Mechanics of Material (Solid Mechanics) ME 2211

Dr. Md. Shahidul Islam

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

Simple Strain (Chapter -2)

Simple Strain:

Strain is also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied
force, to the original length.

𝛿 where δ is the deformation

𝜀= and L is the original length,
𝐿
thus ε is dimensionless.
Stress-Strain Diagram:

Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing machine. As the axial load is
gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gage length is measured at each increment of
the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional
area and length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and the strain ε can be obtained. The graph of these
quantities with the stress σ along the y-axis and the strain ε along the x-axis is called the stress-strain
diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The diagram shown below is that
for a medium carbon structural steel.

Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A ductile material is one
having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas
brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and concrete. An
arbitrary strain of 0.05 mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing line between these two classes.

𝑃
Stress, 𝜎 = 𝐴

𝛿
Strain, 𝜀 = 𝐿

Page 1 of 18
Proportional Limit (Hooke’s Law):
From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight line. This linear
relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is
called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or σ   or,
σ = k.

The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is equal to
the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then σ = E.

Elastic Limit:
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape when the
load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may be developed such that there is no permanent or
residual deformation when the load is entirely removed.

Elastic and Plastic Ranges:

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region from P to R is called
the plastic range.

Yield Point:
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any
increase in load.

Ultimate Strength:
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.

Rapture Strength:
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength.

Modulus of Resilience:
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from
O to P, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to
the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy
without creating a permanent distortion.

Modulus of Toughness:
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from
O to R, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The
toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to break.

Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety:

Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The maximum safe stress
that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited to values
not exceeding the proportional limit. However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately,
the allowable stress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The
ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the factor of safety.

Axial Deformation:
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the stress is proportional to strain and is given by σ = Eε.

Page 2 of 18
Since σ = P / A and ε = δ / L, then from the above equation P / A = E δ / L. Solving for δ,

= =

To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional area, and the stress
must not exceed the proportional limit. If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial
deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and applying integration.
If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a
differential length and applying integration.

𝐿
𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝛿=
𝐸 𝐴
0

where A = ty and y and t, if variable, must be expressed in terms of x.

For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to its own weight is

= =

where ρ is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rod in kg, A is the cross-
sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81 m/s2.

Stiffness, k
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement. It has the unit
of N/mm.

Problem 211 A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in figure below.
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall
deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa
in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa,
Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

Page 3 of 18
Solution:
Here given,  = 3 mm,

σst = 140 MPa, σbr = 120 MPa, σal = 80 MPa,

Est = 200 GPa, Ebr = 83 GPa, Eal = 70 MPa,

For Steel

Pst Lst P×1

δst = =
Ast Est 450 × 10−6 × 00 × 109
= 1.0417 × 10−8 P (Tension)

Pst
σst = , or P = 140 × 106 × 450 × 10−6 = 67. × 103 N
Ast

For Bronze

Pbr Lbr P×
δbr = = −6 9
= 7.414 × 10−8 P (Compression)
Abr Ebr 650 × 10 × 83 × 10
P
σbr = Abr , or P = 1 0 × 106 × 650 × 10−6 = 78 × 103 N Or, P = 39× 103 N
br

For Steel:

Pal Lal P × 1.5

δal = = −6 9
= 13.39 × 10−8 P (Tension)
Aal Eal 3 0 × 10 × 70 × 10
P
σal = Aal , or P = 80 × 106 × 3 0 × 10−6 = 5.6 × 103 N Or, P = 12.8× 103 N
al

Now, δ = δst − δbr + δal , or, 0.003 = 1.0417 × 10−8 P − 7.414 × 10−8 P + 13.39 × 10−8 P
Or, P = 4 .74 × 103 N

Use the smallest value of P = 12.8× 103 N

Problem 213 The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in figure below is horizontal before
the load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 kN.

