Physics Formulas

Motion in straight Line

1. Displacement ≤ Path Length
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 ⃗ 𝒇 −𝒙
𝒙 ⃗⃗⃗𝒊 ∆𝒙
⃗ avg) =
2. Average Velocity : (𝒗 = =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝟐−𝒕𝟏 ∆𝒕
∆𝒙
̅ 𝒅𝒙
̅
⃗ ins) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
3. Instantaneous velocity: (𝒗 =
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
4. Average speed (vavg) = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚−𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
⃗ avg) =
5. Average acceleration (𝒂 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
⃗ 𝒇 −𝒗
𝒗 ⃗𝒊 ̅̅̅̅
∆𝒗
⃗ avg) =
(𝒂 =
𝒕 𝟐 −𝒕𝟏 ∆𝒕
𝒅𝒗
̅ 𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒗𝒅𝒗
⃗ ins) =
6. Instantaneous acceleration (𝒂 = =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
⇒ Position → Velocity → Acceleration
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
← ←
𝒕
⇒ x- x0 = ∫𝒕 𝒗𝒅𝒕 (x = final position at ‘t’ and x0 = Initial position at ‘t0’)
𝟎
𝒕
⇒ v – v0 = ∫𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒕 (v = Final velocity at ‘t’ and v0 = Initial velocity at ‘t0’)
𝟎
Equations of motion (Only for constant acceleration)
v = u + at .. (i)
x = x0 + ut + ½ at2 …(ii)
v2 = u2 + 2a(x – x0) ….(iii)
𝒖+𝒗
x – x0 = ( 𝟐 ) 𝒕 …..(iv)
(x0 = Initial position; x = Final position; u = Initial velocity; v = Final velocity)

⇒Distance travelled by particle in nth second

𝒂
Sn = u + 𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)
⇒ Equation of motion under gravity
1. Upward motion

v = u – gt
h = ut – ½ gt2
v2 = u2 – 2gh
𝒖𝟐
Maximum height attain by object = 𝟐𝒈
𝒖
Time taken to reach highest point = 𝒈
𝟐𝒖
Time of flight = 𝒈
2. Downward motion
v = u + gt
h = ut + 1/2gt2
v2 = u2+2gh
If An object drop a height ‘h’ then
𝟐𝒉
Time taken to reach the ground = √ 𝒈
Speed by which it hit the ground = √𝟐𝒈𝒉

Graph Conversion
Uniform motion Uniform accelerated motion Uniform retarded motion

1. Velocity = slope of position-time graph

2. Acceleration = slope of velocity-time graph
3. Displacement = Area under velocity-time graph
4. Change in velocity = area under acceleration time graph
𝒗𝟐 𝒖𝟐
5. 𝟐 − 𝟐 = Area under a, x graph
6. Acceleration = velocity × slope of v, x graph

Vectors
⇒ ⃗𝑨
⃗ = |𝑨
⃗⃗ | 𝑨
̂
⃗𝑨
⃗ = Vector Quantity; |𝑨
⃗ | = Magnitude of vector; 𝑨
̂ = Direction of ⃗𝑨 or unit vector

Resultant of Two vectors

𝟐
⃗⃗ | = √|𝑨
R = |𝑹 ⃗ |𝟐 + |𝑩
⃗⃗ | + 𝟐| ⃗𝑨
⃗ ||𝑩
⃗⃗ |𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
tan  =
𝑨+𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
⇒ A vector in Cartesian Coordinate
 ̂
⃗⃗𝑨 = Ax𝒊̂ + Ay𝒋̂ + Az𝒌
⃗⃗ | = =√𝑨𝟐𝒙 + 𝑨𝟐𝒚 + 𝑨𝟐𝒛
|𝑨
⃗⃗ ̂
̂ = 𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 𝒊̂+𝑨𝒚 𝒋̂+𝑨𝒛 𝒌
𝑨 ̅|
|𝑨
√𝑨𝟐𝒙 +𝑨𝟐𝒚 +𝑨𝟐𝒛

