Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev.

00

RAJESH POWER SERVICES PVT. LTD .

 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Testing Procedure For Switchyard Equipment

 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

1. POWER TRANSFORMER TESTING

1.1 INSULATION RESISTANCE (IR) MEASUREMENT

1.0 Purpose:
Insulation resistance (IR) measurement is the simplest and most widely used test to check the
soundness of transformer insulation. This test reveals the condition of insulation (i.e. degree of
dryness of paper insulation), presence of any foreign contaminants in oil and also any gross
defect inside the transformer (like failure to remove the temporary transportation bracket on the
live portion of tap-changer part).

2.0 Definition:
Mega ohm Meter: (popular trade name "megger"). Megger consists of a DC power source and a
measuring system. The power source is a hand operated or electrically driven built in DC
generator in the instrument.

3.0 Test schedule & Frequency: Preventive Maintenance as per Document

4.0 Test Equipment:

Insulation resistance is measured by means of Megger which are available in 500 V, 1000 V,
2500 V and 5000 V ratings. For transformer windings with voltage rating 11 kV and above, 2.5
kV megger shall be used. IR value measurements of EHV transformers shall preferably be done
with 5 kV motorized / digital megger.

5.0 Safety Reference:

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under
PTW (Permit To Work). It is recommended that test specimen be discharged by short-circuiting
for a period at least four times as long as the test voltage was applied. Before bare hand contact,
the absence of voltage shall be confirmed by measurement.

6.0 Isolation required:

Ensure the isolation of Transformer for High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/disconnections. In case tertiary is also
connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing. Disconnect the
jumpers and lightning arrestors connected to the transformer prior to start of testing after issue
of PTW.

7.0 Precautions:
i) Clean the bushing porcelains by wiping with a piece of dry cloth.
ii) When using a megger, observe the usual accident preventive rules.
iii) Transformer windings possess a substantial capacitance and therefore, the current carrying
parts can only be touched after electric charge has been removed from them.
iv) If moisture condensation is suspected on porcelain surface, provide aluminium foil taping
below the lower most porcelain shed. (Especially for small bushings like Neutral Bushing)
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Connect the foil to the guard terminal of megger.

v) Connecting wires from the bushing line lead and tank earth to megger shall be as short as
possible without joints and shall not touch tank or each other.
vi) Test specimen to be discharged by short-circuiting for a period at least four times as long as
test voltage was applied. Before bare hand contact, the absence of voltage shall be confirmed by
measurement
vii) IR measurement should be performed with windings and leads completely immersed in oil.
Under no circumstances, tests to be made with the equipment under vacuum.

8.0 Testing Procedure:

IR measurements shall be taken between the windings collectively (i.e. with all the windings
being connected together) and the earthed tank (earth) and between each winding and the tank,
the rest of the windings being earthed. Before taking measurements the neutral should be
disconnected from earth. Following table gives combinations of IR measurements for auto-
transformer, three -winding transformer & Shunt Reactor.

For Auto-transformer For 3 winding transformer For Shunt Reactor

HV + IV to LV HV + IV to LV HV to E
HV + IV to E HV + LV to IV

LV to E HV + IV +LV to E

Where HV- High voltage, IV-Intermediate voltage, LV-Low voltage/Tertiary voltage windings, E-Earth

Table-1: Combinations of IR measurements for different type of transformers & reactors

Record date and time of measurement, sl. no., make of megger; oil temperature and IR values at
intervals of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes.

9.0 Operating Procedure:

The "LIVE" terminal of the instrument shall be connected to the winding under test.

10.0 Evaluation of Test Results:

No specific absolute values of acceptable insulation resistance can be given; however

reference should be made to previous test history to establish trend.

IR values may be checked with the values in manufacturer's test certificate and these values
may be used as bench marks for future IR monitoring in service. It shall be noted that IR values
vary with type of insulation (transformer oil or air), temperature, duration of application of
voltage and to some extent applied voltage.
Insulation resistance varies inversely with temperature and is generally corrected to a standard
temperature (usually 20 °C). Suppose IR value of 300 MΩ at 70°C to be converted at 40°C, the
curve will give a factor k for difference in temperature (i.e. 70°C - 40°C) = 30°C . K for 30°C
temperature difference is 4.2 , So the IR value at 40°C will be 4.2*300=1260 MΩ.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Difference in temperatures ( °C) Correction Factor (k)

10 1.65
20 2.6
30 4.2
40 6.6
50 10.5

Please Note: These converted IR values fairly tally with the actual IR values obtained by
BHEL while cooling the transformer
An indicative M in insulation Values for one minute resistance measurements for transformers
may be obtained by using the following empirical formula:

R = CE / VKVA Where

R = Insulation resistance, in MΩ

C = 1.5 for oil-filled transformers at 20°C, assuming that the transformer’s insulating oil is dry,
acid free, and sludge free
= 30.0 for un tanked oil-impregnated transformers

E = Voltage rating, in V, of one of the single-phase windings (ph-to-ph for delta connected and
ph-to-neutral for wye connected transformers)

KVA = Rated capacity of the winding under test (If the winding under test is three-phase and
the three individual windings are being tested as one, the rated capacity of three-phase winding
is used.)

IR test results below this minimum value may indicate probable insulation breakdown. A mega
ohm meter test that indicated zero or a very low value of ohms would indicate a grounded
winding, a winding-to-winding short, or heavy carbon tracking.

Unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer the following IR values as a thumb rule
may be considered as the minimum satisfactory values at 30°C (one minute measurements) at
the time of commissioning.

Rated Voltage class of Minimum desired IR value at 1 minute

winding (Meg ohm)
11kV 300 MΩ
33kV 400 MΩ
66kV & above 500 MΩ

Type of transformer Mega ohm/kV of service voltage Desired min. IR value at 20 °C

Concentric 2 200 MΩ
Shell 10 400 MΩ
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Even if the insulation is dry, IR values will be low if the resistivity of oil is poor.

With the duration of application of voltage, IR value increases. The increase in insulation
resistance is an indication of dryness of insulation. The ratio of 60 second insulation resistance
to 15 second insulation resistance value is called dielectric absorption coefficient or Index
(DAI). For oil filled transformers with class A insulation, in reasonably dried condition the
absorption coefficient at 30°C will be more than 1.3.

Polarization Index Test is ratiometric test, insensitive to temperature variation and may be
used to predict insulation system performance even if charging currents (i.e. capacitive,
absorption or leakage currents) have not diminished to zero. Since leakage current increases at a
faster rate with moisture present than does absorption current, the megohm readings will not
increase with time as fast with insulation in poor condition as with insulation in good condition.
This results in a lower polarization index. An advantage of the index ratio is that all of the
variables that can affect a single mega ohm reading, such as temp and humidity, are essentially
the same for both the 1 min and 10 min readings. The polarization index test is performed
generally by taking mega ohm readings at the following intervals at a constant dc voltage: 1
min and then every minute up to 10 min. The polarization index is the ratio of the 10 min to
the 1 min mega ohm readings.

PI= R10 / R1 (dimensionless)

Where PI is Polarisation Index and R is resistance

The following are guidelines for evaluating transformer insulation using polarization index
values:

Polarization Index Insulation Condition

Less than 1 Dangerous
1.0-1.1 Poor
1.1-1.25 Questionable
1.25-2.0 Fair
2.0 – 4.0 Good
Above 4.0 Excellent

A PI of more than 1.25 and DAI of more than 1.3 are generally considered satisfactory for a
transformer when the results of other low voltage tests are found in order. PI less than 1 calls
for immediate corrective action. For bushings, an IR value of above 10,000 MΩ is considered
satisfactory.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

1.2 CAPACITANCE AND TAN δ MEASUREMENT OF BUSHINGS

1.0 PURPOSE
Insulation power factor or dissipation factor (Tan δ) and Capacitance measurement of
bushing provide an indication of the quality and soundness of the insulation in the bushing.

2.0 DEFINITIONS / ABBREVIATIONS

1 Bushing
An insulating structure, including a through conductor or providing a central passage
for such a conductor, with provision for mounting on a barrier, conducting or
otherwise , for the purpose of insulating the conductor from the barrier and
conducting current from one side of the barrier to the other.

2 Bushing test tap

A connection to one of the conducting layers of a capacitance-graded bushing for
measurement of partial discharge, power factor, and capacitance values.
3 Capacitance (of bushing)
(i) The main capacitance, C1, of a bushing is the capacitance between the
high-voltage conductor and the voltage tap or test tap.
(ii) The tap capacitance, C2, of a capacitance graded bushing is the
capacitance between the voltage tap and mounting flange (gnd.)
(iii) The capacitance C, of a bushing without a voltage or test tap is the
capacitance between the high- voltage conductor and mounting flange (gnd.)
4 Capacitance graded bushing
A bushing in which metallic or non-metallic conducting layers are arranged within
the insulating material for the purpose of controlling the distribution of the electric
field of the bushing , both axially and radially.

5 Oil - Impregnated Paper- insulated (OIP) bushing

A bushing in which the internal insulation consists of a core wound from paper and
subsequently impregnated with oil. The core is contained in an insulating envelope,
the space between the core and the insulating envelope being filled with oil.
6 Power-factor (of insulation)
The ratio of the power dissipated in the insulation, in watts, to the product of the
effective voltage and current, in volt-amperes, when tested under a sinusoidal
voltage and prescribed conditions.
7 Dissipation factor (dielectric)
The cotangent of the phase angle between a sinusoidal voltage applied across a
dielectric, or combinations of dielectrics and the resulting current through the
dielectric system.
8 Resin-Bonded Paper-insulated (RBP) bushing
A bushing in which the internal insulation consists of a core-wound from resin
coated paper. During the winding process, each paper layer is bonded to the previous
layer by its resin coating, and the bonding is achieved by curing the resin.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00
9 Resin-impregnated paper-insulated bushing
A bushing in which the internal insulation consists of a core-wound from untreated
and subsequently impregnated with a curable resin.
10 UST:- Test set connected for Un-grounded specimen test mode. This is used when
specimen is isolated from earth e.g. Transformer Bushings,
11 GST:- Test set connected for Grounded specimen test mode. This is used when
specimen which is to be tested do not have two specific points between which Tan
delta measurement is to be carried out e.g. Transformer windings.

12 GST-G: - Grounded specimen test using guard connection. Guard connection

shields all critical internal assemblies like power transformer, ref capacitor, cables
essentially eliminates the influence of stray capacitance’s to ground.
13 HIGH VOLTAGE TERMINAL:
Output 10kV: terminal of power supply.
14 LOW VOLTAGE TERMINALS:
Low voltage terminals marked red and
blue.
15 INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSER: This circuit permits suppression of power freq.
interference signal both in phase and quadrature to the bridge signal, automatically
synchronised with the detector C & DF channels.

3.0 TEST SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY

As per maintenance schedule.

4.0 TEST EQUIPMENT

For getting accurate results of Tan delta and Capacitance without removing the bushing
from the transformer, a suitable test set capable of taking measurement by ungrounded
specimen test (UST) method shall be used. It utilises the test tap of the bushing and a Tan
delta/Capacitance test set. Both Tan delta and Capacitance can be measured using the same
set up.
Portable C and Tanδ Bridge from any reputed manufacturer may be used for field testing.
Portable test set include measuring bridge such as Schering bridge or transformer ratio arm
bridge, power supply and standard capacitor in one enclosure.

5.0 ISOLATION REQUIRED

Ensure the isolation of Transformer from High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/ disconnectors Jumpers from all
bushings need not be taken out. In case tertiary is also connected, ensure the isolation of the
same prior to commencement of testing.

6.0 SAFETY REFERENCE

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under
PTW (Permit To Work).

7.0 PRECAUTIONS

* Test voltage to be applied shall not exceed half of the power frequency test voltage or 10 kV,
whichever is lower. It is desirable to have the test set or bridge frequency different but close
to operating power frequency; so that stray power frequency currents do not interfere with
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00
the operation of the instrument.

* Measurements shall be made at similar conditions as that of a previous measurement. The

oil-paper insulation combination of bushings exhibit fairly constant tan delta over a wide
range of operating temperature. Hence, effort is to be made for testing at temperature near to
previous test and Correction factor need not be applied.
* Connection to over head bus at the bushing need be removed, only if the bus line affect the
readings appreciably.