Solution:

Page 4 of 18
Taking moment about point A, + ∑ =0

-50 3.5 + Pst  6 = 0, Or, Pst = 29.17 kN

Now the force balance, + ∑ =0

Pal + Pst – 50 = 0, Or, Pal + 29.17 – 50 = 0, Or, Pal = 20.83 kN

Pal Lal 0.83 × 103 × 3

δal = = −6 9
= 1.78 × 10−3 m = 1.78 mm
Aal Eal 500 × 10 × 70 × 10

Pst Lst 9.17 × 103 × 4

δst = = = 1.944 × 10−3 m = 1.944 mm
Ast Est 300 × 10−6 × 00 × 109

From the similar triangle, we have

y 1.94 − 1.78
= , or, y = 0.093 mm
3.5 6

B is the vertical movement of P

Therefore, B = 1.78 + y = 1.78 + 0.093 = 1.873 mm (Ans)

Problem 214 The rigid bars AB and CD shown in figure below are supported by pins at A and C and the
two rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to
5 mm. Neglect the weights of all members.

Page 5 of 18
Solution:
Taking moment about point A, + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

Pal  3 - Pst  6 = 0, Or, Pal = 2 Pst

From the similar triangle, we have

δ δal PL
= , or, δ = δal = [ ]
6 3 AE al

Pal × 1
δ = [ ] = P
500 × 10−6 × 70 × 109 8750 × 103 al
1 1
δ = ( Pst ) = P
8750 × 103 4375 × 103 st
This is the movement of B

Now the movement of D

PL 1
δ = δst + δ = [ ] + P
AE st 4375 × 103 st
Pst × 1 11
= st + =[ ] + Pst = P
−6 9
300 × 10 × 00 × 10 st 4375 × 103 4 000 × 103 st

Taking moment about point A, + ∑ =0 or, -P  3 + Pst  6 = 0, Or, Pst = P

From the similar triangle, we have

= , or, P = or, 5 × 10−3 = ( Pst ) or, 5 × 10−3 = ( × )

3 6 000× 0 000× 0

Therefore, P = 76363.64 N = 76.63 kN (Ans)

Shearing Deformation:
Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to shear does not change in length but
undergoes a change in shape.

The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is called the shear strain and is
expressed as
=
The ratio of the shear stress τ and the shear strain γ is called the modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of
rigidity and is denoted as G, in MPa.
=

The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied shearing force is

Page 6 of 18
 = =

where V is the shearing force acting over an area As.

Poisson's Ratio:
When a bar is subjected to a tensile loading there is an increase in length of the bar in the direction of the
applied load, but there is also a decrease in a lateral dimension perpendicular to the load. The ratio of the
sidewise deformation (or strain) to the longitudinal deformation (or strain) is called the Poisson's ratio and is
denoted by ν.

𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑧
𝜈=− =−
𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑥
here εx is strain in the x-direction and εy and εz are the strains in the perpendicular direction. The negative
sign indicates a decrease in the transverse dimension when εx is positive.

Relationship between E, G, and ν:

The relationship between modulus of elasticity E, shear modulus G and Poisson's ratio ν is:

𝐸
𝐺=
(1 + 𝜈)

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of Volume Expansion, K:

The bulk modulus of elasticity K is a measure of a resistance of a material to change in volume without
change in shape or form. It is given as
𝐸 𝜎
𝐾= =
3(1 − 𝜈) 𝛥𝑉
𝑉
where V is the volume and ΔV is change in volume. The ratio ΔV / V is called volumetric strain.

Problem 222 A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load P. Show that its change in diameter is
4Pν / πEd.

Solution: We know that,

𝜀𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝜎𝑥
𝜈=− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑦 = , 𝜀𝑥 =
𝜀𝑥 𝑑 𝐸

𝛿𝑦 𝜎𝑥
𝜀𝑦 = −𝜈𝜀𝑥 𝑜𝑟, = −𝜈
𝑑 𝐸
𝛿𝑦 −𝑃
= −𝜈
𝑑 𝐴𝐸
−𝑑𝑃 4𝜈𝑃
𝛿𝑦 = −𝜈 𝑜𝑟, 𝛿𝑦 =
1 𝜋𝐸𝑑
4 𝜋𝑑 𝐸
Page 7 of 18
Problem 227 A 150-mm-long bronze tube, closed at its ends, is 80 mm in diameter and has a wall thickness
of 3 mm. It fits without clearance in an 80-mm hole in a rigid block. The tube is then subjected to an internal
pressure of 4.00 MPa. Assuming ν = 1/3 and E = 83 GPa, determine the tangential stress in the tube.

