Improving RC Column strength Behavior By Using FRP Subjected to

Impact Load.
 Improving RC Column strength Behavior By Using FRP
Subjected to Impact Load.

Md. Hasib Reza Suvo

&
Abdullah Al Mahi

A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR

OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

BANGLADESH ARMY UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY.
2022
 SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL

The thesis titled “Improving RC Column strength Behavior By Using FRP Subjected to Impact

Load” was prepared by Md.Hasib Reza Suvo and, ID: 18201002 and Abdullah Al Mahi,

ID:18101023, has been approved for submission in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

____________________________________________________
Prof. Dr. S. M. Zahurul Islam.

Professor,

Department of Architecture Engineering, RUET, Bangladesh

I
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this thesis is our original work and has been written by us in its entirety.

We have duly acknowledged all the sources of information that have been used in the thesis.

The thesis (fully or partially) has not previously been submitted for any degree or diploma in

any university or institute.

______________________
Abdullah Al Mahi
ID:18101023

______________________
MD.Hasib Reza Suvo
ID:18201002

II
 Abstract

Fiber Reinforced Polymers are now worldwide have become very popular over conventional

materials for strengthening of RC columns when the column is under the impact load, or

subjected to load failure .Fiber Reinforced Polymers are new composite materials for

strengthening of new RC columns and retrofitting existing structures.

Reinforcement gives CFRP its strength and rigidity, measured by stress and elastic modulus

respectively. Unlike isotropic materials like steel and aluminum, CFRP has directional strength

properties. The properties of CFRP depend on the layouts of the carbon fiber and the

proportion of the carbon fibers relative to the polymer The advantages of Carbon Fiber

Reinforced Polymers (CFP) are light-weight, high tensile strength, excellent corrosion

resistance, and case of application in construction.. A very complex problem cannot be solved

easily for simple reinforced concrete columns. Many researches have been carried out in this

field but these are not enough. Since researcher are not enough, we can take idea about the

show strengthening of RC column. The aim of the study is to increase the load carrying

capacity of a column at impact load. A series of tests have been carried out to strengthen the

RC columns by CFRP .Nine RC columns including one reference column and another ten

initially cracked columns were tested in this study with CFRP .

The collapse loads, collapse modes and the load deformation behavior of reference column

and CFRP strengthen columns are also presented in this paper.

III
 Acknowledgement

Author's first gratitude goes to the Almighty who has created us all and bestowed us with

knowledge, ability to think and successfully finish the thesis.

The authors express their deepest sense of gratitude to their supervisor Dr. S.M. Zahurul Islam,

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, RUET for his wisdom, incentive guidance,

constant encouragement and caring support provided throughout the course of thesis. It is an

honour and pleasure to be his student. Acknowledgement will be incomplete without

expressing sincere regard and profound thanks to other teachers and administration of Civil

Department.

Sincere thanks to the technicians and laboratory attendants for the assistance and co-operation

while performing the test in laboratory. The role of our parents are greatly acknowledged for

continuous inspiration, advise, mental support in completing the thesis paper and helped us to

reach at this level. The authors also thank to many of their friends and classmates for their

suggestion, co-operation and encouragement

May Allah bless and reward them all.

IV
 Contents

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………...iii
List of figure………… ………………………………………..……..………………..VII
List of table………………………………………………………………………….VIII

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ............... ..................................................................................... 1
1.2 Research significance ...................................................................................... 2
1.3 Research objectives.......................................................................................... 2
1.4 Research scope................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Layout of thesis ………………………………………………………………3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................. 5

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 12

3.1 General ………………………………………………….………...….......…12
3.2 Levelling of samples…………………………………………..…………….12
3.3.1 Cement ……………………………………………………………...………12
3.3.2 Sand ………………………………………………………………...……….13
3.3.4 Water……………………………………………………………….………. 14
3.3.5 Reinforcement………………………………………………….………...… 14
3.4 FRP material……………………………………………………….......…….14
3.4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………….……….……..14
3.4.2 FRP Composite ………………………………………………….…………..16
3.4.2.1 Fiber………………………………………………………….…......………..16
3.4.2.2 Carbon fiber:…………………………………………………………....…… 17
3.4.2.3 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer…………………………….…………...…..18
3.4.2.4 Mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymers………….…....….18
3.4.2.5 Advantages of Carbon fiber reinforced polymer ……………….….…….……21
3.4.2.6 Properties of CFRP materials……………………………………….…...….…21
3.4.2.7 Matrix ………………………………………………………….………....….22
3.4.2.8 Thermoplastic polymers………………………………………….....…….……23
3.4.2.9 Thermosetting polymers ………………………………………..………….…..23
3.4.2.10 Primer…………………………………………………………………....……..24
3.4.2.11 Uses of primer…………………………………………………………….……25
3.4.2.12 Collection of test specimen…………………………………………….……....33
3.5 Procedure ……………………………………………………….….………..…31
3.5.1 Working method of column casting…………………………….……….…..… 31
3.5.2 Working method of CFRP application……………………………….….……...34
3.5.3 Laboratory testing procedure…………………………………………..……….35

CHAPTER FOUR: TEST RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Failure mode observations…………………………………………..…………36
4.1.1 General………………………………………………………………………….36
4.2 Results…………………………………………………………...……...……...38

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUTION AND FUTURE WORK……………….…………39

