FRS3 Chapter 4

MODULE POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 4: CAMERA LENSES AND ACCESSORIES
OBJECTIVES:
a. Familiarize with the various types of
camera lenses and accessories.
CAMERA LENSES
A lens is a glass, plastic, or crystal optical
element molded into a curved shape that can
bend and focus rays of light. It is responsible for
focusing the rays of light coming from the
subject.
Simple lenses feature a single convex
or concave lens. Most photographic lenses
feature multiple elements housed in a single
lens barrel that cancel out each element’s weaknesses to produce a sharp image. The
size of the individual lens elements and their positions determine the angle of view and
focal length of the lens.
Standard Camera Lenses

1. Standard/ Normal Lens
A standard lens or normal lens has a focal length that is roughly equivalent
to the diagonal of the light-sensitive, image-recording area within the camera. They
usually have wide maximum apertures, making them useful in low-light situations.
2. Wide Angle Lens
A wide angle lens has a focal length shorter than the diagonal of the film
frame or image senior. It provides a broader angle of view than a standard lens and is
therefore ideal for photographing a group of people or when working in confined space.
However, distortion may be a problem if the lens is und too close to a subject.
A wide-angle lens is also sometimes called a short lens. These lenses can
be rectilinear (straight lines are prenerved) or fisheye (showing extreme barrel distortion).
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3. Long Focus Lens

A long focus lens has a focal length that is much greater than the diagonal of the
film or image format with which it is used. Longer focal lengths are useful for taking large
images of distant subjects or when unable to move close enough to the subject to use a
shorteir lens.
4. Zoom Lens
A zoom lens has a variable focal length. It allows fine-tuning of subject framing by
adjusting the focal length of the lens.
a) Mirror Lens
A mirror lens uses a combination of glass elements and mirrors that bounce
the light up and down the lens barrel, manipulating the light rays to allow a long
focal length to be contained within a physically short space. The compact design
reduces the bulk and weight associated with extreme long-focus lenses.
b) Ultra-Wide Angle Lens
Linearly corrected ultra-wide-angle lenses have a focal length ranging from
around 21mm down to around 15mm. An example is the fisheye lens, which has
a very wide-angle lens that produces distorted view of the world.
5. Wide Angle Zoom

A wide angle zoom is likely to be slower and heavier and t show more image
distortion than a wide-angle fixed focal length lens. However, it has the advantage of
being able to select intermediate focal length settings.
6. Shift Lens
A shift lens is also sometimes called a perspective control lens It can be shifted
off-center in relation to the film frame, so tha: the correct perspective can be achieved
when photographing converging vertical lines such as tall buildings.
7. Macro Lens
Macro lenses are designed to render a subject with 1:1 or higher magnification for
very close focusing distances. They are useful in taking close-ups of small subjects or
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isolating details of larger subjects because they allow the camera to focus extremely close
to a subject to record a detailed image.
8. Telephoto Lens
A telephoto lens has a focal length longer than the diagonal of the film frame or
image sensor. Telephoto lenses make a subject appear larger on film than a normal lens
at the same camera-to-subject distance. They also have a shallower depth of field than
wide-angle lenses. They are usually used by sports photographers who frequently use a
monopod for support and maneuverability
9. Telephoto Zoom
A telephoto zoom ranging from 75-300mm encompasses about six fixed focal
length lenses. This type of zoom is popular with sports and wildlife photographers. It is
also useful for portraits and can be used to photograph architectural and landscape
details.
CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
1. POSITIVE LENS – a convex lens

characterized by the fact that it is
thicker in the middle than the
edge and forms a real image on
the opposite side of the lens. It
has a positive focal length and
bends the rays together, which
makes it a converging lens.
2. NEGATIVE LENS - a concave lens characterized by the fact that it is thinner in the
middle than the edge and forms a virtual image on the same side of the lens. It
does not require focusing at all, as everything will be sharp, upright and clear, no
matter how close or far away the object. It is also known as a diverging lens
because of its power to diverge rays of light that passes through it.
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INHERENT DEFECTS AND ABERRATIONS OF LENSES
1. Chromatic aberration – It is an inability of the lens to focus all colors in the