Solution:
Longitudinal stress,

𝑝𝐷 4 × 106 × 80 × 10−3 80 × 106

𝜎𝑙 = 𝜎𝑥 = = = Pa
4𝑡 4 × 3 × 10−3 3
We know that,
εy σx
𝜐=− Or, εy = −𝜐εx Or, εy = −𝜐 and σy = − εy E
εx E

σx 1 80 × 106
σy = − εy E = −E (−𝜐 ) = υσx = ×
E 3 3
σy = 8.89 × 106 Pa = 8.89 MPa

Problem 233 A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast iron 5 mm thick.
Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.8 mm in the length of 2 m. For steel,
E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.

Solution:
Required load, P = Pst + Pci
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝑑 = (50 × 10−3 ) = 0.00196 m
4 4
𝜋
𝐴𝑐𝑖 = (0.06) − (0.05) = 0.00086 m
4
𝑑 0.8 × 10−3
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 × 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = × 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = × 00 × 109 = 8 × 107 Pa
𝐿
𝑑 0.8 × 10−3
𝜎𝑐𝑖 = 𝛿𝑐𝑖 × 𝐸𝑐𝑖 = × 𝐸𝑐𝑖 = × 100 × 109 = 4 × 107 Pa
𝐿
Now P = Pst + Pci

𝑃 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝜎𝑐𝑖 × 𝐴𝑐𝑖 = 8 × 107 × 0.00196 + 4 × 107 × 0.00086

= 191. × 103 N = 191. kN

=
Problem 234 A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial compressive
load of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the allowable stresses are 6 MPa and
120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Eco = 14 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.

Page 8 of 18
Solution: Here, st = co

σ𝐿 σ𝐿 𝐸𝑠𝑡
= Or, σst = σ
𝐸 st 𝐸 co 𝐸𝑐𝑜 co

00
σst = σ = 14.3σco
14 co
When, σco = 6 MPa σst = 14.3 × 6 = 85.8 MPa

1 0
When, σst = 1 0 MPa σco = = 8.39 MPa
14.3
Therefore, σst = 85.8 MPa and σco = 6 MPa

Now, 𝑃𝑠𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 𝑃

Or, σst 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + σco 𝐴𝑐𝑜 = 𝑃

𝜋
Or, 85.8 × 106 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 6 × 106 × (0. ) − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 300 × 103
4
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1.4035 × 10−3 m = 1403.5 mm

Problem 236 A rigid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as shown in figure
below. Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 70 MPa. The steel
rod has an area of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest mass
M which can be supported.

Solution:
Let M1, M2, be the distributed load between copper and
M
steel rod, Therefore, M = M1 + M2 ………………… (1)

Since the length and cross section area of the copper rods
are same so that the total load M1 will be distributed equally
and each of the rod will carry M1/2 load.

Page 9 of 18
Therefore, total deformations of copper and steel rod will same. 𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿𝑐𝑜

𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝐿𝑐𝑜 𝑀 × 40 × 10−3 𝑀 × 160 × 10−3

𝑜𝑟, = 𝑂𝑟, =
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑐𝑜 𝐸𝑐𝑜 00 × 109 × 1 00 × 10−6 × 1 0 × 109 × 900 × 10−6

𝑀 = 1.35𝑀

From equation (1) we get, 𝑀 = 0.5744 𝑀 and 𝑀 = 0.4 55 𝑀

For Copper:

𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑀 0.5744𝑀
𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 𝑜𝑟, 70 × 106 = 𝑜𝑟, 70 × 106 =
𝐴𝑐𝑜 × 900 × 10−6 × 900 × 10−6

Therefore, M = . × 105 N = .6 × 103 𝑘𝑔

For Steel:

𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝑀 0.4 554𝑀

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 𝑜𝑟, 140 × 106 = 𝑜𝑟, 140 × 106 =
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1 00 × 10−6 1 00 × 10−6

Therefore, M = 3.95 × 105 N = 40. 4 × 103 𝑘𝑔

So the allowable largest mass M = .6 × 103 𝑘𝑔

Problem 239 The rigid platform in figure below has negligible mass and rests on two steel bars, each 250.00
mm long. The center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm long. Compute the stress in the aluminum bar after the
center load P = 400 kN has been applied. For each steel bar, the area is 1200 mm2 and E = 200 GPa. For the
aluminum bar, the area is 2400 mm2 and E = 70 GPa.