Vector in Polar Form

⃗𝒓 = r cos 𝒊̂ + r sin 𝒋̂

Dot Product

⃗⃗𝑨. ⃗⃗𝑩 = ⃗⃗𝑩. ⃗𝑨

⃗𝑨⃗ .𝑩
⃗⃗ = | ⃗𝑨 ⃗⃗ | cos 
⃗ ||𝑩
𝒊̂. 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂. 𝒋̂ = 𝒌̂. 𝒌 ̂=1
̂=𝒌
𝒊̂. 𝒋̂ = 𝒋̂. 𝒌 ̂ . 𝒊̂ = 0

Cross product
⃗𝑨
⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗ = |𝑨 ⃗⃗ |sin  𝒏
⃗⃗ | |𝑩 ̂
̂ = unit vector perpendicular to ⃗𝑨 and ⃗𝑩
𝒏 ⃗

̂ ×𝒌
𝒊̂ × 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ × 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂=0

̂
𝒊̂ × 𝒋̂ = 𝒌
̂ = 𝒊̂
𝒋̂ × 𝒌
𝒌 × 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂
 Motion in Plane
⇒ Position of particle at ‘A’ = x1𝒊̂ + y1𝒋̂
Position of particle at ‘B’ = x2𝒊̂ + y2𝒋̂
Displacement (𝒓⃗)=𝒓 ⃗B-𝒓 ⃗A
= (x2 – x1) 𝒊̂ +(y2 – y1) 𝒋̂

𝒓
⃗ = x𝒊̂ + y𝒋̂
∆𝒓
⃗ ∆𝒙 ∆𝒚
⃗ avg) = =
⇒Average velocity (𝒗 𝒊̂+ 𝒋̂
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕
𝒅𝒓
⃗ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
⃗ ins) = = 𝒊̂ +
⇒ Instantaneous velocity (𝒗 𝒋̂
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
⃗ ins) = vx𝒊̂ + vy𝒋̂
(𝒗

⃗ ins | = √𝒗𝟐𝒙 + 𝒗𝟐𝒚

⇒ Speed (v) = |𝒗

Projectile Motion

𝟐𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Time of flight (T) = 𝒈
𝒖𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
Maximum Height (Hmax) = 𝟐𝒈
𝒖𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
Range (R) = 𝒈
⇒ For maximum range, Range  = 45°
⇒ Two projection angle for same Range are , 90 – 
𝒈𝒙𝟐
Equation of trajectory, y = x tan - 𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽
y = x tan (1 – x/R)
where R = Range of projectile
Velocity of velocity of projectile at the instant ‘t’ is

v = √𝒗𝟐𝒙 + 𝒗𝟐𝒚

v = √𝒖𝟐 + 𝒈𝟐 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟐𝒖𝒈𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽−𝒈𝒕
tan = 𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

Oblique Projectile

𝟐𝑯
R = 𝒖√ 𝒈
𝟐𝑯
Time of flight = √ 𝒈

Laws of Motion
Linear momentum (𝒑 ⃗ ) = m𝒗 ⃗
Change in Linear momentum (𝒑 ⃗ – m𝒖
⃗ )= m𝒗 ⃗
𝒑 ⃗ –𝒖
⃗ = m(𝒗 ⃗)
Impulse (𝑰) = Change in Linear momentum
=𝑭⃗⃗ avg × time = Area under Force, time graph
⇒ Force (𝑭 ⃗⃗ ) = 𝒅𝒑⃗
𝒅𝒕
For constant mass, ⃗𝑭 = m𝒂 ⃗
⇒ For variable mass
⃗𝑭 ⃗ thrust = 𝒎 𝒅𝒗⃗
⃗ ext + ⃗𝑭
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒎
̅
Where ⃗𝑭 ⃗ thrust = 𝒗
⃗𝒓
𝒅𝒕
⃗ 𝒓 = velocity of the separated (gained) mass respect to system
𝒗

Pulley
 𝑴 −𝑴 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
a = (𝑴𝟐 +𝑴𝟏 ) 𝒈 =
𝟏 𝟐 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝟐𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐 𝒈
T = (𝑴
𝟏 +𝑴𝟐 )

Friction (f)

Static friction (f) = applied force

Limiting friction (f2) = sN
s = coefficient of static friction, N = normal reaction
Kinetic friction (fk) = kN
k = coefficient of kinetic friction