* Porcelain of the bushings shall be clean and dry before test. Remove any dirt or oil with
clean dry cloth.

* Test shall not be carried out when there is condensation on the porcelain. Preferably, tests
shall not be carried out when the relative humidity is in excess of 75%.

* Terminals of the bushings of each winding shall be shorted together using bare braided
copper jumper. These jumpers shall not be allowed to sag. Transformer windings not being
tested shall be grounded.

* Measure and record the ambient temperature and relative humidity for reference. Record
OTI and WTI during the measurement.

* Safety precautions as recommended by the instrument manufacturer may be followed. The

test set is a source of high voltage electrical energy and operator must use all practical safety
precautions to prevent contact with energized parts of the test equipment and related circuits.

Do not test a bushing (new or spare) while it is in its wood shipping crate, or while it is lying on
wood. Wood is not as good an insulator as porcelain and will cause the readings to be inaccurate.
Keep the test results as a baseline record to compare with future tests.

8. Capacitance and Tanδ of Bushings

In bushing, conducting layers are arranged within the insulating material for the purpose of
uniform distribution of the electric field in the bushing. Bushing test tap is a connection to
the last of the conducting layers of a capacitance graded bushing to ground with a
disconnector for measurement of partial discharge, power factor, and capacitance values of
the bushings.
The main capacitance, C1, of a bushing is the capacitance between the high-voltage
conductor and the test tap.
The tap capacitance, C2, of a capacitance-graded bushing is the capacitance between the
test tap and mounting flange (Ground).
The capacitance C of a bushing without a voltage or test tap is the capacitance between the
high- voltage conductor and mounting flange (Ground).
For measurement of tanδ and Capacitance of bushings it is strongly advised that shorting of
HV terminals of all bushings of the same winding to be made and all other winding bushing
terminals be shorted and grounded to avoid influence of capacitance of other winding.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00
9.0 TESTING PROCEDURE

• Ensure that test specimen is isolated from other equipments.

• Position the test set at least 6 feet (180 cm) away from the test specimen to be tested.
• To prevent damage to the test set always set the capacitance multiplier dial to the
SHORT position, the capacitance measuring dials to their respective ‘O’ position.
• Keep UST-GST switch to UST position.
• Keep interference suppressor switches in OFF position.
• Connect the ground terminal of the test set to a low impedance earth ground (to Earth mat
of the substation).
• Connect control unit to the high voltage unit using two 5 feet long shielded cables. Screw
the plugs down fully on the receptacles.
• Connect the low voltage cable with red boot/sheath to the ‘CxL red terminal’ of the test set.
Make sure the connector locks to the receptacle.
• Connect the external interlock cable to the ‘Interlock terminal of the test set.
• Connect the high voltage cable with Black boot/sheath to the high voltage terminal of the
high voltage unit. Connect the pig-tail for the outer shield to the black binding post (ground)
on the high voltage unit. Screw down the plug shell fully on the receptacle.
• With the main breaker switched OFF, plug the input power cord into the test set power
receptacle and into a 3 wire grounded power receptacle having the appropriate voltage rating
and current capacity.
• For 3-Ph auto-transformer, short together all 400kV, 220kV and Neutral (isolated from
earth) Bushings. Also short all 33kV Bushings and earth the same.
• Measurement of C1 Capacitance and Tanδ: Connect the crocodile clip of the HV cable to
the top terminal of the shorted HV/IV bushings. Unscrew the test tap cover, Insert a pin in
the hole of the central test tap stud by pressing the surrounding contact plug in case of 245
kV OIP Bushing and remove the earthing strip from the flange by unscrewing the screw
(holding earth strip to the flange body) in case of 420 kV OIP Bushing. Connect the LV
cable to the test tap (strip/central stud) of the bushing under test to the C & TAN δ KIT
through a screened cable and earth the flange body. Repeat the test for all Bushings by
changing only LV lead connection of the kit to test tap of the Bushing which is to be tested
• Measurement of C2 Capacitance and Tanδ : HV lead to be connected to the test tap of
the bushing under test (if required additional crocodile type clip may be used) and LV of the
kit to be connected to the ground. HV of the bushing is to be connected to the Guard
terminal of the test kit. Test to be carried out in GSTg mode at 1.0kV.
• For measurement of 33kV Bushing Tan Delta, earth HV/IV Bushings (already shorted).
Apply HV lead of the Test kit to shorted 33kV Bushings and connect LV lead of the test kit
to Test tap of the Bushing under test.
• All the measurements to be made in UST mode only.
• It is to be ensured that Test Tap points are earthed immediately after carrying out the
measurements for that particular Bushing and earthing of test tap to be ensured by carrying
out continuity test.

10.0 OPERATING PROCEDURE (TEST EQUIPMENT)

Please refer manufacturer’s Operating Instructions for the C and Tan δ kit available at site.

11.0 EVALUATION OF TEST VALUE WITH LIMIT

 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00
If the insulating material characteristics or conductor configuration changes, a difference in
the measured capacitance will occur. Changes in the normal capacitance of an insulator
indicate such abnormal conditions as the presence of moisture, layer short -circuits or open
circuits in the capacitance network.
Environmental factors like variation in temperature, relative humidity, surrounding charged
objects etc. have great influence on measurement of dielectric dissipation factor.

Care shall be taken to control the above factors during measurements. Testing during periods
of high humidity or precipitation should be avoided; otherwise proper evaluation of test
results becomes very difficult. A very small amount of water vapour on the surface of
external insulation could increase the amount of leakage current and will appear as increased
loss in the test result.

The acceptance criterion to assess the probable condition of the insulation of the transformer
is no substantial variation in the measured values of tan delta (dissipation factor) at
periodic interval when compared with previous references. For bushings, the tan delta value
shall not exceed 0.7%.

The main capacitance (C1) of the bushing i.e., the capacitance between high voltage
terminal and test tap is not affected by the surrounding conditions and the accepted deviation
from the values measured at factory tests should be less than 10%. The capacitance between
bushing test tap and ground is largely influence by the stray capacitances to ground parts in
the transformer and hence large deviation in the measured value shall be accepted when
compared with the factory test value.

Rate of change of tan Delta and capacitance is very important. Rate of rise of tan delta
should not be more than 0.001 per year. Capacitance value can be within +10%, -5% in
capacitance value.

1.3 CAPACITANCE AND TAN δ MEASUREMENT OF

WINDINGS
1.0 PURPOSE
Dissipation factor/Loss factor (Tan δ) and capacitance measurement of winding is carried out to
ascertain the general condition of the ground and inter-winding insulation of transformer and
reactors.
2.0 ABBREVATIONS
i. UST:-Test set connected for Un-grounded specimen test mode. This is used when
Specimen is isolated from earth e.g. Transformer Bushings, CTs, CVTs.
ii. GST:-Test set connected for Grounded specimen test mode. This is used when Specimen
which is to be tested does not have two specific points between which Tan delta measurement is
to be carried out e.g. Transformer windings.
iii. GST-G :-Grounded specimen test using guard connection. Guard connection shields all
critical internal assemblies like power transformer, reference capacitor, cables essentially
eliminates the influence of stray capacitance’s to ground.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00
iv. H. V. TERMINAL : High Voltage terminal of power supply : Output 10kV
v. L. V. TERMINALS : Low voltage terminals marked red and blue.
vi. INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSER
This circuit permits suppression of power freq. interference signal both in phase and
quadrature to the bridge signal, automatically synchronised with the detector C & DF channels.

3.0 TEST SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY

As per maintenance schedule.

4.0 TEST EQUIPMENT

Portable C and Tan Bridge from any reputed manufacturer may be used for field testing.
Portable test set includes measuring bridge such as Schering Bridge or transformer ratio Arm
Bridge, power supply and standard capacitor in one enclosure.

5.0 ISOLATION REQUIRED

Ensure the isolation of Transformer from High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/disconnectors. In case tertiary is
also connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing.

6.0 SAFETY REFERENCE

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under
PTW(Permit To Work).

7.0 PRECAUTIONS
The test set is a source of high voltage electrical energy and operator must use all practical
safety precautions to prevent contact with energised parts of the test equipment and related
circuits. Following precautions need to be taken:
 Never connect the test set to energised equipment.
 The ground cable must be connected first and removed last.
 Heart patients should avoid using this H.V. equipment.
 The ground terminal of the input supply card (green lead) must be connected to the
protective ground (earth) terminal of the line power source.

 Keep the high voltage plugs free from moisture, dust during installation and operation.
 Adequate clearances (Min 1 foot i.e. 30 cm) are maintained between energised conductor
and ground to prevent any arc over.
 It should be ensured that test specimen is de-energised and grounded before making any
further connection and no person may come in contact with HV output terminal or any materiel
energised by the output.

8.0 MODES OF SELECTION FOR TAN MEASUREMENT

8.1 Ungrounded Specimen Test (UST)
Test set connected for ungrounded specimen test mode. This is used when specimen is
isolated from earth e.g. Transformer bushing, CTs with test tap, CVTs etc. In this mode of
measurement, the current which flows to the ground will not enter the measurement winding
(N2) and directed straight to the source as shown in Figure-3. For UST mode of measurement,
removal of jumpers from the termination of the equipment has less influence compared to the
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00
other mode of tan and capacitance measurement.

8.2 Grounded Specimen Test (GST)

Test set connected for grounded specimen test mode. This is used when specimen do not
have two specific points isolated from ground for Tan measurement e.g. Transformer/ Reactor
windings, CTs without test tap etc. Here Capacitance and tan is measured using GST mode. As
shown in Figure-4, during GST mode operation, all current which flows to ground shall pass
through the measurement winding and influence the reading. In GST mode measurement it is
necessary to isolate the measuring portion from other parallel ground path by removing the
connected terminal jumper connections. In this measurement we shall obtain capacitance for the
parallel combination of HV to earth and between the windings.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

8.3 Grounded Specimen Test with guard (GSTg)

Grounded Specimen Test mode is used whenever a portion of the test specimen is required
to be eliminated from the measurement. It also separates the total values of a GST test into
separate parts for better analysis. The connection in the measurement kit shall be as shown in
Figure-5 while performing the test. The current flowing through the guarded portion is directed
towards the source and it will not influence the measurement. In GSTg measurement, HV to
Earth Capacitance is measured. By interchanging the HV and LV leads of the kit LV to earth
capacitance could be measured directly. The three capacitors shown in unknown specimen in
figure 3-5 are generally HV winding to Ground, HV winding to LV winding and LV winding to
Ground. For measurement on transformers with more than two windings, the figure shall be
made accordingly for proper measurement. Measurement of Capacitance and Tan between
windings is carried out in UST mode and measurement of Capacitance and Tan from windings
to Ground is measured in GSTg/ GST mode.

8.4 Interference Suppresser

This circuit permits suppression of power frequency interference signal to the bridge signal.
There are measurement kits they operate other than the power supply frequency to avoid
interference but compute the capacitance and tan at power frequency using software. If
interference is more in the switchyard, the balancing of the kit at highest sensitivity will be
difficult and readings may not be accurate.

9.0 MAINTENANCE/ TESTING PROCEDURE

For tan delta capacitance measurement of transformer/reactor winding, the voltage rating
of each winding under test must be considered and the test voltage selected accordingly. If
neutral bushings are involved, their voltage ratings must also be considered in selecting the test
voltage.
i) Measurement should be made between each inter winding combination (or set of three
phase winding in a 3 phased transformers) with all other windings grounded to tank (UST test
mode) or ground the other entire windings guarded (GST L GUARD test mode).
ii) For a two winding transformer, measurement should be made between each winding and
ground with the remaining windings grounded (GST L GND test mode)
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

iii) For a three winding transformer, measurement should be made between each winding
and ground with one remaining winding guarded and the second remaining winding grounded
(GST L GUARD test mode)
iv) Finally measurement should be made between all windings connected together and the
grounded tank.