5.1 Conclusions……………………………………………….……………..……..39
5.2 Future works……………………………………….……….………………..…39

References……………………………………….…….………………………….….39
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG:3.1 FRP MATERIALS…………………………………………....……………… 15
FIG:3.2 Carbon Fibers. …………………………………………………..…….………17
FIG:3.3 One Directional Arrangement of CFRP Sheet ……………………….……….19
FIG:3.4 Two Directional Arrangement Of CFRP Sheet………………………………. 20
FIG:3.5 Three Directional Arrangement Of CFRP Sheet. …………………………… 20
FIG:3.6 Coarse Aggregates……………………………………….…………..………. 25
FIG:3.7 Fine Aggregates……………………………………………………...……….. 26
Fig:3.8 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer ….. ……………….…….…………………. 26
FIG:3.9 Primer (Base and Hardener) ……………………………………………...…...27
FIG:3.10 Adhesive for-encapsulation resin …………………….....................................28
FIG:3.11 Sample column ……………………………………………………….………29
FIG:3.12 Sample column ……………………………………………………….………30
FIG:3.13 Sample column ……………………………………………………….………30
FIG:3.14 Concrete mixing for the column construction…………………….….………. 31
FIG:3.15 Concrete mixing for the column construction………………….……..………. 32
FIG:3.16 Wooden forma for Column casting ………………………………….………..32
FIG:3.17 Casting Procedure of the Column ………………………………….….………33
FIG:3.18 Casting Procedure of the Column ………………………………….…..……...33
FIG:3.19 Column ………………………………………………………….…..…..…… 33
FIG:3.20 Application of primer for bonding CFRP with adhesive ……….….…..……..34
FIG:3.21 Instrument setup on the column ………………………………………....…….35
FIG:3.22 Column Position under the hammer …………………………………………..35
FIG:4.1 Comparison of deformation concrete sections…………………….….………..37
FIG:4.2 With FRP less damage than without FRP specimen. ………………..…...…….37
FIG:4.3 With FRP less damage than without FRP specimen………………..……..…... 38
 LIST OF TABLES
Table:3.1 Typical tensile properties of fibers used in FRP systems …………….…………21
Table 3.2 Typical properties of carbon fibers used in FRP systems…………………....….22
Table 3.3 A table with the main properties of the typical unfilled matrix materials…….....24
Table 3.4 Properties of CF…..………………………………………………………...…..27
Table 3.5 Properties of epoxy putty primer Properties………………………………..…..28
Table 3.6 Properties of Adhesive kor-encapsulation Properties…………………….….....29
Table 4.1 Determination of actual and theoretical velocity of Impactor ………….……....36
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The major problems of the construction industry are the deterioration of concrete structures.

The structures are unsafe which are constructed by using the older design code. The nation's

population and economy are growing, which puts larger stresses on the nation's aging and

deteriorating Infrastructure Repairing column and girder of a bridge or building by grout

injecting, excessive steel providing or replacing column is not economically and safety and

replacement of such deficient structures incurs a huge amount of public money and time. In

order to avoid the problems created by the corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete

structures, research has demonstrated that one could replace the steel reinforcement by fiber

reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement American Concrete Institute (ACI) (AASHTO,

1992). In steel reinforced concrete, the steel corrosion affects on both steel and concrete. The

shear strength of corroding steel bar is reduced as the gross sectional area of the steel is

decreased by corrosion.

Over the past two decades around the world various projects have been carried out for the

rehabilitation of structures and steel has been the primary material used to strengthen concrete

bridges and buildings. Only a few years ago, the construction market started to use the fiber-

reinforced polymers FRP. The use of FRPs for the rehabilitation of existing concrete structures

has grown very rapidly over the last few years (Neale et al. 2002).

The lightweight and formability of FRP reinforcement make FRP systems easy to install. Since

these systems are non corrosive, non magnetic, and generally resistant to chemicals, they offer

an excellent option for external reinforcement.

1
1.2 Research significance

A column is designed to combine two different materials or two different grades of material

such as reinforced concrete and FRP retrofitting material to form a structural member. The

reinforced concrete columns are covered by FRP fiber reinforcement polymer. The composite

concrete reinforcement and fiber reinforcement polymer structural elements are increasingly

used in tall buildings, bridges and other type of structures. A column is generally considered

as tension member by shear and flexure. Retrofitting column at tension side with FRP is

generally used as a load bearing member in a composite framed structure. The retrofitting pre-

cracked column with FRP increase the impact load of a girder of bridge from vehicles that runs

on the bridge and the impact load on column from earthquake. In a composite column both the

FRP and reinforcement concrete would resist the external loading by interacting together by

bond and friction. This type of FRP retrofitting with reinforcement system enables easier,

faster, and more reliable construction.

1.3 Research objectives

The purpose of this project is to present the state of the art in the use of Fiber Reinforcement

polymers (FRP) composites in column shear strengthening. In recent years FRP composite

strips /sheets has become very popular for strengthening of reinforced concrete structures by

externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer to RC column or girder. For various advantages

such as high strength to weight ratio, high performance to good corrosion resistance and

different sectional shapes. For shear strengthening of RC column or bridges girder, the FRP

2
are the major applications in recent years. When a column or a girder of a bridges are deficient

to shear or shear capacity falls below the flexural capacity at that time shear strengthening is

required by FRP. Common ways of attaching FRP shear reinforcement to a column include

side bonding in which the FRP is bonded to the sides only. U jacketing in which FRP U-jackets

are bonded on both the sides and the soffit, and complete wrapping in which the FRP is

wrapped around the entire cross-section. Fiber reinforcement polymer (FRP) materials have

enlarged as an alternative material for producing reinforcing bars for concrete structures FRP

composites are alternative to steel reinforcement especially in aggressive environments,

mainly due to their high corrosion resistance shear strengthening column to general people and

engineers. The objectives of this research are as follows:

• To find the effectiveness of FRP strengthened RC columns subjected to impact load.

• To compare the norrmal RC column with the pre-cracked RC columns retrofitting with

FRP material subjected to impact load.