Circular Motion


𝜽
⃗ angular displacement
⃗
∆𝜽
⃗⃗⃗ avg) =
Average angular velocity (𝝎 ∆𝒕
⃗
𝒅𝜽
⃗⃗⃗ ins) =
Instantaneous angular velocity (𝝎 𝒅𝒕
𝚫𝝎
̅
⃗ avg) =
Average angular acceleration (𝜶 𝚫𝒕
 𝒅𝝎
̅ 𝒅𝟐 𝜽
⃗ 𝒅𝝎
⃗ ins) =
Instantaneous angular acceleration (𝜶 = 𝒅𝒕𝟐 = 𝝎 𝒅𝜽
𝒅𝒕
Relation between Linear velocity and angular velocity, 𝒗⃗ =𝝎⃗⃗⃗ × 𝒓
⃗

Net acceleration of circular motion

⃗ =𝒂
𝒂 ⃗ c+𝒂
⃗t
⃗ | = √𝒂𝟐𝒄 + 𝒂𝟐𝒕
|𝒂
Where ac = centripetal acceleration
ac = v2/ r = 2r
And at = dv/dt = R = Tangential acceleration
(i) Uniform circular motion, at = 0, ac ≠ 0
(ii) Non uniform circular motion, at ≠ 0, ac ≠ 0

Bending of cyclist on circular road

tan = v2/rg
v = sped of cyclist, r = radius of circular track, g = acceleration due to gravity

Banking of road

r = radius of circular track, v = speed of car

𝒓𝒈(𝝁 −𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽) 𝟏/𝟐
vmax = [ (𝟏+𝝁𝒔 ]
𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽)
Minimum speed to avoid slipping
𝒓𝒈(𝝁 −𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝟏/𝟐
vmin = [ (𝟏+𝝁𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽) ]
𝒔
Optimum speed when no wear or tear of tyres (friction absent)
v = √𝒓𝒈𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
Maximum speed on level circular track
v = √𝝁𝒔 𝒓𝒈
Maximum speed to avoid overturning of car

𝒃𝒓𝒈
v = √ 𝟐𝒉
where b = width of car, h = height of centre of mass of car from ground

Circular motion in vertical Plane

Minimum speed given to particle to complete the circle, u = √𝟓𝒈𝑳

Work, Energy, Power

Work done by constant force, W = ⃗𝑭 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗

∆𝒓
W = Frcos
In Cartesian coordinate system
W=𝑭 ⃗⃗ . ∆𝒓
⃗⃗⃗⃗
Where ∆𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒓
⃗2–𝒓
⃗1
And 𝒓 ⃗ 2 = x2𝒊̂ + y2𝒋̂ + z2𝒌̂
⃗⃗𝒓1 = x1𝒊̂ + y1𝒋̂ + z1𝒌̂
Work done by variable force
W = ∫𝑭 ⃗ . 𝒅𝒓 ⃗ = Area under force, displacement graph
Where d𝒓 ⃗ = dx𝒊̂ + dy𝒋̂ + dz𝒌 ̂
Work energy theorem
Total work done = Change in kinetic energy

Kinetic energy (k) = ½ mv2

Relation between kinetic energy and Linear momentum = p 2/2m

Potential energy (U) = - (Work done by conservative force)

⃗𝑭 = − (𝝏𝑼 𝒊̂ + 𝝏𝑼 𝒋̂ + 𝝏𝑼 𝒌
̂)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

⇒ Mechanical enrgy (ME) = K + U

In absence of work done by man conservative force total mechanical energy will be
constant
Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf

⇒ Spring
Restoring force of spring = -kx
k ⇒ spring constant
k ∝ 1/natural length of spring

Elastic potential Energy (U) = ½ kx2

Series combination of spring

Equivalent spring constant (keq), 1/keq = 1/k1 + 1/k2

Parallel combination of spring

keq = k1+k2

Power
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆
Average power = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

Instantaneous power (Pins) = dw/dt

Relation between force and power

P= ⃗⃗𝑭.𝒗
⃗
P = Fv cos
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
⇒ Efficiency (𝜼) = 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
⇒ Mechanical Advantage (MA) = 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕
⇒ Conservation of Linear Motion : In absence of external force, Linear momentum of the
system remains constant

