1.

The speed at which one accomplishes a task refers to one’s intellectual

capacity.(True/ false)

2. Enduring beliefs about the ideal mode of behaviour is called __________.

3. _________ is a method in which a person provides factual information about

herself/himself.

4. “Intelligence is the global capacity of an individual to think rationally, act

purposefully and deal effectively with the environment”. The definition was
proposed by:
a) Wechsler b) Binet c) Gardener d) Sternberg.

5. The ________ approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities.

6. Match the two lists and choose the correct match from the given option:
1. one-factor theory a) Thurstone
2. Two-factor theory b) Binet
3. Structure of intellect model c) Spearman
4. Theory of primary mental ability d) Guilford

7. Two- factor theory was proposed by:

a) Charles Spearman b) Arthur Jensen c) Howard Gardener d) J.P Guilford

8. _________ proposed hierarchical model of intelligence consisting of abilities

operating at two levels.
a)Binet b) Wechsler c) Jensen d) Spearman

9. The structure-of-intellect Model was proposed by:

a) Charles Spearman b) Arthur Jensen c) Howard Gardener d) J.P Guilford

10. Howard Gardner’s Theory of intelligence is known as:

a) Theory of primary Mental Abilities b) Triarchic Theory c) Theory of
multiple intelligence d) Two -factor Theory

11. If a person has a skill of understanding the motives, feeling and behaviour of
other people, he/she is said to have:
a) Interpersonal intelligence b) intrapersonal intelligence c) linguistic intelligence
d) Social intelligence

12. Ability to use past experience creatively to solve novel problem is known as:
a) Musical intelligence b) Interpersonal intelligence c) Experiential intelligence
d) contextual intelligence
13. The notion of contextual intelligence implies that intelligence is a product of
_______

14. ‘Selection of environment’ to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society
and culture is an intelligent act. It is given by :
a) Sternberg b) J.P Guilford c) Charles Spearman d) Louis Thurstone

1. Differentiate between psychometric and information processing

approaches to intelligence.
ANS. Psychometric approach to intelligence expresses the individual’s
performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities. For example, Binet’s
Uni or one-factor theory of intelligence. Information processing approach describes
the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving. For example,
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence.

2. Describe the one-factor theory of intelligence.

ANS. Binet conceptualized Uni or One-factor theory of intelligence in which he
described intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities which can be
used for solving any or every problem in an individual’s environment.

3. Describe the Two-factor theory.

ANS. Charles Spearman proposed intelligence as consisting of a general factor
called G-factor and some specific factors called S-factor. The g-factor includes
mental operations which are primary and common to all performances. S-factor
are specific abilities like those possessed by excellent singers, architects, and
scientist.

4. Describe the structure of intellect model of intelligence.

ANS. J.P.Guilford proposed the structure of intellect model of intelligence which
classified intellectual traits among 3 dimensions: operations, contents, products.
Operations are what the respondent does. Contents refers to the nature of
material or information on which intellectual operations are performed while
products refer to the form in which information is processed by the respondent.

5. Explain linguistic intelligence.

ANS. It is the capacity to use language fluently and be sensitive to different shades
of word meaning. This involve using language fluently and flexibly. Persons high on
this intelligence are word smart. Poets and writers are strong in this component of
intelligence.
 6. Explain naturalistic intelligence.
ANS. Naturalistic intelligence involve awareness of our relationship with the
natural world which is useful in recognizing the beauty of different species of
flora and fauna. Hunters, farmers, tourists, zoologists, possess naturalistic
intelligence.

7. Explain contextual intelligence.

ANS. Contextual intelligence is a component of Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of
intelligence which involve adapting to present environment, selecting a more
favourable environment then the existing one or modifying the environment to fit
needs.

8. What is simultaneous and successive in intellectual functioning?

ANS. Information is integrated into our knowledge system simultaneously or
successively. In simultaneous processing relations among various concepts is
integrated into a meaningful pattern for comprehension. For example, grasping the
meaning and relationships between abstract figures in Raven’s progressive
matrices.

Successive processing takes place when you remember all the information serially
so that recall of one leads to recall of another. Learning of digits, alphabets,
multiplication tables are examples of successive processing.