1.4 Research scope

The scope of the proposed research includes the following tasks

• A series of tests as conducted to find out the performance of RC columns wrapping

with FRP on impact load.

• An experimental study was carried out to determine the ultimate loads and observe the

modes of failure of RC columns at impact Load.

• Strength of the column without CFRP and different pre-cracked columns with FRP

was compared with impact load.

3
1.5 Layout of thesis

Chapter-1: An Introduction to the topic, importance, objectives and scope of the study have

been highlighted in chapter-1.

Chapter-2: Relevant literature review on the structural performance of FRP on the shear

strengthening of columns have been presented in this chapter.

Chapter 3: It presents the methodology giving details of the experimental investigation carried

out to achieve the objectives as defined earlier. Chapter-4: Result from experimental study are

presented and discussed in details in chapter-4.It consists mode of failure, result and

discussion.

Chapter-5: Finally,a summary of the findings and a conclusion are made in chapter-

5.Recommendations for the overview of the thesis, general discussion and further study are

also included.

4
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
A new technique for improving RC columns' shear capacity with FRP materials involves

perforating holes along with the column web, inserting FRP reinforcement inside these holes,

and filling the holes with grout instead of bonding FRP strips on the external face of the

element. While according to technical literature, externally bonded and near surface mounted

FRP reinforcements are well known as practical solutions for raising the shear capacity of RC

elements, they are not suitable for cases where the concrete cover lacks adequate bonding

power, and de-bonding can enable the column to fail before full capacity utilization. Also, in

structures where the column is attached to the floor, the FRP enclosure requires drilling holes

in the floor to mount the reinforcement, which causes shear vulnerability across the floor

columns contact region Experimental findings show that the columns strengthened with the

proposed technique perform close to or better than those with FRP reinforcements externally

bonded. The comparison of the Applied Strengthening Material Index (ASMI) for specimens

also shows that in the proposed methodology, the ratio of FRP shear contribution to the amount

of FRP absorbed is higher than in the external bonding methods .

For the flexural and shear reinforcement of reinforced concrete (RC) columns, fabric

reinforced cement matrix (FRCM) composites are increasingly used. This paper presents the

findings of an experimental study on the effectiveness and efficiency of a new FRCM system

for shear strengthening of RC columns made of FRP grid-reinforced ECC matrix (referred to

as 'FGREM' for brevity). It designed and tested a total of twelve RC colimns.

5
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have gained significant interest in civil

infrastructure construction in recent decades. Due to their exceptional material properties, such

as high strength, lightweight, and excellent fatigue and corrosion resistance, the market for

building civil infrastructure systems with FRP composites in hostile environments has

increased. FRP fabric and plates are also used as reinforcement, externally bonded, or

mechanically fastened to reinforced concrete (RC) columns, slabs, and columns when

retrofitting existing structures. With a strong emphasis on studies that contributed directly to

the production of strength models, FRP-strengthened RC structures performance was

reviewed. The use of FRP to reinforce steel structures has become an option, with top bond

between FRP and steel being the critical issue in reinforcing steel structures. In civil

infrastructure applications, evaluations and gap analysis have also centered on FRP composites

reliability issues. In reinforced concrete buildings, FRP composites are successfully used as

rods for internal reinforcement. Besides, FRP composite applications have been identified as

structural members in new structural constructions, including bridge decks for pedestrian and

highway bridge superstructures, support frame structures, multi- story office, and residential

buildings, towers for electricity transmission, and composite piles used for foundation

construction. With unique connections such as the sleeve attachment, it is also possible to use

FRP tubular members to form primary load-bearing structures such as space frames and

building frames (Fang et al. ,2015).

Under the impact of cyclic loading and the setting, traditional concrete, steel, and wood decks

showed deterioration. Gan et al. evaluated seven applicable FRP composite deck sections. It

was shown that a triangular section was the optimal section. The triangular section increased

6
global and local stiffness, and buckling improved. On the other hand, Jeong et al. attempted,

by static and fatigue tests under a load equal to DB-24 truckload, to find the fiber composite

pultruded deck's protection factor. The test showed that with a duty deflection of 1.34 mm less

than span/800, the ultimate safety factor was 3.5, and the strain was 13 percent of the ultimate

strain. An experimental study to investigate a composite bridge's behave was performed by

Kumar et al. Small square pultruded glass and carbon fiber tubes were made from the deck.

There were 8-layers in the first edition of this deck. The experimental test showed that the 7-

layer 1-heat could bear the external load with a protection factor equal to four.

The tubes considered here are multilayer, hybrid braided composites made of three distinct

layers, unlike CFFT's examined in prior studies: an inner layer of braided E-glass fiber and

two outer layers of braided E-glass fiber. The fibers are rigidified using vacuum infusion

procedure using a vinyl-ester-thermoset resin. These thin-walled hybrid composite tubes were

built and act as containment, tension, and shear reinforcement, removing the traditional steel

rebar's need. Although it is possible to create an all-glass or all-carbon tube, the combination

of glass and carbon used here offers good performance while being cost-effective, easily

manufactured, and lightweight. This study aimed to evaluate the bending response of the

hybrid, braided CFFT columns and arches experimentally, compare test results with analytical

models, and demonstrate the application of this technology in the field.