⇒ Newton’s law of collision

𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
=e
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒄𝒉
(i) Head on collision:
(𝒎𝟏 −𝒆𝒎𝟐 ) (𝟏+𝒆)𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐
v1 = 𝒖𝟏 +
(𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 ) (𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 )
(𝟏+𝒆 𝒎𝟏 )𝒖𝟏 (𝒎𝟐 −𝒆𝒎𝟏 )𝒖𝟐
v2 = +
(𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 ) (𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 )

𝟏 𝒎𝟏 𝒎 𝟐
Loss in KE = (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐 )
𝟐 (𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 )
Oblique collision

u = speed before collision

v = speed after collision
v = 𝒖√𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒆𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶
tan = tan 𝒆
Note: If collision is perpendicular to surface then
 = 0,  = 0

System of particle sand Rotatory Motion

𝒎𝟏 𝒙𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 𝒙𝟐
xcm =
𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐
𝒎𝟏 𝒚𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 𝒚𝟐
ycm =
𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐
𝒎𝟏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐
⃗ cm =
𝒓
𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐

∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒎 ∫ 𝒚𝒅𝒎
⇒ In case of continuous mass, xcm = , ycm =
∫ 𝒅𝒎 ∫ 𝒅𝒎

𝒎𝟐 𝒅 𝒎𝟏 𝒅
d1 = , d2 =
𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐
 𝒎𝟏 𝒗
⃗ 𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 𝒗
⃗𝟐
Velocity of centre of mass, ⃗𝒗cm = 𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐
𝒎𝟏 𝒂
⃗ 𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 𝒂
⃗𝟐
⃗ cm =
Acceleration of centre of mass, 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐

Shape COM
Semicircular Ring h = 𝟐𝑹⁄𝝅

Semicircular Plate h = 𝟒𝑹⁄𝟑𝝅

Right circular cone h = 𝑯⁄𝟒

Hemisphere h = 𝟑𝑹⁄𝟖

Hemispherical shell h = 𝑹⁄𝟐

Moment of Inertia(I)
I = 𝒎𝒓𝟐⊥
𝒓⊥ = perpendicular distance of mass from axis of rotation

Moment of inertia of distributed masses

I = m1r12 + m2r22 + ….+mnrn2
Moment of inertia of continue mass I = ∫ 𝒅𝒎𝒓𝟐
𝑰
Radius of gyration (k) = √𝑴
 𝒓𝟐𝟏 +𝒓𝟐𝟐 +⋯+𝒓𝟐𝒏
Radius of gyration of system of masses, k = √ where n = number of masses
𝒏

Theorem of parallel axis

I = Icm + Mh2
Icm = moment of inertia about an axis passes through cm and parallel to given axis
Theorem of perpendicular axis
Iz = Ix + Iy

