Basic Instruction Program

(B14 - B24) –
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KATUNAYAKE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Drawing is one of the
common languages.
If one wants to communicate
an idea through graphics,
A graphical representation of
the idea gives an instant
visual understanding to most
people.
Also our brain registers a
graphical representation very
much faster than verbal or
written representation. A
drawing usually conveys an idea
more accurately and much faster
than hundreds of words
❖Engineering drawing is a formal
and precise way of Communicating
Engineering information about the
shape, size, features and precision
of physical objects.

❖ Drawing is the universal language of

engineering.
Engineering Drawings can be
basically classified into three
groups

Sketches
Instrumental Drawings
Computer Aided Drawings
 Here we produce a shape of an
object in which the dimensions and
the details are not given. It creates a
rough shape and size of the object.
Drawings prepared manually
using drawing instruments
Drawings prepared with the
help of computers
 Engineering drawing can form part of any of
these groups.
 For Mechanical Productions, Civil
engineering, Electrical and Architectural
works Engineering Drawings are widely
used.
 It is used to describe engineering machine
components which have the correct shape
and size along with its dimensional
tolerance for the understanding of
component and production at the workshop
 Civil drawing
 Electrical drawing
 Structural Drawing
 Mechanical Drawing
Engineering drawing is used as an
universal means of communication.
Therefore we have developed an idea
of standardization, and it may have
completed national 'standards' or 'a
standard cords'.
Today, different types of standards
which are slightly different from one
another are used in engineering
drawing
Some of the commonly used standards
are –

 ISO - International Standard Organization

 SLS - Sri Lanka Standards
 BS - British Standards
 DIN - German Standards
 ANSI - American National Standards
 Sri Lanka Standards

TO BRITISH AND INTERNATIONAL

STANDARDS
Drawing Instruments

 Drawing Board
 T Square
 Set Squares
 Scale'
 Instruments Box (Compass, Divider... etc)
 Protractor
 Drawing Clips
 Drawing Pencils
 Drawing Papers
 Drawing board  T square
 Set Square  Drawing Clips
 T ruler and board  clutch pencil,
compass spring bow
 Compass  Protractor
 Drawing Pencils
Used for preparing the drawings on the
sheets. The accuracy and appearance of
drawing depend upon the quality of the
pencils used. Drawing Pencils are mainly
classified in two groups.
 1) H - Grade (Hard)
2) B - Grade (Soft-Black)

 HB – Pencils used to draw dark lines.

 H- Pencils used to draw medium dark
lines.
 2H- Pencils used to draw vague
construction lines.
 Drawing Papers and paper layout
 Drawings are produced on drawing papers.
Different sizes of drawing sheets are used for
engineering drawing: The drawing papers
should be uniform in thickness and of such
quality and the Crazing effect should not be
there.
 “A” series of drawing sheets are normally used
Engineering Drawing.
 The size of all the sheets are in the ratio 1:2.
Area of the large A0 size is approximately 1m2
 Designation Dimension in.
Of Drawing
sheets

AO 841 X 1189
Al 594X 841
A2 420 X 594
A3 297 X 420
A4 210X297

A5 148X210
Layout
Layout of the drawing sheet mainly
consists of Drawing space, Title block,
Part list, Angle of projection, Main title,
etc. Layout is different form place to
place, but it consists of above main
details.
 The art of writing the alphabet ABC...Z and
numbers such as 1, 2, 3…0 etc .is known as
lettering.
 In engineering drawing lettering plays an
important role as it explains the parts of the
objects which cannot be shown by lines. It is
used to write letters dimensions, notes
subtitles, and other necessary information
required for the complete representation of
machines or structures etc...
In drawing of letters we have to show
much concern about aspects like – size,
style, case and space
 Style of the letters can be classified into
two groups.