same plane. It is a lens defect which has trouble bringing all the different
wavelengths of visible light into focus at the same point on the film. This is the
most difficult lens aberrations to correct.
2. Spherical aberration – a lens defect wherein the photographic rays passing
through the edges refract more sharply than those passing through the central
part of the lens. Thus, they come to focus at the edges than at the central rays.
3. Astigmatism – the inability of the lens to focus in both horizontal and vertical
plane at the same time; or the inability of the lens to focus in both lines running
indifferent direction (e.g., a cross)
4. Distortion – outer parts of the image produced by the lens will be magnified
either less or more than the outer image
Distortion comes into two basic forms:
a. Pincushion distortion – In pincushion distortion, there are straight lines
near the edges of the frame bow toward the center of the frame. The
curving is inward.
b. Barrel distortion – In barrel distortion, straight lines near the edges of
the of the frame bow outward from the center
5. Coma – This is known as lateral aberration. It is concerned with rays entering
the lens obliquely. It is a lens defect that produces blurred comet- like image.
6. Curvature of field – the image formed by lens comes to a sharper focus on a
curved surface than on a flat surface.
7. Chromatic difference of magnification – the inability of the lens to produce
images sizes of object with different color.
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TYPES OF LENS ACCORDING TO THEIR DEGREE OF CORRECTION
1. Achromatic or apochromatic -lens corrected for chromatic aberration

2. Aspherical lens – lens corrected for spherical aberration
3. Anagmatism or anastigmatic lens – lens corrected for astigmatism
4. Process lens – lens corrected for astigmatism but with higher correction to color;
a super corrected lens for astigmatism
5. Rapid rectilinear lens – a lens corrected for distortion; a combination of two
achromatic lenses with almost the same focal length
CAMERA ACCESSORIES
1) Tripod – a stand consisting of three legs and a mounting head for a camera,
used to support and stabilize the camera
2) Cable release - a cable with a button or plunger attached to a camera to
prevent accidental movement and eliminate camera shake
3) Flash artificial light source - synchronized with the opening and closing of
the shutter to emit a brief but very bright burst of illumination to a scene
4) Light device - used in determining the intensity of light that strikes the subjects
and affects the film
5) Extension Tube - a tube inserted between the lens and camera body to
provide increased magnification for used in photographing minute objects
6) Filter – a piece of colored glass, gelatin, plastic, or other material that attaches
to or over the camera or enlarger lens to selectively absorb (or otherwise alter)
the light passing through it; used to enhance color or contrast, remove
reflections, reduce haze, soften focus, or produce a variety of special effects.
7) Camera Grip – a device used to hold the camera firmly so as to prevent
vibration or movement
8) Lens Hood – A plastic, metal, or rubber device that attaches to the front of a
lens to shield it from extraneous light and eliminate reflection that might destroy
the image cast by objects especially when the light is coming from the top or
side portions of the camera; also offers added physical protection against
accidental blows; also called sunshade or lens shade.
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FILTERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE, NAMELY:
a. Contrast filter – adjusts the tonal differences of an image

b. Correction filter - colored filter used in black & white image capture to
ensure that tones are reproduced with the same relative brightness as
perceived by the human eye
c. Haze filter - used to filter out ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can cause a
bluish fog and loss of detail in distant objects; also used to protect the front
lens element from dust, moisture and scratches
d. Sky filter – a graduated filter designed to darken the sky while leaving the
foreground exposure unaltered
e. Polarizing filter - gray filter used over light sources or camera lenses to
reduce specular reflections on certain surfaces; also increases saturation
of colors, especially in landscapes
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Primary color filters allow only that particular primary color to pass through that is, red
allows red to pass through, blue allow blue, and green allows green. Complementary
color filters work in the same way. Yellow is a mixture of red and green, so yellow filter
allows only those two colors to pass through, and so on.
Color combination of photographic filters:
a. Yellow and magenta – red
b. Cyan and magenta – blue
c. Cyan and yellow – green
d. Red and green = yellow
e. Blue and red = magenta
f. Blue and green – cyan
Aberrations
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8R29jGaSdkE
Convex and concave Lenses References:

Handbook on Photography by
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zuB_dSJn1Y
Dr. Waynefred H. Villarba,
PhD.Crim, printed by
Lens Filters for Photography Wiseman’s Books Trading,
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBJNFGJiSeg Quezon City, 2000
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MODULE POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 4: CAMERA LENSES AND ACCESSORIES

Standard Camera Lenses

3. Long Focus Lens

5. Wide Angle Zoom

1. POSITIVE LENS – a convex lens

INHERENT DEFECTS AND ABERRATIONS OF LENSES

1. Chromatic aberration – It is an inability of the lens to focus all colors in the

1. Achromatic or apochromatic -lens corrected for chromatic aberration

FILTERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE, NAMELY:

a. Contrast filter – adjusts the tonal differences of an image

Convex and concave Lenses References:

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