Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Today WE
• We live in digital age with a lot of computing devices
• Most of the work we do in our personal and professional life is 
Motivation & Background dependent on devices and machines
o Most of these devices and machines perform some computing inside
Chapter 1 • Devices connected with each other
o In the 21 century, we live a large part of our lives online
Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services • Devices functionalities are increasing
Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. • Almost everything we do is reduced to bits and sent through cables 
around the world at light speed

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 2

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Mainframe &
Scenario-1: Terminal Era
Outsource Data Center
• In the early days it was mostly Mainframes 
and terminals
• Users did individual work by connecting to 
central computer 

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 3

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

PC Era
• Users did individual work on their own computers

Networked

• Then the PCs Got Tied Together
• Users could talk to each other’s PCs

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 5 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 6
 Web Time
Web Became Big
• Server had to become cluster of PCs
Users did individual work by connecting 
to web servers 

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Web got Very BIG, and Really Essential

• Server PCs had to live in expensive data center

Need lots of electric  Long lead time to build Inflexible investment 

power (1.5% of all US  of capital
electricity, EPA 2007)

Data Centers

Need specialized skills  Takes time away from  Hard for all but largest 

(security, failover, load  core competencies companies to own/run
balancing, etc.) 

Microsoft Data Center in Dublin,  27,000 m2, 22 MW, US$ 500 M
Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 10

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Solution: Outsource Data Center

Scenario-2:
CAN REAP  BECAUSE OF  WEB  SHORTER LEAD  LOWER CAPITAL  COMPUTING  Massive Data Growth
ECONOMIES OF  SCALE, CAN  DEVELOPERS  TIMES REQUIREMENTS POWER 
SCALE AFFORD  CAN  BECOMES A 
SPECIALIZED  CONCENTRATE  COMMODITY, 
SKILLS ON THEIR CORE  AS DID 
COMPETENCIES  ELECTRIC 
THAT GIVE  POWER IN 
THEM MARKET  EARLY 20TH
ADVANTAGE CENTURY

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 11 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 12
 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

The World of Data

• We live in digital age with a lot of data
• In the 21 century, we live a large part of our 
lives online
The 
• Almost everything we do is reduced to bits and  World 
sent through cables around the world at light 
speed of 
Data
• But just how much data are we generating

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 13

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

The Amount of Data Created in 2018 (33 zettabytes) Worldwide Amount of Data Created per Year
2,142
To save all the data created in 2018, 660 billion Blu- ray discs would be needed 2,200
The amount of data created in 2018 (33 zettabytes) equals to ...
2,000

1,800
660 bn x 330 m x 375 m x 1,600
Data in zettabytes

the storage of a the capacity of the world‘s the internet‘s size in 1997 1,400
standard Blu-ray disc currently1 largest hard drive (88 terabytes)
(50 gigabytes) (100 terabytes)
1,200

1,000
33 m x 132,000 x 73 x
800
612
the storage of a human brain the currently3 fastest the capacity of one 600
(1 petabyte)2 supercomputer‘s storage gram of DNA
(250 petabytes) (455 exabytes)
400
175
200
x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 12 33 47
0 2
0
Byte Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Terabyte Petabyte Exabyte Zettabyte Yottabyte
2005 2010 2015 2018 2020 2025 2030 2035

Worldwide amount of data created per year in zettabytes1

1: as at March 2019 2: Varies depending on calculation method 3: as at June 2018
Source: ZDNet, Redcentric, Livescience, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, NewScientist, Statista Digital Market Outlook
Source: IDC, Kleiner Perkins, Statista Digital Market Outlook

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 15 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 16

Big Data
• Big data is defined as large pools of data that can be captured, 
communicated, aggregated, stored, and analyzed
• Data continues to grow: 
o In mid‐2010, the information universe carried 1.2 ZettaBytes and 
o 2020 predictions expect nearly 35 ZettaBytes coming our way
• Applications are becoming data‐intensive
 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Computing Devices in Our Lives

Scenario-3:
Variety of Devices / Technologies Intel Compute Stick Google Chromecast

Raspberry Pi
Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 19 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 20

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Computing Devices in Our Lives

Home Appliances
Mobile Devices Desktops

Computing Devices – We are Heading To
Car Computers

Consumer Electronics
Gaming Consoles
Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 21

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Problems & Challenges

Scenario-4:
Transformation from Innovation to
Storage Interfaces Communication
Services
Where to store?

