FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING

Safety, Security and Emergency Preparedness

BS IN NURSING 1 BLOCK B | SEM

SAFETY HAZARD IN THE HEALTH  Use proper precautions with bio hazardous waste
CARE SETTING  NEVER recap a needle that has been used
 Use appropriate PPE (personal protection
 Fire, Electrical, Chemical • Infectious disease related equipment)
 Medication related
 Physical Injury due to
PPE'S: PERSONAL PROTECTION
 moving patients or supplies
DEVICES
FIRE SAFETY  Barriers that are used when an employee will come
in contact with body fluids:
Prevent:  Gloves: any contact with patient during procedures
 Monitor electrical outlets and equipment for damage  Goggles: splashing, droplet's
 Keep flammable objects away for sources of heat or  Gowns: splashing, droplets, blood
electricity  Masks: respiratory protection, splashing
 Take extra care near concentrated oxygen supplies  Paper hats/Shoes: Use in surgery
MEDICATION SAFETY
Prepare:
 Know the fire drill procedure Confirm the 5 Rights
 Locate fire exits  Right Patient
 Locate oxygen shut of valves  Right Medication
 Locate fire alarms  Right Time
 Know the contact info for site safety, security  Right Dose
 Right Route
Act: Waste leftover medications properly, and secure all
 RACE medication when unattended
- Rescue patients
CORRECT BODY MECHANICS
- Alarm
- Contain the fire Eight Basic Rules of Body Mechanics:
- Extinguish or Escape 1. Bend from the hips and knees when lifting an object
 PASS (fire extinguisher) from the floor
- Pull pin, Aim, Squeeze, Spread 2. Maintain a broad base of support feet 8 - 10 inches
apart one foot slightly forward balance weight on
ELECTRICAL SAFETY both feet, pointing toes in direction of movement
3. Use the strongest muscles to do the job (legs
 Fire Hazard - use with care. 4. Use the weight of your body to push or pull
 Inspect for damage regularly
 Ensure the cords and non-waterproof items are not EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
exposed to water. EMERGENCY CODES:

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Are used to alert staff /employees of danger and a
need for response
 Only use when necessary and when you have been  Examples: Fire, Inclement weather, Tornado, Pt out
properly instructed. of Control, Hurricane, Cardiac Arrest, Bomb Threat,
 Follow label precautions. Intruder/Kidnapping, Sniper
 Keep secure when not in use
 Dispose of properly Letters or Signals: T: train casualty
F: Fire D:Disaster
INFECTIOUS DISEASE Sometimes Colors are used:
 Stay home when sick  Code Blue: Cardiac Arrest(Code)
 Use proper hand hygiene  Code Red: Fire
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FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING
Safety, Security and Emergency Preparedness
BS IN NURSING 1 BLOCK B | SEM

 Code Yellow: Bomb INDICATION FOR EMERGENCY

 Code Pink: Infant/Child abduction
 Code Green: Evacuation  Danger of fire and explosion.
Codes are different in each hospital. It is necessary to  Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia.
learn the codes in your work place .  Serious traffic hazard
Disaster plans for each code have been written and are  Danger of electrocution
located in a disaster policy manual in your work area.  Danger of collapsing wall
All employees must know their role in a disaster should  Exposure to cold or intense weather condition:
one occur.  Risk of drowning

DISASTER PLANS
 Tell you: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY
- who to call RESCUE AND TRANSFER RESCUE
- where to be
- what your to be doing 1. Ensure or maintenance of an open airway.
- who is in charge (who you answer to) 2. Control of severe bleeding.
- how to handle patient 3. Moving victim as one unit and in proper body
- how to handle situation position.
- what to do at end of situation 4. Methods of ERT should be safe, comfortable and
fast.
EMERGENCIES AT HOME AND IN THE COMMUNITY 5. Check victim's condition regularly before during and
after the ERT.
TYPES OF EMERGENCIES
6. Immobilization of injured body parts before
Natural extrication and transfer
 Tornadoes, hurricanes, severe storms, floods, 7. Taller first aider must stay at the head part of the
wildfire, winter storms, earthquake, volcano, etc. victim.
 Pandemic
Manmade CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF
 Accidental: toxic spills, industrial accidents METHODS OF TRANSFER OF
 Terrorism and War activity TRANSFER
PREPARING
1. Nature and severity of the Injury.
 Have an emergency plan and supplies for you and 2. Size of the victim.
your family 3. Physical capabilities of rescuer.
 Establish skills that will help you, your family, and 4. Availability of equipment.
the community 5. Evacuation route.
 Consider being a part of CERT 6. Distance of the place where the victim will be
 Review resources to help you prepare: transferred.
- American Red Cross
- Dept. Homeland Security
METHOD'S OF TRANSFER
- Etc.
ONE-MAN ASSIST
EMERGENCY RESCUE AND TRANSFER 1. Assist to walk
2. Pack strap carry
EMERGENCY RESCUE
3. Fireman's carry
 Is a procedure moving a victim from a dangerous to 4. Piggyback carry
safe place. 5. Inclined drag
 The procedure of moving a victim from a safe place 6. Blanket drag
to a safer place is called Emergency transfer. 7. Fireman's drag
8. Clothes drag
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FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING
Safety, Security and Emergency Preparedness
BS IN NURSING 1 BLOCK B | SEM