Nevertheless, it is fining to contemplate future bridge technology as we have recently entered

the 21st century. Research is now underway on improved materials, such as introducing

modem systems to existing building styles and new and improved types of building structures,

which can have a dramatic impact on the construction industry. In recent years, the introduction

7
of fiber reinforced polymers has advanced rapidly in civil engineering structures, and a detailed

description of built polymer composite bridges can be found. The Mian-bridge, constructed in

Beijing, China, was the first recognized bridge. The hand-lay-up process constructed the

bridge, and the structural framework consisted of 19P box column girders. The bridge's weight

was just 1/5 of a traditional RC bridge. To date, more than 200 bridges for vehicles have been

constructed. Among current FRP bridges, the most prevalent structural system is the supported

bear system. An FRP deck sits under girders made of traditional construction materials in most

instances (Hejll et al. 2005).

An effective anchoring technique for reinforced concrete columns reinforced with FRP

composites. Fourteen reinforced concrete columns have been cast with FRP and strengthened.

Three distinct techniques were used to anchor twelve of them: FRP anchor, ancho bolted steel

plates, and anchors of FRP sheet and bolted steel plate, and two columns were unanchored and

left as a control. The columns then were evaluated under four-point bending to determine their

structural efficiency in terms of failure modes and load-displacement relations. The

experimental findings clearly showed that the unanchored columns suffered from premature

de-bonding failure, while the FRP-anchored columns suffered concrete cover separation

failure, and the presence of end anchorages in the anchor columns of the bolted steel plates and

FRP sheet and bolted steel plate had shifted the failure mode to a less critical one.

For the shear reinforcement of reinforced concrete (RC) columns with corroded stirrups,

externally bonded reinforcement fiber-reinforced polymer (EBR FRP) laminates have been

used worldwide. The shear span-to-depth ratio (avid) can greatly influence the behavior of an

EBR FRP composite enhanced RC column shear and can also determine the mode of shear

8
failure of RC columns. Therefore in this analysis, 18 RC columns were designed and tested to

evaluate the effect of the avid ratio on RC columns' performance with corroded shear-

reinforced stirrups with U-wrapped carbon fiber- reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. Three

stirrup corrosion levels (0 percent, 5 percent, and 15 percent) and distinct shear span-to-depth

ratios (avid-1.0, 2.0, and 3.0) were included in the parameters examined. The test results

showed that the high degree of corrosion of the stirrups greatly reduced the shear capacity of

both the reinforced and unreinforced columns. The experimental outcomes were compared

with those given in the literature for existing models. For both the un-strengthened and

reinforced columns with varying degrees of stirrup corrosion, the design formulation was

cautious (Li et al. 2020).

The size effect is studied on the strength of reinforced concrete (RC) columns flexurally

reinforced by fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) surface bonded sheets. The transitional size

effect regulated by the energetic size effect law (SEL) must be predicted, as the failure is

neither ductile nor brittle, but quasi-brittle, occurring after stable growth of large cracks with

large damage zones, which is supported by the present study. Finite element (FE) analysis is

used due to the lack of experimental evidence for the size effect. In combination with the crack

band model to suppress spurious mesh sensitivity, a consequential Micro-plane damage

constitutive model M7 for concrete is calibrated by fitting the existing test data to FRP-

strengthened RC specimens of various types. It is, therefore, trusted to simulate the size effect.

The study catches the de-bonding beginning at the mid-span or the end of the FRP sheet near

the concrete-FRP interface. It also captures the de-bonding and the delamination of concrete.

By FRPs a two-point loading system was adopted for the tests. To find out the load carrying

capacity fully strengthened column and the control columns were tested.

9
The shear failure of the control column and column strengthened with GFRP were different.

The shear failure of strengthened column was also different for retrofitting GFRP strips.

Deflection was less for a particular load in U-wrap and reduced the cracked formation .

Type-1 column, CF-I was strengthened for flexural only, CFRP sheets oriented in the

horizontal direction were applied to the bottom of the bean and extended along the sides to 1/3

of the total depth of the Column. Column CFS-I was strength for both flexural and shear. Type-

1 columns, CFS-II, UGI-III, and UG2-111 were strengthened by U-shaped layer with the fibers

oriented in the longitudinal direction covered the bottom and both sides of the column for the

entire span Type-2 columns, BG1-IV, BO2-IV, and BG3- IV were strengthened with

strengthening System IV that consisted of bidirectional (43-45 deg) GFRP sheets and epoxy.

Type-3 columns, BGI-IV, BG2-IV, and B03-IV strengthening sheets were applied to the

bottom and sides of the columns for the entire span length. Each layer was applied

independently, with additional layers applied after the previous layer had cared. Type-1 CF-1

Strengthening for flexural only CSF-1 Strengthening for flexural and shear From the

experiment a was noticed that the column had a maximum deflection of 139 mm (5.5 in), twice

that of the control column's 63 mm (2.51 in). The CFRP plates use on the bottom and sides of

the column improves the response in comparison with using CFRP plates only at the bottom

of the column is behavior, ductility, and load-carrying capacity. Type-1 column, CF-I was

strengthened for flexural only, CFRP sheets oriented in the horizontal direction were applied

to the bottom of the bean and extended along the sides to 1/3 of the total depth of the bears.

Column CFS-I was strength for both flexural and shear. Type-1 columns, CFS-II, UGI-III, and

UG2-111 were strength by U-shaped layer with the fibers oriented in the longitudinal direction

covered the bottom and both sides of the column for the entire span Type-2 columns, BG1-IV,

10
BO2-IV, and BG3- IV were strengthened with strengthening System IV that consisted of

bidirectional (43-45 deg) GFRP sheets and epoxy. Type-3 columns, BGI-IV, BG2-IV, and

B03-IV strengthening sheets were applied to the bottom and sides of the columns for the entire

span length. Each layer was applied independently, with additional layers applied after the

previous layer had cared. Type-1 CF-1 Strengthening for flexural only CSF-1 Strengthening

for flexural and shear From the experiment a was noticed that the column had a maximum

deflection of 139 mm (5.5 in), twice that of the control column's 63 mm (2.51 in). The CFRP

plates use on the bottom and sides of the column improves the response in comparison with

using CFRP plates only at the bottom of the column Strengthened columns with FRP required

a higher factor of safety in design and exhibited brittle behavior.