9. What is CAS?
ANS. Cognitive assessment system (CAS) is a battery of tests which measure
basic cognitive functions for individuals between 5 to 18 years of age. The result
of assessment can be used to remedy cognitive deficits of children with learning
problems.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION -1 (3 MARK EACH)

1. Describe the theory of primary mental ability.

ANS. Louis Thurstone developed the theory of Primary Mental Abilities which
states that there are seven primary mental abilities each of which is relatively
independent of others. They are:
1) Verbal comprehension: to grasp words, concepts and ideas quickly
2) Numerical ability: speed and accuracy in numerical computations.
3) Spatial relations: speed in procuring details.
4) Perceptional speed: visualizing patterns and forms
5) Word fluency: using words fluently and accurately.
6) Memory: accuracy in recalling information.
7) Inductive reasoning: deriving rules from facts.

2. Describe the Hierarchical Model of Intelligence.

ANS. Arthur Jensen proposed that intelligence works at two levels:
LEVEL 1: this level is associative learning in which output is more or less similar to
the input as in rote learning.
LEVEL 2: this is cognitive competence (sensitivity to contact, understanding
discrimination, problem solving and effective communication). It involves higher
order skills as they transform the input to produce an effective output.

3. ‘Intelligence is the interplay of nature and nurture ‘.comment.

OR
Discuss how interplay of nature and nurture influences intelligence.
ANS. Effects of heredity: studies of adopted children show that children’s
intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents.
Effects of environment: evidence shows that environmental deprivation
lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background and quality
schooling increase intelligence.
Studies show intelligence of identical twins reared together corrolate0.09.
Intelligence of identical twins reared in different environment correlate 0.72.
Intelligence of fraternal twins reared together correlate 0.60. Intelligence of brothers
and sisters reared together correlate 0.50. Intelligence of sibling reared apart correlate
0.25.

4. Explain componential intelligence with examples.

ANS. Componential or analytical intelligence by Robert Sternberg is the analysis
of information to solve problems. It has 3 components.
1) Knowledge acquisition component: this is responsible for learning and
acquisition of the ways of doing things.
2) Meta component which involve planning what to do and how to do.
3) Performance component which involve actually doing things. for example
while studying mathematics, we gather information about the formula to solve
the problem, plan out the steps and then actually solve the sum

5. Explain Triarchic theory of intelligence.

ANS. Sternberg views intelligence as the ability to adapt, to shape and select
environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture.
Sternberg proposed the following 3 types of intelligence:
1) Knowledge acquisition component: this is responsible for learning and
acquisition of the ways of doing things.
2) Meta component which involve planning what to do and how to do.
 3) Performance component which involve actually doing things. for example
while studying mathematics, we gather information about the formula to solve
the problem, plan out the steps and then actually solve the sum.
b) Experiential or creative intelligence: this specifies how experience affect
intelligence and how intelligence affects a person’s experience.
c) Contextual or practical intelligence: this involves adapting to the present
environment or selecting a more favourable environment than the existing
one or modifying the environment to fit one’s needs.

6. Explain how the PASS model helps us to understand intelligence?

ANS. According to the model developed by J.P Das, Jack Naglieri and Kirby
intellectual activity involves 3 functional units of brain, namely A- Arousal/attention,
S-Simultaneous processing and p-planning respectively:
1. Arousal/ attention: an optimal level of arousal focuses our attention to the
relevant aspects of a problem. Too much or too little arousal would interfere
with attention.
2. Simultaneous and successive processing: information is integrated into our
knowledge system simultaneously or successively.in simultaneous processing,
relations among various concepts are integrated into a meaningful pattern for
comprehensions. For example, grasping the meaning and relationship between
abstract figures in Raven’s progressive matrices.
Successive processive takes place when you remember all the information
serially so that recall of one leads to recall of another. Learning of digits,
alphabets, multiplication tables are examples of successive processing.
3. Planning: after the information is attended to and processed, planning is
activated. For example, planning a time schedule of study by giving more time or
studyimg with friends.

SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS-11 (4 MARK EACH

State Gardener’s eight types of intelligence. Describe any one with the help
of examples.
OR
Mention multiple intelligences as suggested by Gardner. Explain logical
mathematical intelligence.
ANS. Howard Gardner described eight types of intelligence. They are as
follows:
• Linguistic
• Logical-mathematical
• Spatial
• Musical
• Bodily-kinaesthetic
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Naturalistic

Linguistic: it is the capacity to use language fluently and be sensitive to

different shades of word meaning. This involve using language fluently and
flexibly. Persons high on this intelligence are ‘word-smart’. Poet and writers
are strong in this component of intelligence.

Logical-mathematical: this involves skills in scientific thinking and problem

solving. People high on this type of intelligence can think logically and
critically. They engage in abstract reasoning and can manipulate symbols to
solve mathematical problems. Scientist and noble prize winners are strong in
the component.