TWO-MAN CARRY CPR

1. Two-man assist to walk CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
2. Two-man carry by extremities
3. Two-man fireman's carry with assistant  is important part of any first aid course, and it is
4. Two-man hand as litter something that everyone should know how to do.
5. Two-man four hand seat CPR can provide the means to keep a person alive
long enough to receive professional medical
THREE-MAN CARRY attention. CPR is performed with alternating chest
1. Bearer's along side compressions with mouth-to-mouth breathing. This
2. Hammock carry process helps push oxygen into the lungs so that it
can go to the brain and keep person alive.
FOUR/SIX/EIGHT-MAN CARRY
1. Blanket
BEFORE GIVING CPR
2. Use of stretcher
a) Improvise stretcher 1. Check the scene and the person. Make sure the
b) Military stretcher scene is safe, then tap the person on the shoulder
c) Ambulance stretcher and shout " are you ok?" to ensure that the person
3. Use of long spinal board needs help.
4. To load and unload in an ambulance 2. Call 991 for assistance. If it's evident that the person
needs help, call 991, then send someone to get an
Ambulance.
THINGS TO CONSIDER
3. Open the airway. With the person lying on his or her
1. Move only the victim if his ABC's are stable. back slightly to lift the chin.
2. As much as possible, let the victim move on his 4. Check for breathing. Listen carefully, for no more
own. than 10 seconds, for sounds of breathing. If there is
3. Always ask the permission of the victim and keep no breathing begin CPR.
him informed.
4. Observe ergonomics in lifting and transfer.
RED CROSS CPR STEPS
1. C Push hard, push fast. Place your hands, one on
FIRST AID
top of the other, in the middle of the chest.
 is the assistance given to any person suffering a Use your body weight to help you administer
sudden illness or injury, with care provided to compression that are at least 2 inches deep and
preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, delivered at a rate of at least 100 compression per
or promote recovery. It is generally performed by minute.
layperson, with many people trained in providing 2. Deliver rescue breaths. With the person's head tilted
basic levels of first aid, and others willing to do so back slightly and chin lifted, pinch the nose shut and
from acquired knowledge. place your mouth over the person's mouth to make a
complete seal. Blow into the person's mouth to
make the chest rise. Deliver two rescue breaths,
EARLY HISTORY AND WARFARE
then continue compression.
 Skills of what is now known as first aid have been
recorded throughout history, especially in relation to NOTE: if the chest does not rise with the initial rescue
warfare, where the care of both traumatic and breath, re-tilt the head before delivering the second
medical cases is required in particularly large breath. If the chest doesn't rise with the second breath,
numbers. There are numerous references to first aid the person may be choking.
performed within the Roman army, with a system of After each subsequent set of 100 chest compression,
first aid supported by surgeons, field ambulances, and before attempting breaths, look for an object and if
and hospitals seen, remove it

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FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING
Safety, Security and Emergency Preparedness
BS IN NURSING 1 BLOCK B | SEM

3. Continue CPR steps. Keep performing cycles of

chest compression and breathing until the person
BLOOD PRESSURE
exhibits signs of life, such as breathing.
 Is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of
blood vessels. When used without further
FIRST AID : BANDAGING
specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the
 It is important to do the proper bandaging technique arterial pressure in the systemic circulation.
when using and administering first aid on a wound or
injury.  Traditionally, blood pressure is measured non-
 The main goal of placing a bandage on a injury is for invasively using a mercury manometer because
immobilization, protection, support or compression. these gauges are dependent upon only gravity, thus
If the bandaging technique isn't done properly, it inherently more accurate than alternative types of
could exacerbate the damage. pressure gauges. In research, the values obtained
by an experienced knowledgeable physician using a
TWO TYPES OF BANDAGING mercury manometer and stethoscope listening for
TECHNIQUE the Korotkoff sounds are typically within 10 mmHg of
the pressures measured via higher sophistication
1. Triangular Bandage - Is one of the most standard internal measurements of central aortic pressures at
contents of a first aid kit. It has plenty of uses, such heart level. Other methods, which have become
as a sling to support an injury to the upper body, more dominant (for cost, time, convenience and
padding for major wounds and a bandage for concerns about potential mercury toxicity issues) are
immobilization purposes. It is quite easy to make inherently less accurate.
and they are as follows:
a) Stretch the piece of fabric that will be used. Use
a long stretch to create more triangular shape.
b) First option is to put the bandage in boiling
water or to soak the bandage in hydrogen
peroxide or any other disinfectant. Dry before
using.

2. Roller Bandage - Is a standard for many first aid kit

and has many practical uses. These include
controlling bleeding, pressure bandage and keeping
the dressing in place. The following are the steps to
make a roller bandage:Allows the individual to stay
in a position where they are most comfortable
enough to support the affected part before applying
the bandage.
a) Hold the head end of the bandage while using
the tail end to wrap the affected part.
b) Begin with a locking turn to hold the start of the
bandage in place. Ensure that each turn of
bandage will cover two thirds of the prior turn of
bandage.
c) Finish with a straight turn at the end of the
bandage, use an adhesive tape to secure the
roller bandage in place.

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