However, predictions by fib and TRS5 guidelines have good correlation and standard deviation

values, respectively, with the experimental results than the other guidelines. From the analysis

it is found that, With the increase in column depth.

11
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 General
In all branches of engineering, understanding of the fundamental nature of engineering

materials is becoming increasing vital. A structure must be a harmonious blend of beauty,

strength, utility and economy. To achieve this specification for engineering materials must be

laid down. A specification for an engineering material supplies a set of statements of

requirements which the material should confirm to in order to be acceptable for use in structure.

In all engineering constructions, it is imperative in the interest of the safety and the durability

of the structure that only materials of the acceptable quality and strength be used.

3.2 Levelling of samples

COFO: COLUMN--0 with no FRP

CIF6: COLUMN--1 with 6 in. FRP

C2F6: COLUMN—2 with 6 in.FRP

C3F9: COLUMN3 with 9 in. FRP

C4F9. COLUMN--4 with 9 in. FRP

C5F9: COLUMN--5 with 9 in. FRP

C6F12:COLUMN-6 with 12 in.FRP

C7F12:COLUMN-7 with 12 in.FRP

C8F12: COLUMN-8 with 12 in.FRP

12
3.3 Specifications of different materials

The materials which are used in the project are described below:

3.3.1 Cement

Cement is a binder material. A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets,

hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its

own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate

produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Cement is the most

widely used material in existence and is only behind water as the planet's most consumed

resource.

Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium silicate based, and

can be characterized as either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending on the ability of the

cement to set in the presence of water. Non-hydraulic cement does not set in wet conditions or

under water

Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive due to a chemical reaction

between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical process for hydraulic cement found by

Romans used volcanic ash with added lime (Calcium Oxide).

3.3.2 Sand

A loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles

smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry

molds. Sand is an engineering material, which plays an important role in engineering

construction. It is a form of silica (quartz) and may be argillaceous, siliceous or calcareous

13
according to its composition. The sand grain may be of angular or rounded. In concrete work,

it is usually term as fine aggregate.

3.3.3 Water

Water is one of the most important elements in the whole construction process. Either it be

concrete or cement mortar or curing, every time we need water. Therefore, it becomes

necessary to check the quality of water which is being used. Here we have listed some checks

which one should perform before using it. Water used for this project work was fresh tape

water.

3.3.4 Reinforcement

Reinforcement can include anything that strengthens or increases a behavior.

3.4 FRP material

3.4.1 Introduction

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), also Fiber reinforced plastic, is a composite material made of

a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers. FRP is a composite material consisting of reinforcing

fibers thermosetting resins and other materials such as fillers. The fibers are usually glass,

carbon or aramid, although others fibers such as paper or wood or asbestos have been

sometimes used. The polymer is usually an epoxy or polyester thermosetting plastic, and

phenol formaldehyde resins are still in use. FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace,

automotive, marine and construction industries. It is applied to a mold in combination with

reinforcement, which most commonly glass fiber, to form a part that is rigid, highly durable

and low in weight. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) are composites used in almost every type

14
of advanced engineering structure, with their usage ranging from aircraft, helicopters and

spacecraft through to boats, ships and offshore platforms and to automobiles, sports goods,

chemical processing equipment and civil infrastructure such as bridges and buildings. The

usage of FRP composites continues to grow at impressive rate as these materials are used more

in their existing markets and become established in relatively new markets such as biomedical

devices and civil structures. A key factor driving the increased applications of composites over

the recent years is the development of new advanced forms of FRP materials. This includes

developments in high performance resin systems and new styles of reinforcement, such as

carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. This book provides an up-to-date account of the

fabrication, mechanical properties, delamination resistance, impact tolerance and applications

of 3D FRP composites.

FIGURE:3.1 FRP MATERIALS

Fiber Reinforcement Polymer composites is gradually gaining acceptance from civil engineers.

both for the rehabilitation of existing structures and for the construction of new facilities, even

FRP was primarily developed for the aerospace and defense structures. This acceptance is

15
trying to change the tendency of the last century, in which the combination of reinforcing steel

and concrete has been the basis for a number of structural systems used in construction .

When considering only energy and material resources it appears, on the surface, the argument

for are given below-

FRP composites in a sustainable built environment is questionable. Advantages of FRP

composites are Higher strength, Lighter weight, Longer lasting, Rehabilitating existing

structures and extending their life, Seismic upgrades, Defense systems etc.

3.4.2 FRP Composites

Fibers and matrix are the main two components of FRP. The fibers create 30% to 70% from

the volume of the composite and 50% of its weight. The main functions of fibers are to carry

the load and provide stiffness, strength, thermal stability and other structural properties to the

FRP. The fibers in FRP composites must have high modulus of elasticity, high ultimate

strength, low variation of strength among fibers, high stability of their strength during handing

and high uniformity of diameter and surface dimension among fibers. The matrix ensures the

position and alignment of the fibers, protection from damage during manufacture and

manipulation, durability of the composite as well as the protection from influence of

environment is also responsible for the distribution of the loads on the individual fibers

(Sonnenscheina 2016).

3.4.2.1 Fiber
A fiber is a material which consists of a long filament with a radius between 5 and 7.5pm. The

length of these fibers can be ranged from thousand to infinity in the continuous ones. The main

16
functions of the fibers are to carry the load and to provide stiffness, strength, thermal stability

and other structural properties in the FRP.