The combination for C & tan measurement of winding is same as that of measurement of
IR value. The summery of probable combination is given below:

Auto- Test Shunt Test 3 winding Test

Transformer Mode Reactor Mode Transformer Mode
(Two winding)
V HV + IV to LV UST V HV to E GST HV to LV1 UST
V HV + IV to E GSTg HV to LV2 UST
LV to E GSTg LV1 to LV2 UST
HV to Ground GSTg
LV1 to Ground GSTg
LV2 to Ground GSTg
Table 1: Combination for C & tan measurement of winding for various transformers/ Shunt Reactor

 Ensure that test specimen is isolated from other equipments. Removal of Jumpers from
Bushings is Pre-Requisite for C & Tan _ Measurement of Windings.
 Position the test set at least 6 feet (180 cm) away from the test specimen to be tested.
 To prevent damage to the test set always set the capacitance multiplier dial to the
SHORT position, the capacitance measuring dials to their respective ‘O’ position.
 Keep UST-GST switch to UST position.
 Keep interference suppressor switches in OFF position.
 Connect the ground terminal of the test set to a low impedance earth ground (to Earth
mat of the substation).
• Connect control unit to the high voltage unit using two 5 feet long shielded cables. Screw
the plugs down fully on the receptacles.
• Connect the low voltage cable with red boot/sheath to the ‘CxL red terminal’ of the test set.
Make sure the connector locks to the receptacle.
• Connect the external interlock cable to the ‘Interlock terminal of the test set.
• Connect the high voltage cable with Black boot/sheath to the high voltage terminal of the
high voltage unit. Connect the pig -tail for the outer shield to the black binding post (ground)
on the high voltage unit. Screw down the plug shell fully on the receptacle.
• With the main breaker switched OFF, plug the input power card into the test set power
receptacle and into a 3 wire grounded power receptacle having the appropriate voltage rating
and current capacity.
• Each capacitor (insulation section) in a complex insulation system should be tested
separately. The determination of the characteristics of the individual components of a
complex system is valuable in detecting and locating defective insulation in the system.
Direct measurement of each component is recommended for greatest accuracy rather than
using a combination of measurements and calculations.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

DETAILED PROCEDURE:
• For ICTs (Auto-Transformers): Shorting of all three phase Bushings (400kV&220kV)
and neutral to be done. In case of single phase, 400kV, 220kV and neutral Bushings to be
shorted Capacitance and Tan δ measurement of windings should be done in following
combinations:

Test Winding Test Cap Test lead Connection Remarks

No. Combination mode Symbol
1. HV-IV/LV UST CHL HV lead of test kit to
HV/IV bushings of
transformer LV lead of test
kit to LV bushing of
transformer
2. HV-IV/ LV+G GST CHL +C HG -do-
3. HV-IV / LV GSTg C HG -do- LV to be
with Guard Guarded
4 HV-IV/LV UST CHL LV lead of test kit to
HV/IV bushings of
transformer HV lead of test
kit to LV
bushing of transformer
5 LV/ HV-IV +G GST CHL +C LG -do-
6. LV/ HV-IV GSTg C LG -do- HV to be
with Guard Guarded
Table 2:.Winding combination for C & tan S measurement for auto transformer
Measurement inter-check can be done by calculating C1= C2-C3 & C4= C5- C6
& DF1=C2DF2-C3DF3 / C2-C3= C4DF4-C5DF5 / C4-C5 Where C stands for capacitance
and DF for dissipation factor or tan 5 and attached suffix (1… 6) denotes the sr. no. of test in
above table.
• For Reactors: All 400kV and neutral Bushings to be shorted. HV of the test kit to be
connected to shorted Bushings and LV of the test kit to be connected to Earth connection.
Measure the Capacitance and tan Delta in GST mode. Neutral connection with earth/
NGR to be isolated before the test.

10.0 OPERATING PROCEDURE (TEST EQUIPMENT)

Manufacturer’s instruction manuals and appropriate test standards should be consulted for
operating procedures of C and Tanδ set as available at site.

TEST VOLTAGE

C and Tanδ measurement can be performed at any voltage within normal operating range of
the equipment under test. Test voltages for typical field test sets range from below 100 V to
as high as 12 kV, however field tests on most electrical equipment are usually performed at
rated voltage or a max. of 10 kV.

11.0 EVALUATION OF TEST VALUE WITH LIMIT

 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

A large percentage of electrical apparatus failures are due to a deteriorated condition of the
insulation. A large number of these failures can be anticipated in advance by regular
application of this test. An insulation system or apparatus should not be condemned unless
until it has been completely isolated, cleaned or serviced and measurements compensated for
temperature. Changes in the normal capacitance of an insulator indicate abnormal conditions
such as the presence of moisture, layer short circuits or open circuits in the capacitance
network.
Dissipation factor measurements can indicate the following conditions:
• Chemical deterioration due to time and temperature, including certain cases of acute
deterioration caused by localized overheating.
• Contamination by water, carbon deposits, bad oil, dirt and other chemicals.
• Severe leakage through cracks and over surfaces.
• Ionization

The interpretation of DF measurements are based on observing the difference :-

• Between measurements on the same unit after successive intervals of time.
• Between measurements on similar part of a unit, tested under the same conditions
around the same time e.g. several identical transformers or one winding of a three phase
transformer tested separately.
• Between measurements made at different test voltages on one part of a unit; an increase
in slope (tip up) of a DF vs Voltage curve at a given voltage is an indication of
ionization commencing at that voltage.
Environmental factors like variation in temperature, relative humidity, surrounding charged
objects etc. have great influence on measurement of dielectric dissipation factor. Care shall be taken
to control the above factors during measurements.

An increase of DF accompanied by a marked increase in capacitance usually indicates

excessive moisture in the insulation. Increase of DF alone may be caused by thermal
deterioration or by contamination other than water.
Low dissipation factor is indicative of problem in insulation structure and predictive aging of
insulation. But, the comparative values of tests taken at periodic intervals are useful in identifying
potential problems rather than an absolute value of tan delta. The initial reference can be drawn
from the tan delta values measured during factory testing. However, the tan delta values measured in
the field are not very accurate and deviation up to 30% from the values measured at the works
should be accepted.

Maximum values of Dissipation Factor (Tan Delta) of class A insulation e.g. paper insulation,
oil impregnated is 0.007. Rate of change of tan Delta and capacitance is very important. The rate of
change of tan 5 more than 0.001 per year needs further investigation. Capacitance value can be
within +10%, -5% in capacitance value. Comparison of test results to those for similar piece of
equipment especially those tested under the same conditions shall be done.

These tests provide a valuable index of dryness and are helpful in detecting undesirable
operating conditions and failure hazards resulting from moisture, carbonisation of insulation,
defective bushings, contamination of oil by dissolved material or conducting particles improperly
grounded or ungrounded core etc.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Effect of ambient temperature

At 20° C value of tan delta (Dissipation Factor) should not be more than 0.007. Loss factor i.e.
tan delta of insulation is sensitive to temperature variations. If tan delta measurement is carried out
at temperature other than 20° C in which case a correction factor (based on IEEE C57 Std) is
generally applied to measured values.
However correction factor (based on IEEE C57 Std) table do not apply to our
transformers as field testing undertaken by us has proved. If tan delta measurement is carried
out at temperature other than 20°C then correction factor furnished by manufacturer are to be
applied. As temperature dependence could not be achieved to bring any common factor especially
for Indian manufactured transformers, it is advised to carry out the test between 20°C to 40°C of
winding temperature hence in this range the values are almost constant and do not vary much.

1.4 WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

1.0 Purpose

Transformer winding resistance are measured in the field in order to check for any
abnormalities due to loose connections, broken strands and high contact resistance in tap
changers as a pre-commissioning checks and compare the measured values with factory test
values

2.0 Definitions

LOW Resistance: Resistance below 1 ohm

3.0 Test Schedule and frequency

Pre-commissioning activity as well as yearly preventive maintenance

4.0 Isolation required:

Ensure the isolation of Transformer from High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/disconnectors. In case tertiary is also
connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing.

5.0 Safety Reference

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under
PTW (Permit To Work).

6.0 Precautions

6.1 As the transformer resistance is Low resistance, the measurement has to be carried out with
the help of Kelvin Double Bridge / Transformer ohm meter. Normally winding resistance
values 1 ohm or above is measured using Wheatstone Bridge and winding resistance values
less than 1 ohm is measured using micro-ohm meter or Kelvin Bridge.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

6.2 To reduce the high inductive effect it is advisable to use a sufficiently high current to
saturate the core. This will reduce the time required to get a stabilized reading.

6.3 It is essential that temperatures of the windings are accurately measured.

6.4 Care shall be taken that self inductive effects are minimized.

6.5 Care also must be taken to ensure that direct current circulating in the windings has settled
down before the measurement is done. In some cases this may take several minutes
depending upon the winding inductance.

6.6 The winding resistance shall be preferably done when the difference in the top and bottom
temperature of the winding (temperature of oil in steady-state condition) is equal to or less
than 5°C.
6.7 The winding resistance should preferable be carried out last after completion of all other LV
tests, as after this test core gets saturated and tests like magnetizing current, magnetic
balance etc. carried out after winding test may be affected and indicate a misleading results,
if the core is not de-magnetized before carrying out these tests.

7.0 Testing Procedures:

7.1 The connections shall be as per Figure 2

7.2 For star connected winding with neutral brought out, the resistance shall be measured
between the line and neutral terminal and average of three sets of reading shall be the tested
value. If neutral bushing is not available on Star connected windings, take measurement
between each phase and ground (if the neutral is grounded), or take readings between pairs
of bushings as if it were a Delta connected winding. Repeat in same fashion so that proper
comparison can be made.

7.3 For star connected auto-transformers the resistance of the HV side is measured between
HV terminal and IV terminal, then between IV terminal and the neutral AT ALL TAPS. The
tap changer should be changed from contact to contact so that contact resistance can also be
checked.

7.4 For delta connected windings, such as tertiary winding of auto-transformers, measurement
shall be done between pairs of line terminals and resistance per winding shall be calculated
as per the following formula:

Resistance per winding = 1.5 x Measured value

7.5 Take the winding temperature reading while doing the resistance measurement.

7.6 Calculate the resistance at 75°C as per the following formula

R75 = Rt (235+75)/(235+t ), Where Rt = Resistance measured at winding temperature t 8.0

 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

8.0 Operating Procedure (Test Equipment)

Please refer manufacturer’s operating instructions for the instrument available at site
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

9.0 Evaluation of test results

Results are compared to other phases in Star-connected transformers or between pairs of

terminals on a Delta–connected winding to determine if a resistance is too high. Because
field measurements make it unlikely that precise temperature measurements of the winding
can be made, the expected deviation for this test in the field is 5.0 % of the factory test
value. Precision in field measurements using digital instruments (like Tr. Ohm meter) is
affected by the presence of stray fields of relatively low capacitances. Comparison of
readings with identical transformer has much more significance. As a check, Key gases
increasing in DGA will be ethane and /or ethylene and possible methane of close
connections or broken strands or OLTC contact problems.

The resistance value obtained as per 8.1 - 8.6 should be compared with the factory test value
in case of pre-commissioning and with pre-commissioning test value in case the test is being
carried out during routine maintenance.

1.5 MAGNETIZING CURRENT TEST

1.0 Purpose

Excitation/ Magnetising current test is performed to locate defect in magnetic core structure,
shifting of windings, failures in turn to turn insulation or problems in tap changers. These
conditions change the effective reluctance of the magnetic circuit thus affecting the current
required to establish flux in the core.

2.0 Definitions

Exciting/ Magnetising current: is the current required to force a given flux through the
core.

3.0 Test Schedule and frequency

Pre-commissioning / SOS activity.

4.0 Isolation required

Ensure the isolation of Transformer from High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/Disconnector. In case tertiary is also
connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing.

5.0 Safety Reference

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under
PTW (Permit To Work).

6.0 Precautions

6.1 This test should be done before DC measurements of winding resistance to reduce the effect
of residual magnetism.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

6.2 Magnetizing current readings may be effected by residual magnetism in the core Therefore,
transformer under test may be demagnetized before commencement of magnetizing current
test.

