Module 1
Prepared by: Engr. Adrian D. Viloria
TOPIC: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering
Introduction to Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
- is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that designs and
analyzes structures, such as buildings and bridges, with the overall goal to
make such structures more resistant to earthquakes.
• Zero damage in minor shaking
• Avoid severe damage or total collapse in a major earthquake.
Introduction to Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
Performance Level (ASCE 41) - Buildings’ performance level
describes the limiting damage state, danger to life safety of the building
occupants due to the damage, post-earthquake serviceability, and the
performance of both structural and non-structural components.
Performance levels of a building. Operational (a), Immediate Occupancy (b), Life-safety (c), and
Collapse Prevention (d).
Introduction to Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
Seismographs –an instrument
automatically detects and records the
intensity, direction and duration of
earthquakes and similar events
Seismometer -a device used by
seismologists to detect and measure
seismic waves and therefore locate
earthquakes etc; a seismograph.
Introduction to Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering
Models – help simulate fault-rupture, travel path, etc.
TOPIC: Seismicity of the World
Seismicity of the World
Pacific Ring of Fire
- This area is also a hub of seismic activity, or earthquakes.
• Roughly 75 percent of the world's volcanoes are located here, many underwater.
• 90 percent of earthquakes occur in this zone.
Seismicity of the World
Parts of an earthquake
• Focus
• Epicenter
• Fault line
• Seismic Waves
TOPIC: Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting
Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting
Seismology
- cause and nature of earthquakes
Seismicity
- distribution and frequency of earthquake events; frequency of
occurrence of earthquakes per unit area in a given region
Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting
Plate Tectonic Theory
- Earth's solid outer crust, the
lithosphere, is separated into plates that
move over the asthenosphere, the molten
upper portion of the mantle. Oceanic and
continental plates come together, spread
apart, and interact at boundaries all over
the planet.
Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting
Continental Drift Theory vs Plate Tectonic Theory
Continental Drift:
Alfred Wegener (1880–1930), a German meteorologist and geophysicist, observed that
• the continents of South America and Africa looked like they would fit together
remarkably well.
• noted that similar fossils were found on continents separated by oceans
• hypothesized that all of the modern-day continents had previously been clumped
together in a supercontinent he called Pangaea (from ancient Greek, meaning “all
lands” or “all the Earth”)
TOPIC: Earthquake Fault Sources
Earthquake Fault Sources
Movement of Faults
• Where the crust is being pulled apart, normal faulting occurs, in which
the overlying (hanging-wall) block moves down with respect to the lower
(foot wall) block.
• Where the crust is being compressed, reverse faulting occurs, in which
the hanging-wall block moves up and over the footwall block – reverse slip
on a gently inclined plane is referred to as thrust faulting.
• Crustal blocks may also move sideways past each other, usually along
nearly-vertical faults; ‘strike-slip’ fault.
TOPIC: Seismic Waves
Seismic Waves
Seismic Waves
TOPIC: Earthquake Damage Mechanisms
Earthquake Damage Mechanisms
Earthquake Damage Mechanisms
by inertial forces generated by severe ground shaking.
Earthquake Damage Mechanisms
Earthquake Damage Mechanisms
by earthquake induced fires. – broken gas lines
Earthquake Damage Mechanisms
Earthquake Damage Mechanisms
by changes in the physical properties of the foundation soils (e.g.
consolidation, settling, and liquefaction).
TOPIC: Quantification of Earthquakes
Quantification of Earthquakes
Intensity
- The severity of earthquake shaking is assessed using a descriptive
scale – the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.
Magnitude
- Earthquake size is a quantitative measure of the size of the
earthquake at its source. The Richter Magnitude Scale measures the amount
of seismic energy released by an earthquake.
Magnitude is a measure of earthquake size and remains unchanged with distance from the earthquake. Intensity,
however, describes the degree of shaking caused by an earthquake at a given place and decreases with distance
from the earthquake epicentre.
Quantification of Earthquakes
Quantification of Earthquakes
TOPIC: Earthquake Source Models
Earthquake Source Models
Earthquake Source Models
- double-force-couple point-source model, the circular-shear
dislocation model, the finite moving-source model, the Brune model, and the
spherical explosive source model.
TOPIC: Seismic Risk Evaluation
Seismic Risk Evaluation
Seismic Risk Evaluation
is to predict the probability of the building and infrastructure damage
and economic losses according to potential seismic hazard or scenario
earthquakes.
Geological Input *HazardHunterPH / Fault Finder
Seismological Input *Empirical regressions, parameters estimations
Soils Engineering Input *field reports
TOPIC: Earthquake and Ground Motion Prediction
Earthquake and Ground Motion Prediction
Earthquake and Ground Motion Prediction
• Data of past events
• motion depend on magnitude
• motion depend on distance
• Path effects
• Wave types
• Amplitude changes due to wave propagation
• Amplitude changes due to intrinsic
• Many more!
Tasks
Assignment
- Research “The Big One”, Philippine Version. Create at least 5 paged-ppt;
Important pieces of information, interesting facts, images, etc. included.
- Discuss the Philippine Fault System and how it differs from the United
States (US) Fault System. Create at least 3 paged-ppt; Important pieces of
information, interesting facts, images, etc. included.
*save as 1 PDF file.
When saving, use: CE001_Section_Surname&FirstName_typeofassessment.pdf
(e.g. CE001_CE21S1_DelaCruzJuan_Assignment1.pdf).
70% informative
30% designs / aesthetics
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