3.4.2.2Carbon fiber

Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer or carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP or CRP or often

simply carbon fiber), is a very strong and light fiber-reinforced polymer which contains carbon

fibers. Carbon fibers are created when polyacrylonitrile fibers (PAN), Pitch resins, or Rayon

are carbonized (through oxidation and thermal pyrolysis) at high temperatures. Through further

processes of graphitizing or stretching the fibers strength or elasticity can be enhanced

respectively. Carbon fibers are manufactured in diameters analogous to glass fibers with

diameters ranging from 9 to 17 um. These fibers wound into larger threads for transportation

and further production processes.

FIGURE:3.2 Carbon Fibers.

3.4.2.3 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer:

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is a composite material. In this case, the composite

consists of two parts: a matrix and a reinforcement. In CFRP, the reinforcement is carbon fiber,

17
which provides its strength. The first is a textile-like fabric of carbon strands and the second is

a high structural epoxy or resin. The matrix is usually a polymer resin, such as epoxy, to bind

the reinforcements together. Because CFRP consists of two distinct elements, the material

properties depend on these two elements. Strengthening of concrete structures use CFRP

carbon fiber reinforcements is rapidly increased day by day. Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)

is a relatively new class of composite material manufactured from fibers and resins and has

proven efficient and economical for the development and repair of new and deteriorating

structures in civil engineering.

3.4.2.4 Mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymers

In general, it is seen that the higher the tensile strength of the precursor the higher is the tenacity

of the carbon fiber. Tensile strength and modulus are significantly improved by carbonization

under strain when moderate stabilization is used X-ray and electron diffraction studies have

shown that in high modulus type fibers, the crystallites are arranged around the longitudinal

axis of the fiber with layer planes highly oriented parallel to the axis. Overall, the strength of

a carbon fiber depends on the type of precursor, the processing conditions, heat treatment

temperature and the presence of flaws and defects With PAN based carbon fibers, the strength

increases up to a maximum of 1300 °C and then gradually de- creases. The modulus has been

shown to increase with increasing temperature.

Arrangement of carbon fiber in polymers:

• One dimensional arrangement: In this arrangement carbon fiber is arranged only one

Direction.

18
• Two directional arrangement randomly Fibers arranged in two directions in

randomly.

• Two directional arrangement oriented: Fibers arranged in two dictions in parallelly.

• The directional arrangement randomly. In this arrangement fiber arranged in the

direction x, y, z’

FIGURE : 3.3 One Directional Arrangement OF CFRP Sheet

19
FIGURE:3.4 Two Directional Arrangement Of CFRP Sheet.

FIGURE:3.5 Three Directional Arrangement Of CFRP Sheet.

20
3.4.2.5 Advantages of Carbon fiber reinforced polymer

• CFRP composites are light weight with respect to steel, cupper etc.

• Easy to install on site and transportation cost is low.

• Most favorable material for strengthening application.

• The overall cost of the whole strengthening job using FRP materials can be as

competitive as using conventional materials.

• Quickly and easily handle on site with minimum interruption manpower and use of

facility.

3.4.2.6 Properties of CFRP materials

Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP), also known as fiber-reinforced polymers, are a category of

composite plastics specifically using fiber materials to mechanically augment the elasticity and

strength of the plastic. They consist of a polymer matrix the original plastic which is usually

tough but weak - which is blended with a reinforcing material to yield a final product with the

desired material or mechanical properties.

Table:3.1 Typical tensile properties of fibers used in FRP systems (AC1 440.2R)

Fiber type Elastic modulus Ultimate strength Rupture strain

(Minimum)
Carbon (High 32000-34000 550-700 0.014
strength)
Glass (E-glass) 10000-10500 270-390 0.045

Aramid(High 16000-18000 500-600 0.016

performance)

21
Tabe 3.2: Typical properties of carbon fibers used in FRP systems

Fiber Reinforcement Carbon –High modulus

Ultimate tensile Strength 4250 M pa

Ultimate tensile elongation 1.78%

Fiber modulus 253Gpa

Fiber density (Minimum) 2.1gm/cm3

thickness 0.17mm

3.4.2.7 Matrix

The matrix of the composite is a polymer composed of molecules made from many small and

simple units called monomers. This matrix has a much lower modulus and a greater elongation

than those of fibers with the objective to makes the fibers carry the maximum load.

Functions of matrix materials in FRP composites:

• Provide protection to the fibers against chemical and mechanical damages.

• Maintain the fibers together and fixing them in the desired geometrical arrangement.

• Provide final color and surface finish for connections.

• Transferring the load to the fibers by adhesion and/or friction.

• Provide rigidity and shape to the structural member.

• Isolate the fibers so that they can act separately, resulting in slow or no crack

propagation.

• Influence performance characteristics such as ductility, impact strength.

22
3.4.2.8 Thermoplastic polymers

Thermoplastic polymers are ductile in nature and tougher than thermoset polymers. However,

they have lower stiffness and strength. They can be reformed and reshaped by simply heating

and cooling. Since the molecules do not cross-link, thermoplastics are flexible and deformable.

They have poor creep resistance at high temperature and more susceptible to solvent than

thermosets Commonly used thermoplastics are nylon, polyetheretherketine (PEEK),

polypropylene (PP), and polyphenylene sulfide (Cantwell, 1991).

3.4.2.9 Thermosetting polymers

Thermosetting polymers are the most widely used polymers in constructions, as matrix of FRP

.Thermosetting polymers usually made from liquid or semi solid liquid. The thermos setting

polymers which harden irreversibly, this chemical reaction is known as cure and on

completion.The liquid resin is converted to a hard solid by chemical cross-linking which

produces a tightly three-dimensional network of polymer chains This family of polymers has

an important virtual when used as matrices in FRP, which is the low viscosity of the precursor

liquids, prior to cross linking, that facilitates wetting of reinforcement fibers.