7.0 Testing Procedures

7.1 The test comprises a simple measurement of single-phase current on one side of the
transformer, usually the high-voltage side, with the other side left floating (with the
exception of a grounded neutral)

7.2 Three -phase transformers are tested by applying Single- phase 10 kV voltage to one
phase (HV terminals) at a time. Keep the tap position in the lowest position and IV and LV
terminals open.

7.3 Measure the voltages applied on each phase (Phase wise) on HV terminals and current in
each phase of HV terminal.
7.4 After completion of the above steps keep the tap position in Normal position and repeat the
steps 7.2 to 7.3

7.5 After completion of the above steps keep the tap position in Highest position and repeat the
steps 7.2 to 7.3

7.6 Keep the tap position in normal position and keep HV and LV terminals open.

7.7 Apply 1phase 10kV supply on IV terminals.

7.8 Measure phase to phase voltage between the IV terminals and current on each of the IV
terminals.

8.0 Operating Procedure (Test Equipment)

Please refer manufacturer’s Operating Instructions for the C and Tan δ kit available at site. The
instrumentation should, whenever possible, exclude from the measurement the capacitive currents
between the excited winding and other windings, the core, or the tank.

9.0 Evaluation of test results

9.1 The set of reading for current measurement in each of the tap position should be equal.
Unequal currents shall indicate possible short circuits in winding.

9.2 Results between similar single-phase units should not vary more than 10 % .The test values
on the outside legs should be within 15 % of each other, and values for the centre leg should
not be more than either outside for a three-phase transformers. Results compared to previous
tests made under the same conditions should not vary more than 25%. If the measured
exciting current value is 50 times higher than the value measured during pre-commissioning
checks, then there is likelihood of a fault in the winding which needs further analysis. The
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

comparison of the test values of healthy condition with the faulty condition shall help in
pinpointing the trouble spots.

9.3 If an out-of-tolerance reading is experienced while turns ratio, winding resistance, and
impedance tests are normal, residual magnetism should be suspected Residual magnetism
may be eliminated or reduced by applying a dc voltage to the windings through a voltage
divider. The voltage should be raised from zero to a max. value that will yield a current of
no more than 10 A through the winding and then returned to zero. Care must be taken not to
break the circuit while dc current is flowing in the winding. The polarity should then be
reversed and the procedure repeated. Repeat the process several times, each time reducing
the magnitude of current and each time reversing the polarity. The excitation current test
should then be repeated.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

1.7 FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS (FRA) MEASUREMENT

1.0 Purpose

Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) is made to assess the mechanical integrity of the
transformer. Transformers while experiencing severity of short circuit current looses its
mechanical property by way of deformation of the winding or core. These changes cannot be
detected through conventional condition monitoring techniques such as Dissolved Gas Analysis,
Winding Resistance Measurement, Capacitance and Tan delta measurement etc. Sometimes
even transportation without proper precaution may cause some internal mechanical damages.
FRA measurement, which is signature analysis, provides vital information of the internal
condition of the equipment so that early corrective action could be initiated.

2.0 Test Principle and Measurement

Short circuit forces can cause winding movement and changes in winding inductance or
capacitance in Power Transformers. Recording the frequency response with these changes gives
information regarding the internal condition of the equipment. Frequency Response Analysis
(FRA) has proved to be an effective tool to detect such changes.

Sinusoidal signal output of approximately 2 V rms from the Frequency

Response Analyzer is applied and one measuring input (R1) is connected to the end of a
winding and the other measuring input (T1) is connected to the other end of the winding.
The voltage is applied and measured with respect to the earthed transformer tank. The voltage
transfer function T1/R1 is measured for each winding for five standard frequency scans from 5
Hz to 10 MHz and amplitude & phase shift results are recorded. While the low frequency
analysis reveals the winding movements, the high frequency analysis reveals the condition of
joints.

It is ensured that winding which is not under test is terminated in open condition in order to
avoid response difference among the three phases. The same procedure is followed on
subsequent tests on the same or similar transformer, to ensure that measurements are entirely
repeatable.

The voltage transfer function T1/R1 is measured for each winding for four standard frequency
scans from 5 Hz to 2 MHZ and amplitude & phase shift results are recorded for subsequent
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

analysis
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

3.0 Analysis of Measured Frequency Responses

Interpretation of the test results is based on subjective comparison of FRA responses taken at
different intervals. If changes are observed in the later FRA spectrum with respect to the
reference FRA spectrum, it is left to the experience of the analyst for quantitative condition
assessment of the transformer. However, one should check for any significant shift in the
resonance frequencies and emergence of new resonant frequencies in the later FRA response,
which could be the result of any mechanical deformation in the transformer winding. As FRA is
signature analysis, data of signature of the equipment when in healthy condition is required for
proper analysis. Signatures could also be compared with unit of same internal design or with
other phases of the same unit. Normally measured responses are analysed for any of the
following:
• Changes in the response of the winding with earlier signature.
• Variation in the responses of the three phases of the same transformer.
• Variation in the responses of transformers of the same design.
In all the above cases the appearance of new features or major frequency shifts are causes for
concern. The phase responses are also being recorded but normally it is sufficient to consider
only amplitude responses.

As per EuroDoble Client Committee, the traces in general will change shape and be distorted
in the low frequency range (below 5 KHz) if there is a core problem. The traces will be distorted
and change shape in higher frequencies (above 10 KHz), if there is winding problem. Changes
of less than 3 decibels (dB) compared to baseline traces are normal and within tolerances. In
general, changes of +/- 3 dB (or more) in following frequency range may indicate following
faults:

Frequency Range Probable Fault

5 Hz to 2 KHz Shorted turns, open circuit, residual magnetism or core
movement
50 Hz to 20 KHz Bulk movement of windings relative to each other
500 Hz to 2 MHz Deformation within a winding
25 Hz to 10 MHz Problems with winding leads and/or test lead
placement
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

1.8 TESTS ON BUSHING CURRENT TRANSFORMER

INSTALLED IN TURRET OF TRANSFORMER
PURPOSE
These tests are carried out to ascertain the healthiness of bushing current transformer at the time of
erection and in service.

Test Schedule and Frequency: As per document.

Isolation required:
Ensure the isolation of Transformer from High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical inspection of
open condition of the concerned isolators/Disconnector. In case tertiary is also connected, ensure the
isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing. The secondary circuits of the CTs may be
disconnected in the Relay panels in control room.

SAFETY REFERENCE:
This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under PTW
(Permit To Work).

Testing Instruments:
Transformer turns ratio meter High resistance measuring Ohm meter with required accessories &
Cables 5 kV motorized Mega ohm meter (megger) with associated accessories & cables.

TESTING PROCEDURE:

1. POLARITY CHECK

The lead polarity of any transformer CT/PT) is a designation of the relative instantaneous direction of
currents in its leads. Primary and secondary leads are said to have the same polarity when at a given
instant the current enters the primary lead in question and leaves the secondary lead in question in the
same direction as though two leads formed a continuous circuit.

The polarity check can be done by inductive kick with direct current method. In this test, a 6-10 V
battery pack is connected momentarily to the primary P1-P2 of bushing CT under test and the
momentarily deflection of pointer of voltmeter (Zero centre) or analog multimeter in dc m.Amp
selection is connected to secondary is noted. If the connections are made as shown in the diagram then
the deflection will be upscale when the battery is connected and downscale when the battery is
disconnected, if the polarity is in accordance with the terminal marking. This test is also valid with the
battery applied to secondary and the meter connected to primary. Use of mA or mV meter may be
made.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Precautions:
i. If a bushing CT installed in a power transformer is being tested by connecting the battery
to the power transformer terminals, the other windings on the same phase of the power
transformer may have to sort0 circuited in order to obtain a stable reading.
ii. It is advisable to demagnetise any CT that is tested by impressing DC voltage across a
winding.
iii. A dangerous voltage may be generated while disconnecting the battery from the
transformer winding. Therefore, a knife switch is not used, a hot stick or rubber gloves
must be used for connecting and disconnecting the battery.

2. RATIO TEST:
A suitable voltage, below saturation, is applied to the secondary (full winding) and the primary voltage
is read with a high impedance (20 000 Ρ/V or greater) low range voltmeter as shown in the diagram
below:

The turns ratio is approx. equal to the voltage ratio. Saturation level is usually about 1 V per turn in
most low- and medium- ratio bushing CTs. At the same time, the overall ratio is being determined, the
tap section ratio may be checked with a voltmeter by comparing tap section voltage with the impressed
voltage across the full winding. An ammeter is included in the recommended test method as a means of
detecting excessive excitation current.

3. EXCITATION TESTS:

These tests are carried out during pre-commissioning stage to check if any turns of CT are short-
circuited and to establish CT characteristics as well as capability of CT. Excitation tests is made on CTs
for comparison with factory test results or previously measured data to determine if deviations are
present.

To perform the test, an AC test voltage is applied to the secondary winding with the primary open
circuited as shown in the diagram:

The test voltage applied to the secondary of the current transformer is varied, and the current drawn by
the winding at each selected value of voltage is recorded. Readings near the knee of the excitation curve
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

are especially important in plotting a comparison curve. For current transformers with taps, the
secondary tap should be selected to assure that the current transformer can be saturated with the test
equipment available. The highest tap which can accommodate that requirement should be used.

The selection of instruments is especially important for this test. The ammeter should be an rms
instrument. The voltmeter should be an average reading voltmeter. It should be calibrated to give the
same numerical indication as an rms voltmeter on sine wave voltage.

Any substantial deviation of the excitation curve for the current transformer under test from curves of
similar transformers or manufacturer’s data should be investigated. Deviation from expected results
may indicate a turn-to-turn short circuit, distortion of test supply voltage waveform, or the presence of a
completed conducting path around the current transformer core.

4. INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTS:

Insulation resistance between CT secondary and ground is usually checked by the use of conventional
test instruments. The neutral ground must be removed and the CT preferably isolated from its burden
for this test. Actually, the neutral can be used to test all three phases simultaneously.

Meggering core by core (to ground) keeping other cores temporarily grounded. It should be done by
500 V megger for 1 min.

The IR value should be compared with those of similar devices or circuits. Readings lower than those
known to be good should be carefully investigated. The generally accepted min. IR value is 1 MQ. One
of the most common reasons for low readings is the presence of moisture. Drying out the equipment
and retesting should be considered before it is dismantled.

Precaution:

If relays are left connected to the CT during test, the relay manufacturer should be consulted before test
values above 500 V are used. Many solid-state relay designs have surge-suppression capacitors
connected from input terminals to ground which may be damaged by use of a higher voltage.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

3.1 VECTOR GROUP AND POLARITY

2.0 Purpose

To determine the phase relationship and polarity of transformers. Transformer winding ratio,
vector group and polarity should be checked before energizing the transformer for the first time
on site.

Polarity of a transformer is determined by the internal connections and is indicated by the name
plate markings. Polarity is of interest if the transformer is to be connected in parallel with one or
more other similar transformers

3.0 Definitions

Nil

4.0 Test Schedule and frequency

Pre-commissioning activity.

5.0 Isolation required

Ensure the isolation of Transformer from High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/disconnectors. In case tertiary is also
connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing.

6.0 Safety Reference

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under
PTW (Permit To Work).

7.0 Precautions:

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under
PTW (Permit To Work). Ensure the isolation of Transformer for High Voltage & Low voltage
side with physical inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/ disconnectors. In
case tertiary is also connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of
testing

8.0 Testing Procedures:

8.1 The test shall be conducted with three phase supply (415V, 3 phase supply) and
voltmeters.

8.2 By the measured voltage data it should ensure that the desired conditions of vector group and
polarity are fulfilled.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

8.3 Example for D Y1

CONNECT 1U to 2U
MEASURE 1W-2V, 1W-2W, 1U-2W, 1V-2V, 1V-2W
VOLTAGE RELATION
1W-2V= 1W-2W
1W-2V< 1U-1W
1V-2V<1V-2W
1V-2V <1U-1W

8.4 Example for Y D11

CONNECT 1U to 2U
MEASURE 1W-2V, 1W-2W, 1U-2W, 1V-2V, 1V-2W
VOLTAGE RELATION
1W-2W = 1V-2W
1W-2U > 1V-2U
1U-N=1U-2W+2W-N

Fig 1: For HV-Star / LV-Delta Transformer

8.5 For other combinations please refer the connection diagram for verifying the vector group
as given in next page.
Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

3.2 MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST

2.0 Purpose

This test is conducted only in three phase transformers to check the imbalance in the
magnetic circuit

3.0 Definitions Nil

4.0 Test Schedule and frequency

Pre-commissioning activity.