Object Moment of Inertia

Rod ML2/3

Circular Ring MR2

Circular disc MR2/2

Hollow sphere 2/3 MR2

Solid Sphere 2/5 MR2

Hollow cylinder MR2

Solid cylinder MR2/2

𝑴(𝑳𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )
Cuboid I= 𝟏𝟐

⃗ =𝒓
Torque, 𝝉 ⃗⃗ = rFsin
⃗ ×𝑭
⃗ ) and angular acceleration (𝜶
Torque (𝝉 ⃗ ), ⃗𝝉 = I 𝜶
⃗
Work done (W) = ∫ 𝝉. ⃗
⃗⃗ 𝒅𝜽
⃗ .𝝎
Power (P) = 𝝉 ⃗⃗⃗
Angular momentum (𝑳 ⃗)=𝒓⃗ ×𝒑⃗ where 𝒑
⃗ = linear momentum
⃗ =I𝝎
𝑳 ⃗⃗⃗
Relation between torque and angular momentum 𝝉 ⃗ /dt
⃗ = d𝑳
If ⃗𝝉 (external) = 0, then ⃗𝑳 = constant
⃗⃗⃗ 1 = I2𝝎
I1𝝎 ⃗⃗⃗ 2
Angular Impulse (𝑱) = 𝝉 ⃗ .t = change in angular momentum
Equation of Rotatory Motion (constant ‘’)
 =  0 + t
 = .t + 1/2t2
 2 = 02 + 2
 0 = initial angular velocity,  =final angular velocity after time ‘t’.
Rolling motion
Velocity of a point on rolling object
⃗ =𝒗
𝒗 ⃗0+𝝎 ⃗⃗⃗ ×𝒓
⃗
⃗ 0 = velocity of centre of rotation, 𝝎
𝒗 ⃗ = position vector of point ‘P’ with
⃗⃗⃗ = angular velocity, 𝒓
respect to centre of rotation.
Acceleration of a point on rolling object
⃗ =𝒂
𝒂 ⃗ 0+𝜶 ⃗⃗ ×𝒓
⃗
Total kinetic energy of rolling object
E = ET + ER
E = ½ mv2 + ½ I2
For pure rolling v = R
𝐈
E = 1/2mv2(1+k2/R2) where k = √𝐌
Acceleration of an object rolling from rough inclined plane

𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
a= 𝑲𝟐
(𝟏+ )
𝑹𝟐

Angular momentum of rolling object

⃗𝑳 = I 𝝎
⃗⃗⃗ + m(𝒓
⃗ ×𝒗
⃗)
Where 𝝎⃗⃗⃗ = angular velocity of object, 𝒓
⃗ = position vector of centre of rotation, 𝒗
⃗ = vector of
centre of rotation, I = MOI about centre of rotation

Gravitation
Gravitational force between two masses
F = GM1M2/r2 where G = 6.6×10-11 Nm2 kg-2
⃗⃗ )
Gravitational field intensity (𝑬
⃗𝑬 = ⃗𝑭/m0
Gravitational field intensity due to point mass E = GM/r2
Gravitational potential (V)
𝑾∞𝒑
𝑽=
𝒎𝟎
Where 𝑾∞𝒑 = work done to move a mass ‘m0’ from infinity to a given point inside field.
𝑮𝑴
Gravitational potential due to point mass, V = −
𝒓
Relation between gravitational field intensity (E) and potential (V), E = -dv/dr
Gravitational field intensity (E) and (v) due to ring at axial point ‘p’

E = GMx/(x2+R2)3/2
V = -GM/(x2+R2)1/2

Gravitational field intensity (E) and potential (V)

(a) Due to hollow sphere
(i) Inside hollow sphere (r<R)
E = 0, V = -GM/R
(ii) Outside hollow sphere, (r>R)
E = GM/r2, V = -GM/r
(iii) At surface (r = R)
E = GM/R2, V = -GM/R

(b) Due to sphere

(i) Internal point (r<R)
E = GMr/R3 , V = (-GM/2R3) (3R2 – r2)
(ii) External point (r>R)
E = GM/r2, V = -GM/r
(iii) At surface (r = R)
E = GM/R2, V = -GM/R
Gravitational Potential energy (U)
Gravitational potential energy of two point masses placed at separation ‘r’ will be
U = - Gm1m2/r
Gravitational potential energy of mass ‘m0’on surface of earth, U = -GMm0/R where M =
mass of earth, m0 = mass of object, R = Radius of earth.
Change in Gravitational potential energy of mass ‘m0’ to move from surface to height ‘h’
U = GMm0/R(R+h)
U = m0gh/(1+h/R)
Variation in ‘g’
(i) Due to altitude ‘h’
𝐠′ = 𝐠 /(1+h/R)2
If h<<R the, 𝐠′ = g(1- (2h/R))
(ii) Due to depth ‘d’
𝐠′ = g(1- d/R)
(iii) Due to rotation
𝐠′ = g – 2Rcos2
latitude angle)
Escape velocity (Ve) on surface of earth
𝟐𝑮𝑴
Ve = √ = √𝟐𝒈𝑹 = 11.2 km/s and g = GM/R2
𝑹
Planet and satellite system
Orbital velocity
𝟐𝑮𝑴
V0 = √ r = Radius of orbit
𝑹
Time period (T) = 2r/v0
Kinetic energy (k) = GMm0/2r
Potential energy (U) = -GMm0/r
Total energy (U) = - GMm0/2r