23
Table 3.3: A table with the main properties of the typical unfilled matrix materials
Resin material Density Tensile modulus Tensile strength
(gcm3)

Epoxy 1.2-1.4 2.5-5.0(0.36- 50-110 (7.2-16)

0.72)
Phenolic 1.2-1.4 2.7-4.1 (0.4-0.6) 35-60(5-9)

Polyester 1.1-1.4 1.6-4.1 (0.23- 35-95 (5.0-13.8)

0.6)
Nylon 1.1 1.3-3.5 (0.2-0.5) 55-90 (8-13)

Peek 1.3-1.35 3.5-4.4 (0.5-0.6) 100 (14.5)

PPS 13-14 3.4 (0.49) 80 (11.6)

Polycarbonate 1.2 2.1-3.5 (0.3-0.5) 55-70 (8-10)

Acetal 14 3.5 (0.5) 70 (10)

Polyethylene 0.9-1.0 0.7-1.4 (0.1-0.2) 20-35 (2.9-5)

Telln 2.1-2.3 10-35 (1.5-5.0)

3.4.2.10 Primer

Tiebond Concrete Primer is used over Gyp-Crete and concrete to provide a bondable
surface for the installation of hardwood floors. It also performs exceptionally well as
an additive to cement based patching and leveling compounds used over uneven or
damaged subfloors A primer has two components, moisture-tolerant, epoxy resin binder
.Primer applies on the surface before application of saturant to proper bond with
saturant and transfer load to the CFRP The mixed material of StrucMix primer is

24
applied over the prepared and cleaned surface. The application shall be carried out using
a brush and allowed to dry for about 24 hours before application of epoxy putty.

3.4.2.11 Uses of primer

The primed surface shall be finished with StrucMix putty to cover the pinholes and undulations
in the concrete thereby ensuring 100% contact of Carbon fiber wrap For filling blow holes,
making good slightly damaged concrete, eliminating minor irregularities on floors and walls
prior to applying epoxy systems.

3.4.2.12 Collection of test specimen

The test specimens were cement, sand as fine aggregate,brick chips as coarse aggregate,
reinforcement and CFRP.Cement, sand, brick chips were available in the soil lab of BAUET
.Some brick chips were also collected from the construction site at BAUET campus. The
reinforcement was collected from the SM lab of BAUET. The carbon fiber and matrix as
epoxy bonded adhesive are feign materials were collected by professor Dr. S. M Zahurul
Islam..Sure chips is the important constituent in construction. They give body to concrete,
reduce Fig. 3.5: Coarse aggregate (brick chips) effect economy. The chips are chemically
active and that aggregate exhibit chemical bond at the interface of aggregate.

Fig:3.6 Coarse Aggregates

25
Sand is a form of silica (quartz) and may be argillaceous, siliceous or calcareous according to
its composition. The sand grain may be of angular or rounded. In concrete work, it is usually
term as fine aggregate.

Fig:3.7 Fine Aggregates

CF 450 reinforcing fiber fabric is used

Fig. 3.8: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer

26
 Table 3.4: Properties of CF 450
CF 450

Density 1.8 gms/cm

Weight of fiber 450 g/m

Nominal composite 0.5mm

Thickness per layer

Tensile strength 4875 N/mm2

Tensile modulus 238000 N/mm

Ultimate elongation 1.5%

FIG:3.9 Primer (Base and Hardener)

27
 Table 3.5: Properties of epoxy putty primer
Properties Value

Density 1.6 g/cc

Volume solids 100%

Minimum application temperature 100 C

Compressive strength 50 N/mm

Pot life 40 min at 270 °C

Drying time 8 hours at 270 °C

Relocatable 24 hours

Full cure 7 days at 270 "C

FIG:3.10 Adhesive for-encapsulation resin

28
 Table 3.6: Properties of Adhesive kor-encapsulation
Properties Value

Aspect Grey paste

Mixed density 1.80(+ or -)0.05

Volume solids 100%

Ming ratio, by weight 100 (Base): 75 (Hardener)

Coverage 2 kg/m at 1.0 mm thick

Pot life 60 min at 25°C and 35 min at 35°C

Initial cure 12 hours at 25°C and 8 hours at 35°C

Full cure 7 days at 25°C and 5 days at 35°C

Flexural strength (BS:6319, pt3) >25 MPa at 7 days

FIG:3.11 sample column

29
FIG:3.12 sample column

FIG:3.13 sample column

30
3.5 Procedure
The aim of experiment is to increases the shear strength of shear deficient column by using the
Carbon fiber reinforcement polymer. The using of CFRP on column according to ACI code.
Four- point load applying on column according to ACI code. In the experiment, twenty control
column were taken. Among these they are two types. The types of column are, type I "B0F0",
type 2 "B1F6". Ten column is type l, ten column are type2. Among these type l column is not
strengthened by CFRP and no intentional crack present in the column .The shear deficient
type2 column were strengthened 6 inches externally bonded with CFRP fiber sheets on both
column as well U shaped. All the column were same length and same cross-sectional area.
Length of column was IM, depth of column 203 mm, and width of column is 152 mm. The
longitudinal reinforcement and the stirrup reinforcement were same all the column. stirrup.
The intentional crack was made by removal glass near support for shear test. The shear failure
testing was done following ACI one-point loading .