5.0 Isolation required:

5.1 Disconnect transformer neutral from ground

6.0 Safety Reference

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under
PTW (Permit To Work).

7.0 Precautions

7.1 No winding terminal should be grounded; otherwise results would be erratic and confusing.

8.0 Testing Procedures

8.1 Keep the tap in nominal tap position

8.2 Disconnect transformer neutral from ground

8.3 Apply single phase 230 V across one phase of Highest Voltage (HV) winding terminal and
neutral (call it v1) then measure voltage in other two HV terminals across neutral (call them v2
and v3 respectively). Repeat the test for each of the three phases.

8.4 Repeat the above test for Intermediate Voltage (IV) winding also

9.0 Operating Procedure (Test Equipment)

Not applicable

10.0 Evaluation of test results

10.1 From the measurement carried out as per 8.3 ensure that v1 ~= v2 + v3 respectively.

10.2 Zero voltage or very negligible voltage induced in other two windings should be investigated.

10.3 Also the applied voltage may be expressed as 100 % and the induced voltages as percentage of
applied voltage. This will help in comparison of two results when applied voltages are different.
The voltage induced in the centre phase shall be 50 to 90% of the applied voltage. However,
when the centre phase is excited then the voltage induced in the outer phases shall be 30 to 70%
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

of the applied voltage.

 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

3.4 VOLTAGE RATIO TEST

2.0 Purpose

To determine the turns ratio of transformers

3.0 Definitions

Turns Ratio: The Turns Ratio of a transformer is the ratio of the number of turns in a higher
voltage winding to that in a lower voltage winding.

4.0 Test Schedule and frequency

Pre-commissioning activity

5.0 Isolation required

Ensure the isolation of Transformer from High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/disconnectors. In case tertiary is also
connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing.

6.0 Safety Reference

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under
PTW (Permit To Work).

7.0 Precautions

7.1 The voltage should be applied only in the High voltage winding in order to avoid
unsafe voltage.

8.0 Testing Procedures

8.1 Keep the tap position in the lowest position and IV and LV terminals open.

8.2 Apply 3 phase 415 V or single phase 230 V supply according to transformer type on
HV terminals.

8.3 Measure the voltages applied on each phase (Phase-Phase) on HV and IV terminals
simultaneously.

Repeat Steps 8.2 and 8.3 for each of the tap position separately.

8.5 Repeat the steps 8.1 to 8.4 after interchanging the voltmeters of HV and IV windings and then
average the readings for final calculation of ratio.

8.6 The above tests can also be performed by Transformer turns ratio (TTR) meter available in
convenient portable form. They have a hand crank power supply, with the voltages commonly
used being very low, such as 8-10 V and 50-60 Hz, so that the test may be performed on a
transformer even when the oil is removed. Two windings on one phase of a transformer are
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

connected to the instrument, and the internal bridge elements are varied to produce a null
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

indication on the detector, with exciting current also being measured in most cases.

9.0 Operating Procedure (Test Equipment)

Please refer manufacturer’s operating instructions for the instrument available at site

10.0 Evaluation of test results

10.1 Results of the transformation turns or voltage ratio are absolute, and may be compared with the
specified values measured during factory testing. The turns ratio tolerance should be within 0.5
% of the nameplate specifications. For three phase Y connected winding this tolerance applies
to phase to neutral voltage. If the phase-to-neutral voltage is not explicitly indicated in the
nameplate, then the rated phase-to-neutral voltage should be calculated by dividing the phase-
to-phase voltage by √3.

10.2 If there are shorted winding turns, the measured ratio will be effected. Out-of -tolerance ratio
measurements may be symptomatic of shorted turns, especially if there is an associated high
excitation current. Out-of -tolerance readings should be compared with prior tests because in
some instances, the design turns ratio may vary from the nameplate voltage ratio on some taps
because of the need to utilise an incremental number of winding turns to make up the taps while
nameplate voltage increments may not exactly correspond. This error may combine with
measurement error to give a misleading out-of-tolerance reading.

10.3 Ratio measurements must be made on all taps to confirm the proper alignment and operation of
the tap changers. It should be noted that, on transformers with OLTC that operate on positions
bridging two tap contacts (Check the nameplate chart for tap connections), there will be a
circulating current in the tap section being bridged. This circulating current is limited in some
manner, usually by a reactor or resistance device. The losses due to this circulating current will
cause an increase in exciting current and some voltage regulation. It is therefore important to
have prior data with the measurement system employed to properly analyse these transformers.
Open turns in the excited winding will be indicated very low exciting current and no output
voltage. Open turns in the output winding will be indicated by normal levels of exciting current,
but no or very low levels of unstable output voltage.

10.4 Open turns in the excited winding will be indicated very low exciting current and no output
voltage. Open turns in the output winding will be indicated by normal levels of exciting current,
but no or very low levels of unstable output voltage.

10.5 The turns ratio test also detects high-resistance connections in the lead circuitry or high contact
resistance in tap changers by higher excitation current and a difficulty in balancing the bridge.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

3.5 MEASUREMENT OF SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE

1.0 Purpose

To find out the short circuit impedance (%Z) of transformer and can be compared with name
plate reading or factory test results. This test is used to detect winding movement that usually
occurs due to heavy fault current or mechanical damage during transportation or installation
since dispatch from the factory.

2.0 Test Schedule and frequency

Pre-commissioning activity and after tripping.

3.0 Isolation required

Ensure the isolation of Transformer from High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/Disconnector. In case tertiary is also
connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing.

4.0 Testing Method

The measurement is performed in single phase mode. This test is performed for the combination
of two winding. The one of the winding is short circuited and voltage is applied to other
winding. The voltage and current reading are noted.

The test shall be conducted with variac of 0-280 V, 10 A, precision RMS voltmeter and
ammeter. The conductors used for short-circuiting one of the transformer windings should have
low impedance (less than 1m-ohm) and short length. The contacts should be clean and tight.

5.0 Evaluation of test result

The acceptable criteria should be the measured impedance voltage having agreement to within 3
percent of impedance specified in rating and diagram nameplate of the transformer. Variation in
impedance voltage of more than 3% should be considered significant and further investigated.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

3.6 OLTC CHECKS

Operational checks and Inspection / maintenance of Resistance-Type and Reactance -Type Load Tap
Changing Equipment (Arcing Type) Mounted in Separate Compartment

PURPOSE

ON-LOAD TAP CHANGERS (OLTCs) are designed to be operated while the transformer is energised.
OLTCs may be located in either the high voltage winding or the low voltage winding, depending on the
requirements of the user, the cost effectiveness of the application and tap changer availability. OLTC
being a current interrupting device requires periodic inspection and maintenance. The frequency of
inspections is based on time in service, range of use and number of operations.

DEFINITIONS:

ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER (OLTC):

A device for changing the tapping-connections of a winding, suitable for operation whilst the
transformer is energized or on load. Generally, it consists of a diverter switch with a transition
impedance and a tap selector which can be with or without a change-over selector, the whole being
operated by the transition impedance. In some forms of tap-changers, the functions of the diverter
switch and the tap selector are combined in a selector switch.

Diverter Switch
A switching device used in conjunction with a tap selector to carry, make and break currents in circuits
which have already been selected. Diverter switch of spring-operated type include an independent
means of storing energy for their operation.

Tap Selector
A device designed to carry, but not to make or break, current, used in conjunction with a diverter
switch, to select tapping connections.

Selector Switch.
A switching device capable of making, carrying and breaking current, combining the duties of a tap-
selector and a diverter switch.

Change-over selector
A device designed to carry, but not to make or break, current, used in conjunction with a tap selector or
selector switch to enable its contacts, and the connected tapping, to be used more than once when
moving from one extreme position to the other.

Transition impedance
A resistor or reactor consisting of one or more units bridging the tapping next to be used, for the
purpose of transferring load from one tapping to the other without interruption or appreciable change in
the load current, at the same time limiting the circulating current for the period that both tapping are
used.

Driving mechanism
The means by which the drive to the tap-changer is actuated.

Motor-drive mechanism
A driving mechanism as defined above which incorporates an electric motor and control circuit.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Step-by-step control
Electrical and mechanical devices stopping the motor-drive mechanism after completion of a tap-
change, independently of the operating sequence of the control switch.

Tap position indicator

An electrical and / or mechanical device for indicating the tap position of the tap changer.

Tap-change in progress indication

A device indicating that the motor-drive mechanism is running.

Limit switches
Electro-mechanical devices preventing operation of the tap-changer beyond either end position, but
allowing operation towards the opposite direction.

Operation counter
A device indicating the number of tap changes accomplished.

Manual operation of motor-drive mechanism

Operation of the tap-changer manually by a mechanical device, blocking at the same time operation by
the electric motor.

TEST SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY:

Operational checks: Every year
Inspection and maintenance: Once in 3 years or 50,000 operations whichever is earlier

ISOLATION REQUIRED:
The maintenance is carried out on full shut down of the transformer where both the side breakers &
Isolators are opened and necessary earthing is done. All protections for the transformer are kept out by
switching off the DC supply. The transformer bushings are connected to earth as an additional
precaution.

SAFETY REFERENCE:
This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under PTW
(Permit To Work).

PRECAUTIONS:

This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done under PTW
(Permit To Work). Ensure the isolation of Transformer for High Voltage & Low voltage side with
physical inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/ Disconnector. In case tertiary is also
connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

PROCEDURES:

A. OPERATIONAL CHECKS ON OLTCs

Tap changer Hand Operation

Check hand operation of the tap changer up and down the full range before electrical operation is
attempted and that the handle interlock switch will not allow electrical operation while the handle is
inserted. In addition where single phase tap changers are employed check their tap positions agree and
are reached simultaneously at motor drive unit head. Continuity check should be done for any
discontinuity during tap changing operation by connecting an analogue multi meter across HV& IV
bushing and change the tap positions from maximum to minimum.

Maintaining Circuit

Check the maintaining circuit for correct sequence by hand winding unit half way through a tap and
then remove the handle. Energise the drive motor and ensure that the motor continues to drive the tap
changer in the same direction.

Limit Switches

Check the operation of the limit switches at both ends of the range.

Drive Motor
With the tap changer in mid position check the direction of rotation and measure the start and running
currents in both the raise and lower mode of operation and record their values. Set the motor overload
to 10% above running current.

Raise and Lower Control

Step by step relay operation:

Tap changer moves one tap at a time by pushing R or L push button.

Out of Step Relay

Move one tap changer in the three phase bank to be one position out of step with other two. Check the
tap changer faulty alarm is activated. Repeat for other two phases. Firstly, check the satisfactory
operation of the local/remote switch. By local control, raise and lower the tap changer over its full
operational range. Repeat the above using the remote raise and lowering facility over the full range.
Check that either the local and remote switches cannot operate the tap changer when it is in the other
mode and vice versa. Hold the raise and lower push buttons in following a tap change to ensure it only
moves one tap at a time hence checking the step by step relay.

Tap Change Position Indicator

Check accurate indication of mechanical position indicator in all positions. Also check the remove
instrument operates in the same sequence to the same accuracy. Without remote instrument connected
operate the tap changer and measure the output from each binary coded matrix.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Tap Change Incomplete Alarm

Check the operation of the tap changer incomplete alarm, including the flag relay, by winding the unit
by hand half way through a tap change and monitoring their correct operation and time to operate.

Operation Counter

Check the tap changer counter operates correctly and record reading

Remote Indication

Check the remote indication and control facility is proved to the outgoing terminals of the marshalling
kiosk.