Solution:

Here given, P = 400×103 N

As = 1200 ×10-6 m2, Aa = 2400 ×10-6 m2

Es = 200 ×109 Pa, Ea = = 70 ×109 Pa

Page 10 of 18
 Here, 𝛿𝑠 = 𝛿𝑎 + 0.1 × 10−3

𝑃𝑠 𝐿𝑠 𝑃𝑎 𝐿𝑎 𝑃𝑠 × 50 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎 × 49.9 × 10−3

𝑜𝑟, = 𝑂𝑟, = + 0.1 × 10−3
𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑎 𝐸𝑎 00 × 109 × 1 00 × 10−6 70 × 109 × 400 × 10−6

0.104 × 10−8 𝑃𝑠 = 0.149 × 10−8 𝑃𝑎 + 0.1 × 10−3 𝑂𝑟, 𝑃𝑠 = 1.43𝑃𝑎 + 96153.8

Now,
𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃 𝑜𝑟, 𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑎 = 400 × 103

Or, × (1.43𝑃𝑎 + 96153.8) + 𝑃𝑎 = 400 × 103 Or, 𝑃𝑎 = 53.81 kN

𝑃𝑠 = 173.10 × 103 N or, 𝑃𝑠 = 173.10 kN

𝑃𝑎 53.81 × 103
𝜎𝑎 = = = .4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑎 1400 × 10−6

𝑃𝑠 173.10 × 103
𝜎𝑠 = = = 144. 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠 1 00 × 10−6

Problem 243 A homogeneous rod of constant cross section is attached to unyielding supports. It carries an
axial load P applied as shown in figure below. Prove that the reactions are given by R1 = Pb/L and R2 = Pa/L.

Solution: We know that

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
𝑅 𝑎 𝑅 𝑏
Therefore, 𝛿 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑅 𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 𝑅 𝑏
Now, 𝛿 =𝛿 𝑂𝑟, = 𝑂𝑟, 𝑅 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝑎
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑅 +𝑅 =𝑃
Therefore,

𝑅 𝑏 𝑎𝑃 𝑃𝑎
+𝑅 =𝑃 Or, 𝑅 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑅 = 𝑎𝑃 Or, 𝑅 = =
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝐿
𝑃𝑎 𝑏 𝑃𝑏
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑅 = × =
𝐿 𝑎 𝐿

Problem 244 A homogeneous bar with a cross sectional area of 500 mm 2 is attached to rigid supports. It
carries the axial loads P1 = 25 kN and P2 = 50 kN, applied as shown in figure below. Determine the stress in
segment BC. (Hint: Use the results of Prob. 243, and compute the reactions caused by P1 and P2 acting
separately. Then use the principle of superposition to compute the reactions when both loads are applied.)

Page 11 of 18
 Solution:
Now,

δA − δ C − δC = 0
R1 R3 R × 0.60 R × 1. 0 R 3 × 0.90
Or, − − =0
AE AE AE
Or, R × 0.60 − R × 1. 0 − R 3 × 0.90 = 0
Therefore, R1 + R3 = P1 + P2 = 25 +50
Or, (75 × 103 − R 3 ) × 0.6 − (R 3 − 50 × 103 ) × 1.
Or, R1 = 75 - R3
− R 3 × 0.9 = 0

Or, R 3 = 38.888 kN
R2 R3
Therefore, R = −11.11 kN

Therefore, R3 = R2 + P2 = R2 +50 Or, R = 11.11 kN

Or, R2 = R3 - 50 R 11.11 × 103

Now, σ C = = = . 4 MPa
A 500 × 10−6

Problem 247 The composite bar in figure below is stress-free before the axial loads P1 and P2 are applied.
Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the stress in each material if P1 = 150 kN and P2 = 90 kN.

