𝑥 >
6

𝜋 1 1
sin−1 𝑥 > ⇒𝑥> and 𝑥 ≤ 1 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ,1
6 2 2

𝜋
6

1
2

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 Solve for 𝑥 ∶ log 2 tan−1 𝑥 > 1

log 2 tan−1 𝑥 > 1 ⇒ tan−1 𝑥 > 2

log 𝑎 𝑥 > 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 > 𝑎 𝑦 ; for 𝑎 > 1

Not possible

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 The inequality cos−1 𝑥 > cos−1 𝑥 2 is true for how many integral values of 𝑥 ?

A 𝟎

B 𝟏

C 𝟐

D 𝟑

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 The inequality cos−1 𝑥 > cos−1 𝑥 2 is true for how many integral values of 𝑥 ?

𝑌
−1 −1 2
Solution: cos 𝑥 > cos 𝑥 𝜋

𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 < 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑥2 < 0 2

𝑋
𝑂
−1 1

−∞, 0 ∪ 1, ∞
A 𝟎

𝑥 ∈ −1, 0
B 𝟏

C 𝟐

D 𝟑
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 All 𝑥 satisfying the inequality : cot −1 𝑥 2 − 7 cot −1 𝑥 + 10 > 0 lie in the interval

A −∞, cot 5 ∪ cot 4 , cot 2

B cot 5 , cot 4

C −∞, cot 5 ∪ cot 2 , ∞

D cot 2 , ∞

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 All 𝑥 satisfying the inequality : cot −1 𝑥 2 − 7 cot −1 𝑥 + 10 > 0 lie in the interval

cot −1 𝑥 2 − 7 cot −1 𝑥 + 10 > 0 ⋯ 𝑖

⇒ cot −1 𝑥 − 2 cot −1 𝑥 − 5 > 0

⇒ cot −1 𝑥 < 2 or cot −1 𝑥 > 5 A −∞, cot 5 ∪ cot 4 , cot 2

B cot 5 , cot 4
⇒ 𝑥 > cot 2 Does not satisfy

C −∞, cot 5 ∪ cot 2 , ∞

∴ 𝑥 ∈ cot 2 , ∞

D cot 2 , ∞
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