Tap changer (Surge) Protective Relay

Check the tripping function of the relay. Open the cover and press button “Trip”. Check that all circuit
breakers of transformer operate properly. Press push Button “Reset” close the cover and tighten it.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

2. TAN DELTA CAPACITANCE MEASURMENT OF CT/CVT

1. TEST NAME - Capacitance and Tan delta measurement for:
• Current Transformers (CTs)
• Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVTs)
2. PURPOSE
To measure dissipation factor/loss factor (Tan delta) and Capacitance measurement of EHV class CTs, CVTs and Voltage
Grading Capacitors by applying test voltages upto 10kV The purpose of the dissipation factor measurement of high voltage
insulation is to detect incipient weaknesses in HV insulation.
The most important benefit to be gained from this measurement is to obtain a “benchmark reference reading” on costly
and high voltage equipment when the equipment is new and insulation is clean, dry and free from impurities. Later readings
taken during service can be compared with the “benchmark reference”.

3. DEFINITION
Dissipation
Factor
Dissipation factor/loss factor (Tan delta) is defined as the ratio of resistive component(I r ) of current to that of capacitive current
(I c ) flowing in an insulating material.
Power Factor
Power factor is the ratio of resistive current to that of total current. For very low
value of resistive currents, values of dissipation factor and power factor are same
(upto 2%).
Tan delta = Ir / Ic
Capacitance C = eA/ d, where e = permittivity, A = Area and d = distance
between Capacitance electrode/ terminals

High Voltage Terminal

The terminal to be connected to the power line.
UST
Test set connected for Ungrounded Specimen Test mode. This is used when specimen is isolated from earth
e.g. Transformer bushing, CTs with test tap, CVTs and CB voltage grading capacitors. The test mode is often used to reduce the
effect of stray capacitance losses to ground, and to reduce the effect of interference pickup from energized apparatus.
GST
Test set connected for grounded specimen test mode. This is used when specimen do not have two specific points (isolated from
ground) for Tan delta measurement e.g. Transformer/Reactor winding, CTs without test tap etc.
GSTg
This test is used to separate the total values of a GST test into separate parts for better analysis. Often this
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

test is used with GST test to confirm the test readings made using the UST mode.

4. ABBREVIATIONS
PTW : PERMIT TO WORK
EHV : EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
HF TERMINAL : HIGH FREQUENCY TERMINAL AC
: ALTERNATING CURRENT
UST : UNGROUNDED SPECIMEN TEST MODE
GST : GROUNDED SPECIMEN TEST MODE

5. TESTING SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY

As per the Maintenance Schedule.

6. TEST EQUIPMENT
10 kV Capacitance and Tan Delta test set having normal and reverse mode of operation as well as Interference Suppression
Units.

7. ISOLATION
REQUIRED CTs
a) Open jumper from HV terminal of CT (not provided with test tap) and line CTs.
b) Test tap of CT should be disconnected from ground.
Circuit Breakers
c) CB should be in open condition with isolators on both the sides should also be in open
condition.
CVTs
d) Open jumper from HV terminal of line/bus CVTs.
e) Remove earth connection/earth from neutral point/bushing of EMU tank.
8. PRECAUTIONS
a) Ensure that PTW is taken as per norms.
b) There should be no joints in testing cables.
c) HV lead should be double shielded / screened. Both the shields should not get shorted otherwise tests in
GST/GSTg modes, shall not be possible. Check the same by Insulation Tester(100V)
d) Test leads should not touch any live part.
e) Never connect the test set to energized equipment.
f) The ground cable must be connected first and removed at last
g) High voltage plugs should be free from moisture during installation and operation.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

h) It should be ensured that whole testing equipment along with Operation Manual of the kit testing
procedures are available at testing site. Testing must be carried out in presence of testing personnel
only.

i) After testing with high voltage (10 kV), test terminals must be grounded before being touched by any
personnel.
Note: Before carrying out the measurement, the insulator petticoats of CTs/CVTs/Grading Capacitor should be cleaned
from moisture, sand, dust particles or salt deposition etc. otherwise measured values shall not be accurate.
Test tap of CTs/ Earth connection of CVTs should be re-connected to ground after the test.
9. TESTING PROCEDURE:
Typical arrangement for Tan delta measurement is given

A) CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
a) CT’s with test taps:
1. Tan delta tap should be disconnected from ground.
2. High voltage lead from tan delta kit should be connected to primary(HV) Terminal and LV lead should be
connected to the Tan delta test tap.
3. Before applying HV, interference is to be nullified using Interference suppression unit (ISU).
4. Measurements have to be taken in UST – Mode.
5. Standard procedure(as specified by kit supplier) for measuring Capacitance and Tan delta in charged
switchyard/induced voltage conditions should be followed for measurement of Capacitance and Tan delta values.
6. Measurement to be carried out at 2kV and then at 10kV.
7. Carry out the measurements in main and reverse mode/polarity and then compute the average value.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

b) CT’s without test tap:

1. Jumpers are to be opened before carrying out measurements.
2. High voltage lead from tan delta kit should be connected to primary (HV) Terminal and LV lead should be
connected to the CT tank/ground/earth.

3. Before applying HV, interference is to be nullified using Interference suppression unit(ISU).

4. Measurements have to be taken in GST – Mode.
5. Standard procedure (as specified by kit supplier) for measuring capacitance and tan delta in charged
switchyard/ induced voltage conditions should be followed.
6. Measurement to be carried out at 2kV and then at 10kV.
7. Carry out the measurements in main and reverse mode/polarity and then compute the average value.
B) CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMES
1. Testing Procedure for Top and Middle Stacks:
(a) Apply 10 kV between flanges of Top/Middle stacks (whichever is being tested).
(b) Carry out measurements in UST mode at 10,0 kV.
2. Testing Procedure for Bottom Stack connected to EMU PT.
(a) Connect HV of the test kit at the top flange of bottom stack and LV of the test kit to the EMU
Tank/Ground. HF point to be grounded. Earth connection of neutral of the PT to be opened/isolated from
ground.
(b) Top of CVT to be guarded.
(c) Carry out measurements in GSTg mode at 10.0 kV.
(d) Repeat the Test with neutral of PT connected to ground.
(e) In case Tan delta value is negative or iritic, only capacitance values are to be monitored.
3. Standard procedure (as specified by kit supplier) for measuring capacitance and tan delta in charged
switchyard/ induced voltage conditions should be followed.
4. Carry out the measurements in main and reverse mode/polarity and then compute the average value.

10. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

(A) Factors affecting the Measurement
Significance of Temperature
Insulation measurements have to be interpreted based on the temperature of the specimen. The dielectric losses of most
insulation increases with temperature. A rise in temperature causes a rise in dielectric loss which in turn causes a further
rise in temperature etc.
The change in Tan delta value w.r.t. temperature depends on moisture content in paper insulation. The moisture content in
insulation depends on moisture entry and also ageing pattern of the Equipment. Hence, rate of change of Tan delta w.r.t.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

temperature even for a particular make / type shall be different. Hence, no standardized temperature correction factors can be
used for practical purpose.
Significance of Humidity
The exposed surface of the CT/CVT Insulators bushings may under adverse humidity conditions, acquire a deposit of surface
moisture which can have a significant effect on surface losses and consequently on the results. Dielectric strength of insulation
decreases with increase in moisture content. Surface leakage errors can be minimize if dissipation factor measurements are
made under conditions where the weather is clear and sunny and where the relative humidity does not exceed 80%.
Surface Leakage
Any leakage over the insulation surfaces of the specimen will be add to the losses in the insulation and may give false impression
of the condition of the test specimen. Surfaces of insulators should be clean and dry when making a measurement. CTs
provided with power factor test tap, the effect of leakage current over the surface of porcelain bushings may be eliminated by
measuring in UST mode.
Electrostatic Interference
When tests are conduct in energized Substations, the readings may be influence by electrostatic interference currents
resulting from the capacitive coupling between energized lines and the specimen. Jumpers connected need to be open while
carrying out the measurement in GST and GSTg modes to avoid effect of high interference. In EHV Substation, the effect of
electrostatic interference currents can also be cancel by using the interference suppression circuit. Measurements are to be taken
in Normal and Reverse polarity to cancel any residual interference currents.
Negative Tan delta
In isolated case, negative tan delta is record in measurement of dielectric specimen of low capacitance. This condition most likely
arises when making UST and GSTg measurements on specimen, which have capacitance of a few hundred Pico-farads such
as bushings, Circuit breaker grading capacitors. Sometimes Tan delta of CVTs may give negative values. This may be due to the
tan delta value of the EMU transformer winding being higher.
(B) Interpretation of test results
Main reason for increase of tan delta value is because of presence of inherent air voids which are created during manufacturing
process. In course of application of high voltage, these voids are ionized which result in deterioration of insulating properties of
the insulation. Increase in the value of tan delta will indicate the following conditions:

a) Chemical deterioration due to age and temperature, including certain cases of acute deterioration caused
by localized overheating.
b) Contamination by water, carbon deposits, bad oil, dirt and other chemicals.
c) Severe leakage through cracks and surfaces.
d) Ionization.
Adverse effect of moisture in Paper insulation
Dielectric strength of insulation decreases with increase in moisture content. And also, moisture in cellulose insulation can lead to
bubble formation under high load conditions. Moisture accelerates the ageing of paper insulation. If moisture content in paper
insulation increases from 1% to about 2%, it will lead to increase in ageing of the insulation by almost two times.
At high temperature, moisture is pushed out of the paper insulation into the oil. As insulation cools down, water begins
to migrate slowly from the oil into the paper. The time for the temperature drop in the oil may be much quicker than the water
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

can return to the cellulosic insulation. Hence depending upon these conditions, dissipation factor also changes.
Monitoring of dissipation factor/capacitance value
A large number of equipment insulation failures can be anticipated in advance by carrying out testing of Tan delta/dissipation
factor and capacitance measurement. Changes in the value of capacitance indicate abnormal conditions such as presence of
moisture, layer short circuits or open circuits in the capacitor elements of CVT stacks.
An increase in only tan delta value (not appreciable change in capacitance value) indicates deterioration of cellulosic
insulation whereas increase in both tan delta and capacitance values indicates entry of moisture in the insulation.
Effect of ambient temperature
If tan delta measurement is carried out at Ambient other than 20ºC, then there is likely hood that the values may vary since tan
delta values are temperature sensitive. In absence of temperature correction factors, effort should be made to carry out this
measurement at 20 to 40 °C. Correction factors may not be applicable for all make/types of equipments and hence may not be
applied. However, it is must to record the ambient temperature while carrying out the measurement for future references.
Effect of system frequency
Tan delta values are also affected by system frequency since capacitive current is directly proportional to system frequency. If tan
delta kit is not provided with device which produces output voltage of constant frequency, then it is essential to record the system
frequency at the time of carrying out these tests.
11. Duration of Testing: Two hrs. Per Equipment (Average)
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

3. INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASURMENT CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

1. EQUIPMENT AND TEST NAME

Insulation resistance measurement for EHV class current transformers
2. PURPOSE
IR measurement of 400 & 220 kV Current Transformer between HV (Primary) Winding and Test tap (for CTs having test
taps) and between HV and Earth (for CTs not having test taps).
3. DEFINITION
Insulation Resistance: is defined as ratio of applied voltage (DC) to total leakage current (capacitive, absorption
and conduction currents).
4 ABBREVIATION:
PTW: PERMIT TO WORK
EHV: EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
HF TERMINAL: HIGH FREQUENCY TERMINAL
AC: ALTERNATING CURRENT

5. TESTING SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY

As per Maintenance Schedule

6. TEST EQUIPMENT
5 kV Motorized Megger and associated accessories like test leads etc.

7. ISOLATION REQUIRED
a) CB should be in open position.
b) Isolators from both sides of CT should be in open position.
c) Earth switch should be open at the time of IR measurement.
8. PRECAUTIONS
a) Ensure that PTW is taken as per norms.
b) There should be no joints in testing cables.
c) Test leads should not touch any live part.
d) Megger body should be earthed (if separate terminal is provided).
e) Surface/terminals should be cleaned.
f) IR measurement should be carried out preferably in dry and sunny weather.
g) Never connect the test set to energized equipment.
h) The ground terminal must be connected first and removed at last.
i) High voltage plugs should be free from moisture during installation and operation.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

j) If oil traces are found on the surface of CT, the same should be cleaned by Methyl Alcohol only. Petrol
or diesel should never be used.

k) It should be ensured that whole testing equipment along with testing procedures are available at testing
site. Testing must be carried out in presence of testing engineer only.
l) After testing with high voltage, test terminals must be grounded before being touched by any
personnel.
m) Test leads should be properly screened/ shielded.
9. TESTING PROCEDURE
Connect the Megger as per figure given below. Connect the HV terminal to the Primary terminal of CT by using crocodile
clip for firm grip.