Solution:
From the diagram,
R3 R1 + R3 = P1 + P2 = 150 +90

Or, R3 = 240 – R1

And, R1 = P1 + R2 = 150 + R2
150 kN Or, R2 = - 150 + R1
R1
R2
Now,

δbr − δal − δst = 0

R 3 × 0.35 R × 0.5 R × 0. 5
Or, − − =0
1 00 × 10−6 × 83 × 109 900 × 10−6 × 70 × 109 000 × 10−6 × 00 × 109
Page 12 of 18
 Or, 3.5 × 10−9 × R 3 − 7.93 × 10−9 × R − 0.6 5 × 10−9 × R = 0

Or, 3.5 × R 3 − 7.93 × R − 0.6 5 × R = 0

Or, 3.5 × ( 40 − R ) − 7.93 × R − 0.6 5 × (−150 + R ) = 0

Or, R = 77.81 kN

Therefore, R = −7 .19 kN = 7 .19 kN and Therefore, R 3 = 16 .19 kN

R 77.81 × 103
Now, al = = = 86.45 Mpa
Aal 900 × 10−6

R 7 .19 × 103
st = = = 36.10 Mpa
Ast 000 × 10−6

R3 16 .19 × 103
br = = = 135.16 Mpa
Abr 1 00 × 10−6

Problem 254 As shown in figure below, a rigid bar with negligible mass is pinned at O and attached to two
vertical rods. Assuming that the rods were initially stress-free, what maximum load P can be applied without
exceeding stresses of 150 MPa in the steel rod and 70 MPa in the bronze rod.

Solution: 2m 1.5 m 1.5 m

+ ∑ Mo = 0
P Pst Pbr
P × − Pst × 1.5 − Pbr × 3 = 0

P× = st × Ast × 1.5 + br × Abr × 3 br

st
From similar triangle

st br
= Or, st = 0.5 × br
1.5 3
Pst Lst Pbr Lbr Lst Lbr
Or, = 0.5 × Or, st × = 0.5 × br ×
Ast Est Abr Ebr Est Ebr

1.5
Or, st × = 0.5 × br × Or, st = 1.606 × br
00 × 109 83 × 109

Page 13 of 18
Or, st = 1.606 × 70 × 106 = 11 .44 MPa ( or br = 70 × 106 Pa)

150 × 106
A ain, st = 1.606 × br Or, br = = 93.39 MPa ( or st = 150 × 106 Pa)
1.606
Therefore, st = 11 .44 MPa And, br = 70 MPa

Now, P× = st × Ast × 1.5 + br × Abr × 3

P× = 11 .44 × 106 × 900 × 10−6 × 1.5 + 70 × 106 × 300 × 10−6 × 3

P = 107.39 kN

Problem 256 Three rods, each of area 250 mm2, jointly support a 7.5 kN load, as shown in figure below.
Assuming that there was no slack or stress in the rods before the load was applied, find the stress in each rod.
Use Est = 200 GPa and Ebr = 83 GPa.

Solution:

Lst
cos 5 =
Lbr

.75
Or, cos 5 =
Lbr

Or, Lbr = 3.03 m

+ ∑ y =0

Pst + Pbr cos 5 + Pbr cos 5 − 7.5 = 0 Or, Pst + Pbr cos 5 = 7.5

Page 14 of 18
 δbr
A ain, cos 5 = Or, δbr = δst cos 5
δst

Pbr Lbr Pst Lst Pbr × 3.03 Pst × .75

Or, = cos 5 Or, = cos 5
Abr Ebr Ast Est 50 × 10−6 × 83 × 109 50 × 10−6 × 00 × 109

Or, Pbr = 0.341Pst

Or, Pst + × 0.341Pst × cos 5 = 7.5 Or, Pst = 4.63 kN

Now, Pbr = 0.341 × 4.63 = 1.58 kN

Pst 4.63 × 103 Pbr 1.58 × 103

Therefore, 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = = 18.5 MPa 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝜎𝑏𝑟 = = = 6.3 MPa
Ast 50 × 10−6 Abr 50 × 10−6

Thermal Stress;
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount δT, is given by

= ( − )=

where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, L is the length in meter, and Ti and Tf are the
initial and final temperatures, respectively in °C. For steel, α = 11.25 × 10–6 / °C.

If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will be induced in the structure. In
some cases where temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal stress is created. The internal stress
created is termed as thermal stress.

For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown in figure below, the thermal stress
is computed as:

Deformation due to temperature changes

Deformation due to equivalent axial stress

= =

Now, = Or, = , =

where σ is the thermal stress in MPa and E is the modulus of elasticity of the rod in MPa.