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 23 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 24
 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

In Our Lives Utility

Evolution of Water Utility

Innovation Product Service Get a continuous 

Generate your own  Buy it as a product  supply of the 
utility and manage it connection through a 
dedicated connection

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 25 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 26

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Electricity Banking
Transformation from Product to a Service Evolution of Banking

Traditional 
Service No Banks Banking 
Innovation Product Banking Internet 
Electric Grid, pay only  Take care of  Instruments
New Disruptive  Buy and maintain the  Give your  Banking
for the electricity you  your own  Cheques / 
Technology technology money to the  more services
use money Credit Cards
bank

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 27 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 28

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Computing Computing as a Service

Evolution of Computing Transformation of IT from a Product to a Service

Innovation Services Innovation of IT IT Products Service Computing

On paper  Products Products Products On demand, 
available any  New Disruptive  Buy and Maintain the  On‐Demand IT services 
without any 
computing 
Simple Sophisticated Powerful time, anywhere,  Technology Technology on a Pay‐as You‐Go basis
and billed on 
product usage

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 29 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 30
 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Demand of Changing World

• Explosive growth in applications
o biomedical informatics, space exploration, business analytics, web 3.0 social networking: YouTube, 
Facebook
• Extreme scale content generation
Scenario-5: o e‐science and e‐business data deluge
• Extraordinary rate of digital content consumption

Demands of Changing World

o digital gluttony: Apple iPhone, iPad, Amazon Kindle
• Exponential growth in compute capabilities
o multi‐core, storage, bandwidth, virtual machines (virtualization)
• Very short cycle of obsolescence in technologies
o Windows Vista, 7, 8, 10; Java versions; C ‐> C#; Python
• Newer architectures
o web services, persistence models, distributed file systems/repositories (Google, Hadoop), multi‐
core, wireless and mobile
• Diverse knowledge and skill levels of the workforce 
• You simply cannot manage this complex situation with your traditional IT infrastructure
Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 31 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 32

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Summarizing the Scenarios

• Outsource Data Center
• Massive Data Growth
• Variety of Devices / Technologies
• Transformation from Innovation to Services
Solution:
• Demand of Changing World Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 33 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 34

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Solution – Cloud Computing Cloud Computing

• A cloud computing environment can provide solution to these  • Pay as you go model of business
scenarios • When using a public cloud the model is similar to renting a property 
than owning one
• Cloud Computing  • An organization could also maintain a private cloud and/or use both
o is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, 
o whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to 
computers and other devices,  • Think it as Internet Computing
o as a metered service over a network.  o Computation done over internet

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 35 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 36
 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Cloud Computing Combine the Enabling Technologies

• Cloud Computing is the transformation of IT from a product to a 
service  Internet

Virtualization Web  3.0

Parallel & 
Storage 
Innovation Product Service Technologies Cloud  Distributed 
Computing

Computing
Programming  Grid 
Models Computing

Fault  Utility 
Tolerance Computing

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 37 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 38

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Cloud Computing Cloud Computing

Enabling Technologies • Cloud Computing 
o is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, 
o whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to 
Virtualization
Utility  computers and other devices, 
Computing
o as a metered service over a network. 

etc…
• Think it as Internet Computing
o Computation done over internet

Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 39 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 40

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Cloud Computing Why Cloud Computing

Pay‐as‐You‐Go economic model  Flexible options 
• Reduce capital expenditure  • Configure software packages, instance 
• No upfront cost  types operating systems
• Reduced Time to Market  • Any software platform 
• Access from any machine connected to the 
Simplified IT management  Internet 
• All you need is access to the internet  Resource Utilization is improved 
• It’s the providers responsibility to manage 
the details • Reduce Idle resources by sharing and 
consolidation 
Scale quickly and effortlessly  • Better utilization of CPU / Storage and 
• Resources can be rented and released as  Bandwidth
required  Carbon Footprint decreased 
• Software Controlled 
• Sharing of resources means less servers, 
• Instant scalability 
less power and less emissions 

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 41 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 42
 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Cloud Computing Benefits Cloud Solutions are the Answer to the Data Storage Problem

Device Cloud Other

80%

70%

60%
Global Connectivity  Interactivity  Reliability  Pay‐as‐you‐Go 
50%
• Connectivity anywhere • Seamless interfaces  • Better level of reliability  • Should not pay an upfront fee 
for the service 
40%