3.5.1 Working method of column casting

Step 1: The materials for column casting such as stone, sand, cement, reinforcement steel
was collected from the lab of BAUET civil engineering department.
Step 2: Wooden forma was made for casting at specific dimension.
Step 3: Cement, sand, stone chips, were mixed at the ratio 1:2:3 with fixed water cement
ratio for high strength concrete.
Step 4: After mixing of concrete the column were casted by three-layer temping
Step 5: For high strength concrete column were cured for 21 days.

FIG:3.14 Concrete mixing for the column construction

31
FIG:3.15 Concrete mixing for the column construction

FIG:3.16 Wooden forma for Column casting

32
FIG:3.17 Casting Procedure of the Column

FIG:3.18 Casting Procedure of the Column

FIG:3.19 Column

33
3.5.2 Working method of CFRP application
Step 1: As per technical specification, procure satisfactory CFF and epoxy repair adhesive,
primer and bonding adhesive. After mobilizing materials to site, perform testing to the
materials, only her qualifying the requirements from technical specifications can materials be
used in the works.

Step 2: Marking the area for application of CFRP on the column.

Step 3: The marking area were smoothed by electric sander machine

Step4: All components of primer was weighted first and then duly mixed in clean mixing
container as per required ratio 2:1 (base: Hardener)

Step 5: The primer was applied for dust free from the surface of the beam and well bonded
adhesive with beam surface for 24 hours

Step 6: After drying primer, adhesive (Saturant) were applied on the column Kor-encapsulation
Resin base and Kor-Encapsulation Resin Hardener 2:1.

Sup 7: Application carbon fiber fabrics with Saturant in the case area two sides of the beam
and soffit of the column.

FIG:3.20 Application of primer for bonding CFRP with adhesive

34
3.5.3 Laboratory testing procedure

Step 1: The column was taken on the loading platform of hand drop impact load testing

machine one by one and placed on the right position under the hammer.

Step 2:A hammer of 5kj was dropped on the specimen and the damage was recorded and also

the deflection reading of the column. The deflection gauge reading was set-

up under the column.

FIG:3.21 Instrument setup on the column

35
 CHAPTER FOUR
Test results and discussions
4.1 Failure mode observations
4.1.1.General
An extensive test program has been carried out on CFRP-Strengthened column under impact

load. In this study, the impact texts were conducted on total 20 specimens including 3

specimens from each type of column. Out of each 3 specimens, 2 specimens are tested with

CFRP fabrics, and the rest 1 specimen is tested as a reference test. Due to sudden application

of load by drop hammer impactor, the specimens were deformed. The impactor hammer gains

more striking energy with increase in height of falling. Different impact energy has been

applied to observe the response and mood of failure of different tubular sections. The tubular

column specimen used here are made up of concrete for impact test specimens with and without

CFRP plates is shown in Figure 4.1.

Table 4.1: Determination of actual and theoretical velocity of Impactor

sample Adhesives Falling Theoretical Actual Velocity loss % velocity
height velocity, Vt (m/s) velocity, loss
(m/s)
(m) Vo (m/s)

concrete With frp(s1) 3.1 7.80 7.35 0.85 12.75

With0ut frp(s1) 8.05 0.60 11.60

8.21 0.75 11.90

With frp(s2) 3.1 7.80 8.67 0.72 10.08

7.03 0.59 10.96

With frp(s2) 8.32 0.77 10.46

36
Figure 4.1: Comparison of deformation due to impact loading of CFRP strength
concrete sections.

Figure 4.2: With FRP less damage than without FRP specimen.

37
 Figure 4.3: With FRP less damage than without FRP specimen.

4.2. Results

From different test result, it was found that load carrying capacity vary due to different method

of FRP application. The current AC1 440.2R code recommend three types of FRP wrapping

schemes, a) Completely wrapped b) U-Wrap c) 2-side wrap. In our experiment, we warped the

column in three sides soffit and two sides of the column in the shear region of the column by

different width. Three types of area were strengthened to observe the variation in the load

carrying capacity and mode of failure. Though we applied the concentrated load on the shear

region most the failure appeared in the flexure failure due to strengthened in the shear zone by

CFRP Applied load off all the beams were same but failure mode was different for different

types of column. The controlled column or without CFRP column "BOFO" was failed or

collapsed at a certain value of increasing load in the shear zone. The 6 inches strengthened

beams "BIF6, D12F6" were also failed in the shear zone but the cracking load was greater than

the without CFRP column.

38
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUTION AND FUTURE WORK
5.1CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a series of tests on CFRP-strengthened concrete hollow section under impact load
have been presented. An extensive test program was carried out to investigate structural
strength and behaviour of the CFRP- concrete members under impact load. Ten tubular
members including one reference member and another ten CFRP strengthen tubular concrete
were tested in this study with varying different impact loading. Failure mode, maximum
deflection, actual velocity, and velocity loss of impactor, CFRP-strengthening decreased
deformation due to impact loading also presented in this research. CFRP-strengthened concrete
hollow strengthening provided better results due to impact loading. The deformation and
failure mode were observed for both ends clamped beams and one end roller and another end
clamped beams which was struck by a mass. The final permanent plastic deflection, position
of plastic hinge and amount of energy absorbed by local and global deflection was measured
under the transverse impact load of various velocities. The experimental value at different
sections is compared with the theoretical value derived from the analytical solution and found
to be satisfactory. This study was helpful to understand the structural behavior of concrete
CFRP strengthening under impact loading.

5.2 Future works

1. Our study was only wrapping CFRP in U shaped. Three other condition like fully wrapping,
wrapping in tension zone and two opposite side wrapping can also be experimented.

2. Our experiment was only for column, bulking test for column can be experimented in future
3. FRP wrapped strengthening and retrofitting process can be experimented with the steel
structures also.

4.The failure beam in our material lab can also be strengthened by wrapping.

39
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