Spatial: it refers to the abilities involved in forming, using and transforming

mental images, pilots, sailors, sculptures, painters, architects, interior
decorators and surgeons are high in this type of intelligence.

Musical: it is the capacity to produce, create and manipulate musical patterns.

Persons high on this intelligence are sensitive to sounds and vibration and in
creating new patterns of sound and rhythms.
Bodily-kinaesthetic: this involves using body flexible and creatively. Athletes,
dancers, actors, sportsperson, gymnasts and surgeons are high in this
intelligence.

Interpersonal: this is the skill of understanding the motives, feeling and

behaviours of other people so as to bond into a comfortable relationship with
others. Psychologists, counsellors, social workers, religious leaders are high on
this component.

Intrapersonal: this refers to the knowledge of one’s internal strengths and

limitations and awareness of one’s own feeling, motives and desires. This
relates to human existence and finding meaning in one’s life. Philosophers and
spiritual leaders are high on this intelligence.

Naturalistic: this is recognizing the beauty of flora and fauna. Hunters,

farmers, tourists, botanists, zoologist, bird watchers are high on this
component.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (6 MARKS EACH)

1) What is the meaning of assessment? Explain the method used for

psychological assessment.
ANS. Assessment refers to the measurement of psychological attributes of
individuals and their evaluation, often using multiple methods in terms of certain
standards of comparisons. For example, intellectual ability of a slow learner in a
class would require testing intelligence. Formal assessment is objective,
standardized and organized while informal assessment varies from case to case
and from one assessor t another and is open to subjective interpretation.
The method of assessment are:
Psychological test: a psychological test is an objective and standardized measure
of an individual’s mental or behavioural characteristics. For example,
psychological tests measure psychological attributes such as intelligence, aptitude,
personality, etc.
Interview: interview is a face to face interaction between two people. For
example, an interview between doctor and patient, a salesman and customer,
employee selection by employer.
Case study: a case study is an in-depth study of an individual in terms of his
psychological attributes, psychological history in the context of his physical and
psycho-social environment. It is used by clinical psychologist or a case analysis of
great people is an example. Case studies are based on data generated by different
methods such as interview, observation, questionnaire, psychological tests etc.
Observation: observation involve employing systematic, organized and objective
procedures to record behaviour in a natural situation. For example, observing
mother- child interactions.
Self-report: self-report is a method in which a person provides factual
information about himself or herself or beliefs and opinions which he or she holds.
For example, Eysenck personality questionnaire.

3. Discuss Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence with suitable example.

OR
Elaborate one theory representing information processing approach.

ANS. Gardner in his theory of multiple intelligence described 8 types of

intelligence:
Howard Gardner proposed the theory of intelligence. According to him
intelligence is not a single entity but distinct types of intelligence exist. Each of
these intelligence is independent of each other which means that if a person
exhibit one type of intelligence, it does not necessarily indicate being high or
low on other types of intelligence. he described eight type of intelligence. They
are as follows:
2) Linguistic: it is the capacity to use language fluently and be sensitive to
different shades of word meaning. This involve using language fluently and
flexibly. Persons high on this intelligence are ‘word-smart’. Poet and writers
are strong in this component of intelligence.
3) Logical-mathematical: this involves skills in scientific thinking and problem
solving. People high on this type of intelligence can think logically and
critically. They engage in abstract reasoning and can manipulate symbols to
solve mathematical problems. Scientist and noble prize winners are strong in
the component.
4) Spatial: it refers to the abilities involved in forming, using and transforming
mental images, pilots, sailors, sculptures, painters, architects, interior
decorators and surgeons are high in this type of intelligence.
5) Musical: it is the capacity to produce, create and manipulate musical patterns.
Persons high on this intelligence are sensitive to sounds and vibration and in
creating new patterns of sound and rhythms.
6) Bodily-kinaesthetic: this involves using body flexible and creatively. Athletes,
dancers, actors, sportsperson, gymnasts and surgeons are high in this
intelligence.
7) Interpersonal: this is the skill of understanding the motives, feeling and
behaviours of other people so as to bond into a comfortable relationship with
others. Psychologists, counsellors, social workers, religious leaders are high on
this component.
8) Intrapersonal: this refers to the knowledge of one’s internal strengths and
limitations and awareness of one’s own feeling, motives and desires. This
relates to human existence and finding meaning in one’s life. Philosophers and
spiritual leaders are high on this intelligence.
9) Naturalistic: this is recognizing the beauty of flora and fauna. Hunters, farmers,
tourists, botanists, zoologist, bird watchers are high on this component.