If the wall yields a distance of x as shown in figure below, the following calculations will be made:

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 = + Or, = +

where σ represents the thermal stress.

Take note that as the temperature rises above the normal, the rod will be in compression, and if the
temperature drops below the normal, the rod is in tension.

Problem 265 A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of 320 mm2 is placed between two rigid
walls as shown in figure below. At a temperature of -20°C, the gap Δ = 25 mm. Find the temperature at
which the compressive stress in the bar will be 35 MPa. Use α = 18.0 × 10-6 m/(m·°C) and E = 80 GPa.

δ𝑇 = δ𝑃 + Or, δ𝑇 = δ + 0.00 5

PL σL
Or, αL( T) = + 0.00 5 = + 0.00 5
AE E

−6
35 × 106 × 3
Or, 18 × 10 × 3 × ( T) = + 0.00 5
80 × 109
Or, T = 70.6°C

The increased temperature = - 20C +70.6C = 50.6C

Problem 268 The rigid bar ABC in figure below is pinned at B and attached to the two vertical rods.
Initially, the bar is horizontal and the vertical rods are stress-free. Determine the stress in the aluminum rod
if the temperature of the steel rod is decreased by 40°C. Neglect the weight of bar ABC.

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We know that (δ )st = αL( L)

(δ )st = 11. × 10−6 × 0.9 × 40 = 4 1. × 10−6 m B

A C
δst δal
rom Similar trian el =
0.6 1.
P
Or, δal = 2δst Or, δal = × (δ )st A’
st 1.2
Pal Lal C
Or, = × 4 1. × 10−6 A
Aal Eal 0.6 B al
P × 1. C’
Or, = × 4 1. × 10−6
1 00 × 10−6 × 70 × 109
Or, P = Pal = 58968 N

Pal 58968
σal = Or, σal = = 49.14 MPa
Aal 1 00 × 10−6

Problem 271 A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown in figure below. If W = 80 kN,
compute the temperature change that will cause the stress in the steel rod to be 55 MPa. Assume the
coefficients of linear expansion are 11.7 μm/(m·°C) for steel and 18.9 μm / (m·°C) for bronze.

Solution:
+ ∑ MA = 0

1 × Pst + 4 × Pb − 80 × .5 = 0 Or, Pst + 4 × Pb = 00

δ (st)+ δst δ (br) + δbr

rom similar trin le =
1 4

Or, δ (br) + δbr = 4(δ (st) + δst )

Pst
Now, σst =
Ast

Or, Pst = 55 × 106 × 3 0 × 10−6 = 17.6 kN

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 A ain, Pst + 4Pbr = 00 Or, 17.6 + 4Pbr = 00 Or, Pbr = 45.6 kN

Pbr Lbr Pst Lst

Now, δ (br) + δbr = 4(δ (st) + δst ) Or, αL( T)br + = 4 αL( T)st +
Abr Ebr Ast Est

−6
45.6 × 103 × 3 −6
17.6 × 103 × 1.5
18.9 × 10 ×3× T+ = 4 11.7 × 10 × 1.5 × T +
1300 × 10−6 × 83 × 109 3 0 × 10−6 × 00 × 109

Or, T = − 8.31℃

Problem 275 A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown in figure below. If
the system is initially stress-free. Calculate the temperature change that will cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa
in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are subjected to the change in temperature.

Solution:
+ ∑ Mo = 0

5
−3 × Pco + 5 × Pbr = 0 Or, Pco = × Pbr
3
Pbr
Now, σbr =
Abr

Or, Pbr = 90 × 106 × 1 00 × 10−6 = 108 kN

5
Therefore, Pco = × 108 = 180 kN
3
δ (co) − δco δbr − δ (br) 3
rom similar trin le = Or, δ (co) − δco = (δ − δ (br) )
3 5 5 br

−6
180 × 103 × 3 3 108 × 103 ×
16.8 × 10 ×3× T− −6 9
= −6 9
− 18.7 × 10−6 × × T
1500 × 10 × 1 0 × 10 5 1 00 × 10 × 100 × 10

Or, T = 56.01℃ Drop in Temperature.

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