L.Y. CSE- Semester-III, 2022-2023.

MIT SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,

LONI KALBHOR THEORY ASSIGNMENT - II

DEPARTMENT: Computer Science and Engineering

NAME: Mukund Heda
ENROLL NO: MITU19BTCS0112
ROLL NO: 2193080 CLASS: L.Y. IS-1
SUBJECT: Economics & Finance for Engineers
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1. Prepare the strategy and circular design for attaining a circular economy with
the help of any ideal problem statement
Ans- Circular design searches for a way to deliver a product or a service, which is
functional and made of optimum materials to deliver the best performance while
minimizing its negative impact along the whole life cycle.

PRINCIPLES OF CIRCULAR DESIGN

The principles of circular design are:

● Understand: Learn about different circular design solutions and gain a deeper

understanding of how to move from linear to circular thinking.
● Define: Articulate a challenge, find opportunities for circularity, whether you are
starting a project or revising an existing one, and set goals.
● Make: Understand user needs, exchange ideas, develop concepts, make them
tangible by building prototypes and test them in order to learn.
● Launch: Put the concept on the market in order to gather feedback that will
allow the product or service to evolve and generate the necessary changes.

Circular Design Strategy:

Problem statement: To reduce the production of unsustainable shoes.

Challenges: shoes are a necessity of life. But more and more shoes get thrown out
every year.
Experts say that the global footwear industry will be worth more than 95 billion
dollars by 2025. Advertisers convince consumers to buy more, and this increases the
demand for production. The manufacturing process releases large amounts of carbon
dioxide. It is responsible for 1.4% of GHG emissions in the world. A pair of sneakers
generates 30 pounds of CO2 emissions, keeping a 100-watt light bulb on for a
week.Shoes are disposed of in ways that are damaging to the environment. The most
common ways to dispose of shoes are to throw them in landfills and incinerate them.
These are easy ways of releasing toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment.

Circular Solution: we can make shoes from sustainable materials such as coconut husk and
sugar cane, and even recycled plastic bottles. Collaboration is needed to make changes to the
entire manufacturing process. Seventy percent of footwear companies are working to be more
sustainable. They have turned to less harmful chemicals and materials.Reselling and
recycling your used shoes is the easiest way to help this situation. You can resell your shoes
to keep them away from landfills while making some money. If you are feeling charitable,

Department of Computer Science & Engineering, SoE MIT ADT University

L.Y. CSE- Semester-III, 2022-2023.
you can donate them instead. Since thrifting has become so popular, your shoes have a good
chance of finding a new home.

2. Explain solid waste management with suitable examples and suggest a few
measures to improve the waste management process
Ans- Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of
collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do
not belong to garbage or trash. As long as people have been living in settlements and
residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue. Waste management is all
about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource.

Sources of Solid Wastes

● Solid domestic garbage.

● Solid waste material from various industries.
● Solid agricultural waste.
● Plastics, glass, metals, e-waste, etc.
● Medical waste.
● Construction waste, sewage sludge

Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management

● Waste generation- The materials that are identified and collected are thrown
away or gathered for disposal.
● On-site handling, storage, and processing- The activities associated with the
handling, storage, and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of
generation.
● Collection- The collection and disposal of solid waste from various locations.
● Transfer and transport- The transfer of wastes from the smaller collection
vehicle to the larger transport equipment, to the disposal site.
● Processing and recovery- Those techniques equipment and facilities are used
both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover
usable materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes.
● Disposal- The dumping of waste in a specific place for segregation.

Methods of Solid Waste Disposal and Management:

Here are the methods of solid waste disposal and management:

1) Solid wastes sanitary landfills

2) Incineration method
3) Composting process
4) Salvaging procedure
5) Fermentation/biological digestion

1. Solid wastes sanitary landfills

Solid wastes sanitary landfills process is simple, clean and effective. In this
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, SoE MIT ADT University
L.Y. CSE- Semester-III, 2022-2023.
procedure, layers are compressed with some mechanical equipment and covered with
earth, level, and compacted. A deep trench of 3 to 5 m is excavated and micro-
organisms act on the organic matter and degrade them. In this procedure, refuse depth
is generally limited to 2m. Facultative bacteria hydrolyse complex organic matter into
simpler water-soluble organics

2. Incineration method
Incineration method is suitable for combustible refuse. High operation costs and
construction are involved in this procedure. This method would be suited in crowded
cities where sites for land filling are not available. It can be used to reduce the volume
of solid wastes for land filling.

3. Composting process
Composting process is similar to sanitary land-filling and it is popular in developing
countries. Decomposable organic matter is separated and composted in this procedure.
Yields are stable end products and good soil conditioners. They can be used as a base
for fertilizers.
Two methods have been used in this process:
a) Open Window Composting
b) Mechanical Composting

4. Salvaging procedure
Materials such as metal, paper, glass, rags, certain types of plastic and so on can be
salvaged, recycled, and reused.

5. Fermentation/biological digestion
Biodegradable wastes are converted to compost and recycling can be done whenever
possible. Hazardous wastes can be disposed using suitable methods

Department of Computer Science & Engineering, SoE MIT ADT University