Carry out the measurement as per standard procedure given by the kit supplier. Note down the values as per format.
A test voltage as specified is applied as per the above connections and successive readings are taken. Values of IR should be
recorded after 15 seconds, 60 seconds and 600 seconds. Ambient temperature and weather conditions are to be recorded.
10. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS
Changes in the normal IR value of CT indicate abnormal conditions such as presence of moisture, dirt, dust, crack in insulator of
CT and degradation of insulation. Changes in IR value of CT are also based on the weather conditions. It is advised to carry
out IR measurement during sunny & dry weather preferably. Insulation Resistance changes with deterioration in insulating
properties. Absolute value of IR is important to monitor but the rate of change is equally important.

Analysis of IR values
If readings of IR increase with time, the insulation is good. However, if readings remain same over the time span, insulation is
contaminated. This is due to the fact that charging current and absorption currents subside with time and only conduction current
remains. This indicates that total current taken by insulation changes with time. However, if there is no appreciable change in
the total current drawn by the insulation, it is an indication of domination of conduction current over charging and
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

absorption currents. The different currents involved in IR measurement are given below:
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

a) Charging Current
Due to the application of Voltage to a Capacitance, it gets charge to the applied voltage. The length of time it would take to
charge the capacitance would vary according to the magnitude of the capacitance and the resistance of the voltage source.
b) Dielectric Absorption Current
When capacitor is insulated with material other than vacuum or air, the current that flows when a direct voltage is applied is
no longer the charging current alone. The additional current is known as dielectric absorption current. This current is due to
the presence of polar molecules in the insulation system.
c) Conduction current
When a direct voltage is applied to a capacitor, the steady state value of the current is known as the conduction current.
This is if one waits until the dielectric absorption current has decayed to zero, the remaining current is the conduction
current. Conduction current is directly affected by temperature, humidity, contaminants and voltage stress. In solid insulating
materials which have absorbed moisture, there will be a non-linear large increase of the conduction current for increase in
the voltage stress. This is known as the EVERSHED affect.
IR value after 60 seconds
1. Dielectric absorption ratio = ————————————
IR value after 15 seconds
IR value after 600 seconds
2. Polarization Index = ————————————
IR value after 60 seconds

If Dielectric Absorption Ratio is above 1.5 then insulation quality is assumed to be good. If Polarization Index is more than 1.3
then also insulation quality is assumed to be good.

11. DURATION OF TESTING

TWO HOURS FOR A SET OF CT (AVERAGE)
12. FORMATS: As per DOC.

MEASURMENT OF SECONDARY WINDING RESISTANCE FOR CURRENT

TRANSFORMERS

1. EQUIPMENT AND TEST NAME

Measurement of Secondary Winding Resistance for EHV Current Transformers.

2. PURPOSE
To measure secondary winding resistance for 400/220 kV Current Transformers.

3. DEFINITION
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Secondary DC winding resistance of CT

4. ABBREVIATIONS
PTW : PERMIT TO WORK EHV
: EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
AC : ALTERNATING CURRENT
5. TESTING SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY
As per Maintenance Schedule Doc.

6 TEST EQUIPMENT
Current source and volt meter, winding resistance meter with appropriate leads.
7 REQUIRED.ISOLATION
• CB should be in open position.
• Isolators from both sides of CT should be in open position.
8. PRECAUTIONS
a) Ensure that PTW is taken as per norms.
b) There should be no joints in testing leads/cables.
c) It should be ensured that whole testing equipment along with testing procedures are available at testing site.
Testing must be carried out in presence of testing personnel only.
d) Test links should be opened in the CT MB prior to measurement of secondary resistance.
e) It should be ensured that associated CTs are not in charged condition. For example, Main and Tie CTs for
differential relays should not be in charged condition.
f) If any earth is provided in the secondary circuit of CT, same is to be removed prior to measurement.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

09. MAINTENANCE/TESTING PROCEDURE

Connect leads of OHM meter between different terminals of CT secondary cores. Select the range of OHM meter as per
pre-commissioning/factory test results. Record the winding resistance values in the format as per DOC.
10. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS
Value of secondary winding resistance should be within acceptable limits. Extreme low value of resistance indicates
turn to turn shorting whereas if the value of is high, it indicates some loose connection which is to be identified and tightened
before repeating the measurement.
11. DURATION OF TESTING
One Hour per CT (Average)

12. FORMATS
As per DOC.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

7. MEGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC OF
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

1. EQUIPMENT AND TEST NAME

To carry out Magnetization Characteristics of CT cores for EHV class Current Transformers.

2. PURPOSE
To carry out Magnetization Characteristics of CT cores for 400/220 kV Current Transformers.

3. DEFINITION
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
Knee Point Voltage is defined as the voltage at which a 10 % increase in flux density would cause 50% increase in
exciting ampere-turns.

4. ABBREVIATIONS
PTW : PERMIT TO WORK EHV :
EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
AC : ALTERNATING VOLTAGE

5. TESTING SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY

As per Maintenance Schedule Doc.

6. TEST EQUIPMENT
Voltage source of 5 kV, Voltmeter of range 0 to 5 kV, Ammeter, of range 0 to 100 Amps, testing leads/cables etc.

7. ISOLATION REQUIRED
• CB should be in open position.
• Isolators from both sides of CT should be in open position.
8. PRECAUTIONS
a) Ensure that PTW is taken as per norms.
b) There should be no joints in testing leads/cables.
c) It should be ensured that whole testing equipment along with testing procedures are available at testing
site. Testing must be carried out in presence of testing personnel only.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

d) Test links should be opened in the CT MB prior to measurement.

e) It should be ensured that associated CTs are not in charged condition. For example, Main and Tie CTs for
differential relays should not be in charged condition.
f) If any earth is provided in the secondary circuit of CT, same is to be removed prior to measurement.
g) Applied voltage to the CT core should not exceed the rated Knee Point Voltage of the CT.
9. MAINTENANCE/TESTING PROCEDURE
After making proper connections, applied voltage is increased from zero to rated Knee Point Voltage in steps of 25%,
50%, 75% and 100%. Measure the current drawn by the CT secondary core at respective applied voltages and record
the test results as per formats given in DOC.
10. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS
The magnetization test is conducted in order to see the condition of turns of CT secondary. This test shall give indications
regarding shorting of turns of CT secondary winding. Magnetization characteristics also indicate the suitability of CT for
keeping it in service or not.
Knee Point Voltage is normally defined as the voltage at which 10% increase in the applied voltage causes 30 to 50%
increase in secondary current. The magnetization current at rated Knee Point Voltage should not be more than the
specified/designed value.
A curve can be drawn between applied voltage and magnetizing current. From the magnetization curve, it can be
implied that up to rated KPV (Knee Point Voltage), the VI curve should be almost a straight line. However, if this line is
not linear, this indicates that the magnetizing characteristics are not desirable. If the slop of the curve starts increasing, it
indicates that magnetizing induction becomes low and total primary current is utilized in exciting the core alone.
Consequently, out put of CT secondary disappears.
11. DURATION OF TESTING
Two Hours

12. FORMATS
As per DOC.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

4. CIRCUIT BREAKER TESTING

4. DEW POINT MEASURMENT OF SF6 GAS

1. EQUIPMENT AND TEST NAME

Dew Point measurements of SF6 gas type CBs.
2. PURPOSE
To measure Dew point of SF6 gas/air for 400/220/132 kV CBs.
3. DEFINION
DEW
POINT:
Dew Point is the temperature at which moisture content in SF6 gas/air starts condensing.
Dew Point at rated pressure of CB:
Dew Point when measured keeping regulating valve in service at the outlet of dew point kit to allow
required flow rate of gas/air, is called at rated pressure of CB.

Dew Point at atmospheric pressure:

Dew Point when measured by regulating the gas flow at the inlet of dew point kit and keeping outlet regulating valve
( if provided) in fully open condition so that flow rate of gas/air is maintained as required, is called at atmospheric
pressure.
4. ABBREVIATIONS
PTW : PERMIT TO WORK
AC : ALTURNATING CURRENT
5. TESTING SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY
As per Maintenance Schedule.
6. TEST EQUIPMENT
Dew Point kit and associated accessories.
7. ISOLATION REQUIRED
· CB should be in open condition.
8. PRECAUTIONS
a) Ensure that PTW is taken as per norms.
b) Pipe should be of PTFE (Teflon) or having stainless steel tubing (as per IEC 61634 / 60480)
c) All the joints/connectors should be dust and moisture free. If required, same should be cleaned by clean
cloth. Dry the joints and pipe by dry air.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

9. MAINTENANCE/TESTING PROCEDURE
a) Make the connections to the kit from CB pole ensuring that regulating valve is fully close at the time of
connections of the Dew Point kit
b) By regulating the flow rate of SF6 gas (0.2 liter/min to 0.5 liter/min - ref. IEC 60480), the value of dew

point is observed till it becomes stable.

c) If the regulating valve is provided at outlet of the dew point kit then values as given in Doc. for rated
pressures are to be monitored.

10. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

Dew point Measurement of SF6 Gas in CBs:
Measurement of Dew Point of SF6 gas is an adequate parameter for condition monitoring SF6 gas in a CB. Dew Point
measurement of SF6 gas in a CB indicates the change in the value of dielectric properties of SF6 gas. The dielectric
properties of SF6 gas are change with time due to mixing of impurities like moisture; decomposition products of SF6 gas
i.e. Hydro Fluorides, lower valence Sulfur Fluorides, etc.
Permeation of moisture through sealed sections i.e. gaskets, ‘O’-Rings etc.
During Arc interruption in CBs, decomposition of SF6 gas takes place which in presence of moisture, may result in deterioration
of Organic Insulating materials inside interrupting chamber and also corrosion of metals due to formation of hydro fluorides.
Therefore, in order to avoid dielectric failure of CBs, monitoring of moisture content in SF6 gas is very important. Chemical
reactions under moisture conditions are given below:
When moisture density is low
SF + HO -»SOF + 2HF
4 2 2

SOF2 + H2O^SO2 + 2HF

When moisture density is high
SF + 3HO -»HSO + 4HF
4 2 23
2SF2 + 3H2O -»H2SO3 + 4HF
Sulfur Oxy fluorides, Hydrogen fluoride and H 2SO3 formed in these reactions vigorously attack all materials containing Silicon
di-oxide. Primary and secondary decomposition products in presence of moisture forms corrosive electrolytes which may cause
damage and operational failures.
Powder Deposits
The solid deposit is composed of CuF2 produced from metal and metal scrap. The Sulfur Fluorides are electrical insulation
material, featuring sublimation hydration and hydrolysis reaction. Powder deposits are observed after the discharging process;
however, if temperature is raised to the sublimation temperature of CuF2, then powder deposits are formed directly in the
form of solid body from gas.
Frequency of Dew point measurement
Moisture from the organic Insulating material is discharged at faster rate initially and the rate of release is almost negligible
after 4-5 years of commissioning and moisture entry is only through permeation. In the first year, about 50% of moisture is
released and in another 4 years, 90% moisture is released. The frequency of dew point measurement is as given below:
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

• First at the time of commissioning

• After six months
• After one year
• Once every two years
Monitoring of Dew point values
Dew Point of SF6 gas varies with pressure at which measurement is being carried out. This is because

Saturation Vapor Pressure decreases with increase in Pressure of the SF6 gas. Hence, dew point of SF6 gas at higher
pressure is lower than dew point at atmospheric pressure. Therefore, it is to be ensured that if measurement has been
done at a pressure other than the Atmospheric pressure, same is to be converted to the atmospheric pressure as given in the table
below for various CB manufacturers: Method for converting dew point at different gas pressures is given/described in IEC-
60480.
Sl. No. Make Dew point at Dew point at Remarks
of CB rated pressure Atmospheric Pressure

pressure (limits)
1. BHEL - 15° C - 36° C At the time of commissioning
- 7° C - 29 ° C During
- 5° C - 27 °C
O&M Critical

2. M&G - 39° C At the time of commissioning

- - 32° C During O&M

3. CGL - 15° C - 35° C At the time of commissioning

- 10° C - 31° C During O&M

4. ABB - 15° C - 35° C At the time of commissioning

- 5° C - 26° C During O&M

5. NGEF - 15° C - 36° C At the time of commissioning

- 7° C - 29° C During O&M
- 5° C - 27° C Critical

6. For all make - 15°C (-) 35°C To be followed for wagoora s/s or
of CBs substations having ambient temperature
less than zero degree centigrade

5. MEASURMENT OF CIRCUIT BREAKER OPERATING TIMENGS INCLUDING

PRE INSERTION TIMING

1. EQUIPMENT AND TEST NAME

 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

Measurement of Circuit Breaker operating Timings including Pre Insertion Timings.