30%

20%

10%

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Ease of  Manage Large Amounts  Performance &  Scalability & Elasticity 
Programmability  of Data  Efficiency  • Flexible and rapid  Share of data storage solutions
• Ease of development of  • Big Data  • Faster response to changing 
user needs  Source: IDC’s Data Age 2025 study
complex services to users  • Cost 
Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik,•Ph.D.
Power 
43 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 44

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Traditional Enterprise Storage will Soon become Obsolete IT Efficiency Challenges

Traditional storage Cloud services

59
57
56
54
52
51
49 Servers
48
46
44 45 Storage
42 Encryp
tion Tier 1 Tier 2 CLOUD SERVICES
Clients Apps
17% 24% 31% 39% 48% 57% 65%
Software  Workfl
ow Standards Tier 3
VIRTUALIZATION
On‐Demand IT 
73% 79% 84%
Deployment Infrastructure
89% 92%
Chang
STORAGE  Reliable/Secure
License Tracking e 
Mgmt Server Consolidation
OPTIMIZATION Scalable/Flexible
Managed 
SECURITY/ Storage Consolidation
Tiered Storage Pay for what you use
83% 76% Mobility STANDARDIZATION
69%
61% Desktop  Free Staff Time
52% DATA Change Management Data Deduplication
43% Consolidation
35% MANAGEMENT
Drive Encryption/End‐
Application
27% 21% Storage Archiving Commoditization
16% 11% Software Point Protection
8% Cost Savings
Deployment Windows/Linux
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Licenses tracking SMB to Enterprise 
Automation/
Solutions
12 Managed Mobility Scripting
Source: Wikibon
Worldwide revenues from enterprise storage in billion US$
Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 45 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 46

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Re-allocate IT Expenditures Cloud Distribution & Growth

• Most companies today spend roughly 80% of their IT budget on operations and maintenance

DATACENTER COSTS
Plan 5%
Deploy 10%

20% 50% Cloud Computing reduces

Operate 25% Labor costs
Labor 
Expense Support 10%
80%
50% Facilities 7%

Other  Network  11% Cloud Computing reduces

Expenses Software 9% Facilities, Network,
Hardware, Software 
Hardware 23% maintenance costs

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 47 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 48
 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Global Public Cloud Market Forecast Global Public Cloud Market Forecast

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 49 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 50

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Global Public Cloud Market Forecast Confusion about Cloud Computing

• Simply application delivery as an on‐demand service, is no longer novel
• The benefits of scalability, reliability, security, ease of deployment, and ease of 
management for customers, traded off against worries of trust, privacy, 
availability, performance, ownership, and supplier persistence, still stand
• The dream of platform independences

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 51 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 52

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Confusion about Cloud Computing Applications Enabled by Cloud Computing

• Big words • High Growth Application
o According to The Economist, “Let it Rise,” October 2008 • Aperiodic Bursting Applications
o “The rise of the cloud is more than just another platform shift that gets geeks 
• Periodic Applications
excited. It will undoubtedly transform the information technology (IT) industry,  • On‐Off Applications
but it will also profoundly change the way people work and companies 
operate. It will allow digital technology to penetrate every nook and cranny of 
the economy and of society, creating some tricky political problems along the 
way.”

o Substitute “cloud” with “Internet” and it will look familiar

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 53 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 54
 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

High Growth Applications Aperiodic Bursting Applications

Website went down on 9/11/2001 due to traffic
Startup Businesses

February 14th – Busiest Day of the Year
Established Businesses

US Holiday Season

Website crashed within 10 minutes of the free 
trouser promotion during Superbowl 2010

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 55 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 56

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Periodic Applications On-Off Application

Stock Market Analysis Researchers running large‐scale scientific 
• Different computational requirements over time simulation using 1000s of computers
• Mine market data during the day • Data‐intensive simulation and tests to discover new 
• Process and Analyze at night compounds
• Large compute power required for simulation jobs
• Time to market is crucial

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 57 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 58

Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Services

Technical Challenges Non Technical Challenges

• Programming is tricky but improving  • Vendor Lock‐In 
• Tools are continuously evolving  • Non‐standardized 
• Moving large data is still expensive  • Security Risks 
• Security  • Privacy 
• Quality of Service  • Legal 
• Green computing  • Service Level Agreements 
• Internet Dependence 

Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 59 Cloud Computing: Motivation & Background Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D. 60