1. Vertical upright letters.

2. Inclined or Italic letters
 Vertical Upright - Lettering in
which the direction of alphabet is
vertically upward.
 Inclined letters - The lettering in
which- the direction of alphabet is
inclined to the horizontal line. An
inclination ofabout750is recommended
from its right side towards the left side.

A B…Y Z A B….Y Z
Engineering drawing use
various standards for lettering.
But most of the standards have
slight variations when
compared to each other. The
variations are in height, width,
ratio, size space between letters
and words.

 No particular style for hand lettering
is recommended. Its aim should be
to Produce legible and unambiguous
characters. Vertical or sloping
characters are suitable for general
use but their presentation should
consistent on any one drawing i.e.
vertical and slopping letters should
not be mixed.
Capital letters are preferred to
lower case as they are less
congested and are less likely be
misread when reduce in size.
Following figure show an upright alphabet and
numbers recommended by SLS 409-1977
 Every letter and number is drawn using on
or more pencil strokes. Under each
character the strokes that go to built are
shown.
Fractions are made from three separate
items, the upper figure, the bar and the
lower figure. Keep the figure and the
bar separate from each other. Keep the
bar short and horizontal. The overall
height of the fraction should be slightly
larger than it whole Number so that the
fraction may be clear.
 Standard character height for capitals
letters and numbers
 Applications Drawing Minimum size in
mm

Drawing A-A3 7
numbers etc 5

Dimension and A0 ,A2,A3,A4 3.5

notes 2.5
  In practice we use following heights for
different purposes
❖Main Title 10 mm
❖Sub Title, Headings,
and drawing number 5 mm
❖Notes, such as Legends 3 mm
❖Dimensions 3 mm
Spacing of lettering
It means the distance which is to be
left between two adjacent letters or
Words in all types of lettering.

Uniformity lettering
It means keeping its height,
inclination, spacing and strength of
letters to be same.
Guide lines
The lines, which are used to regulate
the height and inclination to the letter,
are known as guidelines. The
guidelines are used to regulate the
uniformity of letters.
The guide lines should be drawn with
light pencil (2H-4H etc), So lightly
that the lines do not need any
erasing
Use full guidelines to letters
 Capital letters should be used
 All letters should be equal as well as spacing between letters. The
spacing between words should not be less than a letters width.
 All letters should be bold uniform and neat.
 All letters should be of the same height using the full spacing of
the guidelines.
 Dimensions and notes should be not less than 3mm tall but
subtitles and titles should be 5mm 7mm respectively.
 All notes should be placed in a horizontal position.
 Do not mix vertical and incline style letters.
 Small characters of about 3-5 mm height are best written free
hand.
 Initially use vertical style because it is easier to write.
One of the most important factors in
good drawing is the quality of line
work. Basically there are two types of
lines used to construct simple drawings

Straight line
Curved lines
  Explain with examples:-

Above two types of lines are important to construct

simple drawings. But when more complex drawings are
required, above two kinds of lines are not enough to
complete the drawing.
Therefore standards recommend the different types of
lines for particular purposes according to suitability.
 Line type Description Line Example of application
width

A Continues 0.7 Visible outer lines and edges

( thick )

B Continues 0.3 Fictitious outer lines and edges.

(thin) Dimensions & leader lines.
Hatching.
Outer lines of adjacent prates.
Outer lines of revolve sections.

C1 Continues Irregular 0.3 Lines of partial views or sections when

C2 (thin) the line is not an axis

D Short dashes 0.3 Hidden outer lines & edges

( thin)

E Chain 0.3 Center lines.

( thin) Extreme position of moveable parts.

F Chain ( thick of 0.7 Cutting planes

ends and at changes 0.3
of direction , thin
elsewhere)

G Chain 0.7 Indication of surfaces which have to

(Thick) meet special requirements
Some important guidelines for line works
 When centerlines intersect long lines
should be cut only by long lines.
 Intersection should not involve either the
short element in the chain or the gap.
 Center lines must not be used as dimension
lines.
 Sections are hatched while the hatching
lines are normally at 450.