2. PURPOSE
To measure Operating timings of Circuit Breakers.
3. Abbreviation:
PTW: PERMIT TO WORK
EHV: EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
C: CLOSING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
C-O: CLOSE - OPEN OPERATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
O-C-O: OPEN - CLOSE OPEN - OPERATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
4. TESTING SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY
As per Maintenance Schedule Document.
5. TEST EQUIPMENT
Circuit Breaker Operational Analyzer and associated accessories.
6. ISOLATION REQUIRED
a) Isolators on both sides of CB should be in open position.
b) Earth switch should be in closed position.
7. PRECUATION
a) Ensure that PTW is taken as per norms.
b) There should not be any joints in testing cables.
c) Test leads should not touch any live part.
d) Never connect the test set to energized equipment.
e) The ground cable must be connected first and removed at last.
f) High voltage plugs should be free from moisture during installation and operation.
g) Circuit Breaker Analyzer body should be earthed (if separate earth is provided).
h) It should be ensured that whole testing equipment along with testing procedures are available at testing site. Testing
must be carried out in presence of testing personnel only.
i) Surface/terminals should be cleaned where the connections for testing are to be made.
j) Clean earth point with sand paper/wire brush where earth terminal is to be provided.
k) Ensure that all the poles trip simultaneously through single close/trip command.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

8. MAINTENANCE/TESTING PROCEDURE

Typical Arrangement for Operating Timings Measurement of CB

a) Make connections as shown in the figure. It is to be ensured that R, Y, B phase marking cables is connected
with the proper place in the CB analyzer and color codes are to be maintained for all the three poles of CB.
b) Make connections for recording operating timings of Auxiliary contacts.
c) Extend power supply to Circuit Breaker Analyzer.
d) Give closing command to closing coil of CB and note down the PIR and main contact closing time. Take the
print out from the analyzer.
e) Give tripping command to trip coil-I of CB and note down the main contact tripping time.
f) Give tripping command to trip coil-II of CB and note down the main contact closing time.
g) Note down the timings for ‘CO’, and ‘OCO’ by giving respective commands. CO command to be given
without time delay but 300ms time delay to be given between O and CO operations in testing for OCO.
h) To find out opening time of PIR contacts, PIR assembly has to be electrically isolated from Main contacts
and then PIR contacts are to be connecting to separate digital channels of the Analyzer.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

9. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

A) CLOSING TIMINGS
Closing timings and Discrepancy in operating times of PIR and main contacts should not exceed the permissible limits. In
any case, main contacts should not close prior to closing of PIR contacts and PIR contacts should not open prior to closing of
main contacts.
In case, contact bouncing is observed in operating timings for PIR and main contacts, it should be rectified by
tightening the cable connections.
B) TRIPPING TIMINGS
Trip time and pole discrepancy in operating timings should not exceed beyond permissible value. In case of ABB, CGL make CBs,
while tripping; PIR contacts should not open after opening of main contacts.
C) ‘CO’ TIMINGS
CO timings should be within permissible limits as specified by different manufacturers. If operating timings of CB poles are not
within limits, same may be corrected by:
a) Equalizing the SF6 gas pressure in all the poles
b) Adjusting plunger movement of trip/ close coils
c) Adjustment in operating mechanism
d) Changing of trip/ close coils (if required)

It is also important to measure timings of auxiliary contacts from the point of view of variations w.r.t. the main contacts.

10. DURATION OF TESTING

Two Hours per CB (Average)

11. FORMATS - As per DOC.

 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

8. MEASURMENT OF STATIC CONTACT RESISTANCE OF CIRCUIT

BREAKERS

1. EQUIPMENT AND TEST NAME

Measurement of Static Contact Resistance of EHV CB Main Contacts and Isolator Main Contacts.

2. PURPOSE
To Measure Contact Resistance of 400 & 220 kV Circuit Breaker and Isolator Main Contacts.

3. ABBREVIATIONS
PTW : PERMIT TO WORK EHV :
EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
AC : ALTERNATING CURRENT

4. TESTING SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY

As per Maintenance Schedule Doc

5. TEST EQUIPMENT
Contact resistance kit (100A DC minimum)

6. ISOLATION REQUIRED
• CB should be in open position.
• Isolator on either side of CB should be in open position.
• Earth switch of both side of the CB should be in closed position.
7. PRECAUTIONS
a) Ensure that proper PTW is taken as per norms.
b) There should be no joints in testing leads/cables.
c) It should be ensured that whole testing equipment along with testing procedures are available at testing site.
Testing must be carried out in presence of testing personnel only.
At the time of connections, both sides of isolator should be earthed by closing earth switches or by temporary earths. After the
connections, earthlings should be removed.

8. MAINTENANCE/TESTING PROCEDURE
The measurement is taken at CB in closed position. The Ohm Meter operates on the four wire measurement principle.
To measure the contact resistance connect the respective leads and adjust the vary A.C. so that app. 100 amps current flow
through the contacts. Value of contact resistance is directly displayed on the digital LED display screen. By using four terminal
method, we can nullify the resistance of test leads if input impedance of measuring device (IC) is very high.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

9. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

Contact resistance of the main contacts indicates wear out and misalignment of the main contacts. If the value of contact
resistance exceeds the permissible limit i.e. 150 micro ohms for CBs and 300 micro ohm for Isolators, this could result in
overheating of the contacts. Therefore, the problem of high contact resistance should be attended immediately by making proper
alignment of contacts or by replacing finger contacts.

10. DURATION OF TESTING

Two Hours

11. FORMATS
As per DOC.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

9.DYNAMIC CONTACT RESISTANCE MEASURMENT (DCRM)

AND CONTACT TRAVEL MEASURMENT OF EHV CIRCUIT
BREAKERS

1. EQUIPMENT AND TEST NAME

Measurement of Dynamic Contact Resistance (DCRM) and Contact Travel of EHV CBs.
2. PURPOSE
To monitor condition of CB main and arcing contacts without opening the interrupter hence decision regarding major/final
overhauling/inspection of main/arcing contacts may be taken.
3. ABBREVIATIONS
PTW : PERMIT TO WORK EHV
: EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
AC : ALTERNATING CURRENT
4. TESTING SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY
As per Maintenance Schedule Doc .
5. TEST EQUIPMENT
100 Amp. DCRM kit with CB operational analyzer with 10k Hz sampling frequency.

6. ISOLATION REQUIRED
a) CB should be in open position.
b) Isolator of both sides of CB should be in open position.
c) Earth switch of one side of CB should be in open position.
7. PRECAUTIONS
a) Ensure that proper PTW is taken as per norms.
b) There should be no joints in testing leads/cables.
c) It should be ensured that whole testing equipment along with testing procedures are available at testing site. Testing
must be carried out in presence of testing personnel only.
d) Current leads should be connected such that voltage leads are not outside area of current flow.
8. MAINTENANCE/TESTING PROCEDURE
a) Follow the standard procedure as given in instruction manual of DCRM kit.
b) The tightness of connections at CB flanges is most important to ensure error free measurement. CB during CO
operation generates lot of vibrations and failure of connections during this period can dramatically change the
dynamic signature of CB resistance.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

c. DCRM signatures should be recorded for CO operation. Open command should be extended after
300 ms from the close command.
d. Clean portions of incoming and outgoing flanges of CB with polish paper to remove paint,
oxidation etc, at points where Current clamps are mounted.
e. Select this point of connection, as close as possible to the end of porcelain insulator to ensure
that minimum resistance is offered by flanges, bolts, terminal connectors etc.
f. It should be ensured that Travel Transducers are properly fitted.
g. Sampling frequency during measurement should be 10 KHz.

9. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

Dynamic Contact Resistance Measurement (DCRM) is the technique for measuring Contact Resistance during operation
(Close/ Trip) of a Circuit Breaker. A DC current is injected through the circuit breaker. The current and voltage drop are measured
and resistance is calculated. The resistance versus time data provides useful information on the condition of the circuit breaker
contacts as is used as a diagnostic tool.
The variations in the measured resistance versus time will be seen as a finger print for the breaker contacts and can be used as a
bench mark for comparing with future measurements on the same breaker. This provides information on the condition of the
breaker contacts.
Dynamic Contact Resistance Measurement for Arcing Contact conditions
By application of Dynamic Contact Resistance Measurement, condition of arcing contact can be predicted. If DCRM signature
shows vide variations and also there is change in arcing contact insertion time, it indicates erosion of the arcing contacts and
main contacts and subsequent failure.

Contact Travel Measurement

Transducers are attached to the operating rod or interrupting chamber in order to record the contact travel. When CB closes, contact
travel is recorded. Contact bounces or any other abnormality is also clearly indicated by the Contact Travel Measurement.
If contact travel, contact speed and contact acceleration signature are compared with the original signatures, then it may indicate
problems related with the operating mechanism, operating levers, main/ arcing contacts, alignments etc.
DCRM along with Contact Travel measurement is useful in monitoring length of Arcing contacts. Erosion of Arcing contacts may
lead to commutation failures and current may get transferred to Main contacts. Due to heat of arc, main contacts may get
damaged.
10. DURATION OF TESTING
Four Hours per CB
11. FORMATS - As per DOC.
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

8. SURGE ARRESTERS TESTING

9.MEASUREMENT OF LEAKAGE CURRENT FOR SURGE

ARRESTERS
1. EQUIPMENT AND TEST NAME
Measurement of Leakage Current (Third harmonic resistive current) for EHV Surge Arresters.
2. PURPOSE
To monitor health of Surge Arresters by monitoring third harmonic resistive current from the leakage current.

3. ABBREVIATIONS
PTW : PERMIT TO WORK
4. TESTING SCHEDULE AND FREQUENCY
As per maintenance schedule document.
5. TEST EQUIPMENT
Leakage Current Monitor suitable to filter out third harmonic resistive current from total leakage current.
6. ISOLATION REQUIRED
No isolation required since it is an On line measurement.

7. PRECAUTIONS
• Ensure that PTW is taken as per norms.
• Test leads should be fully screened to nullify the effect of electromagnetic interference.
• Ensure that Arrester is mounted on isolated base.
8. MAINTENANCE / TESTING PROCEDURE
a. The kit should be properly earthed as per the recommendations of the kit suppliers.
b. Clamp On type CT should be placed above the surge monitor to pick up the total leakage current.
c. Carryout the measurements as per standard procedure supplied by the test kit manufacturer.
d. Note down the system voltage and ambient temperature along with the test current value.
e. Avoid measurement during monsoon.
9. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS
A. ZnO Surge Arrester continuously conducts a small leakage current. The resistive component of this
leakage current may increase with time due to different stresses causing ageing and finally cause arrester failure.
B. Arresters are to be removed from service if norms are violated.
C. While monitoring third harmonic resistive current, temperature and voltage correction
 Document No: RPS/Testing/001. Rev. 00

factors are to be applied because leakage resistive current also depends on these factors apart
from ageing of the arrester discs. As Indian manufacturers are yet to develop the correction
factors and still working on to it, it is advisable to carry out the measurements at
temperature from 20ºC to 30ºC.
D. If Harmonics are present in the system voltage, it shall effect the value of measured third
harmonic current. Compensating device provided to be used to nullify the effect.
10. DURATION OF TESTING - Half an hour per Surge Arrester