ADVANCED COMPUTER

NETWORKS

Dr. Irfana Memon

Department of CSE, QUEST

1
https://sites.google.com/a/quest.edu.pk/dr-irfana-memon/lecture-slides
Course Content
NO TOPIC
01 Introduction: Motivations of studying networking

02 Foundation (Problem: Building a network)

03 Network Data Link Layer

04 Data Link Network

05 Switching
06 Internetworking (Network Layer)
07 End-to-End Protocols (Transport Layer)
08 Congestion Control and Resource Allocation
09
10
11
12
 Importance of course
• Networks and telecommunication is getting more and
more importance
• Widespread Internet, diffused in our daily life is a ground
reality; its beneficial to understand it
• Its fun to play with protocols (software) and able to
design exciting new type of networks
 Foundation Course in Network
Stream
• This Computer Networks course is a foundation course
for “Networks” as the Area of Specialization
• It is a required pre-requisite course for the following
advanced level courses in networking
• Performance Analysis of Communication Networks
• Integrated Services over Packet Networks
• Computer Network Security
• Mobile Networking
• It is a recommended pre-requisite for the course:
• Network and System Programming
 Course Material
• Reference books
• Many textbooks on Networking may be consulted
• Lot of research papers!
• Many will be made available on course web site
• Internet drafts
• Related to TCP/IP suite and other protocols
• Web resources
• Tutorials, white papers, reports, etc.
Text Books
Course Evaluation

•Assignment
•Test
•Research Papers : Presentation
•Midterm exam
•Final exam
 Chapter 01
Introduction To Computer Networks
 Chapter 1: Outline

• Introduction to Computer Network

• Applications
• Components of Network
• Communication Devices
• Type of communication cables
• Classification of Network
• Computer Network Architecture
• Network Topologies
• Features
 Network Design
Before looking inside a computer network, first agree on
what a computer network is?
 Computer Network ?

Specialized to handle:

• Set of serial lines to attach terminals Keystrokes

to mainframe ?
• Telephone network carrying voice Voice
traffic ?
• Cable network to disseminate video Video
signals ?
 What Distinguishes a Computer
Network ?

• Generality
• Built from general purpose
programmable hardware
• Supports wide range of applications
 Applications – Users’ Contact with the
Network
• Most people know the Internet through its
applications
– Web, email, streaming audio and video, chat, …
• Applications present an intuitively simple interface
– Textual and graphical objects
– Simple “clicks” to maneuver the application
• However, users are not aware of what happens in the
network with their simple “clicks” !!!
Applications – Consumers of Networks

• On a simple click, several messages may be exchanged

over the Internet
• In a web browser, 17 messages may be exchanged
– up to six messages to translate the server name
– three messages to set up a TCP connection
– four messages to send HTTP “get” request + response
– four messages to tear down the TCP connection
• Moreover, millions of messages are exchanged each day
by Internet nodes to make their presence and services
known
 Applications – the Driving Force

• Streaming audio and video is an emerging application

– Source generates and sends the video stream in
messages across the Internet
• Video-on-demand: reads a preexisting movie
– One-way data transfer
• Videoconferencing: interactive session
– Very tight timing constraints
• Diversity of applications that can be built on top of the
Internet hint at the complexity of the Internet design
 Our Road Map …

• Fortunately, we are not the first to build a computer

network

• Lets start exploring the path that others have

already dig deep

• By asking (and answering) why networks are

designed the way they are
 Problems

• How to build a scalable network that will support

different applications?
• What is a computer network?
• How is a computer network different from other
types of networks?
• What is a computer network architecture?
 Network Overview

• What must a network provide ?

– Connectivity
– Cost-effective sharing
– Functionality
– Performance
• How are networks designed and built ?
– Layering
– Protocols
– Standards
 Perspective

• For network user

– Connectivity: for services required; error free
delivery within acceptable time limits
• For network designer
– Efficiency: cost-effective design, fair allocation and
efficient use of resources
• For network operator
– Maintenance: easy to administer, fault localization
& isolation, usage accounting

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 Network and Internet

 Network
System for inter-connecting computers using a single
transmission technology

 Internet
Set of networks connected by routers that are configured
to pass traffic among any computers attached to any
network in the set
Why not connect each node with every
other node ?
 Why not connect each node with every
other node ?

• Number of computers that can be connected becomes

very
limited
• Number of wires coming out of each node becomes
unmanageable
• Amount of physical hardware/devices required
becomes very expensive
 Why not connect each node with every
other node ?

• Number of computers that can be connected becomes

very
limited
• Number of wires coming out of each node becomes
unmanageable
• Amount of physical hardware/devices required
becomes very expensive
• Solution: indirect connectivity using intermediate data
forwarding nodes
What is computer network?

• Computer Network is a group of computers

connected with each other through wires, optical
fibers or optical links so that various devices can
interact with each other through a network.
• The aim of the computer network is the sharing of
resources among various devices.
• In the case of computer network technology, there are
several types of networks that vary from simple to
complex level.
Components of a Network
 Communications
What are computer communications?
 Process in which two or more computers or devices
transfer data, instructions, and information
 Communications
What is needed for successful communications?

Sending Communications Communications

device — initiates device — connects channel — media
instruction the sending device to on which data,
to transmit data, the communications instructions, or
instructions, or channel information travel
information

Communications Receiving
device — connects device — accepts
the communications transmission of
channel to the data, instructions,
receiving device or information
Communications Devices
• What is Repeater?
– Used to boost the signal between two
cable
segments or wireless access points.
– Can not connect different network
architecture.
– Does not simply amplify the signal, it
regenerates the packets and retimes
them.
– Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model.
Communications Devices
What is a hub?

 Device that provides central point for cables in network

 An unintelligent network device that sends one signal
to all of the stations connected to it.
 All computers/devices are competing for attention
because it takes the data that comes into a port and
sends it out all the other ports in the hub.
 Traditionally, hubs are used for star topology networks,
but they are often used with other configurations to
make it easy to add and remove computers without
bringing down the network.
 Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model
 Communications Devices

What is Bridge?
– Connects two LANs and forwards or filters data packets
between them.
– Creates an extended network in which any two
workstations on the linked LANs can share data.
– Transparent to protocols and to higher level devices like
routers.
– Forward data depending on the Hardware (MAC)
address, not the Network address (IP).
– Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.
 Communications Devices
What is Switch?

– Split large networks into small segments, decreasing

the number of users sharing the same network
resources and bandwidth.
– Understands when two devices want to talk to each
other, and gives them a switched connection Helps
prevent data collisions and reduces network
congestion, increasing network performance.
– Most home users get very little, if any, advantage from
switches, even when sharing a broadband connection.
– Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.
 Communications Devices
• What is Router
– A device that connects any number of LANs.
– Uses standardized protocols to move packets
efficiently to their destination.
– More sophisticated than bridges, connecting
networks of different types (for example, star and
token ring)
– Forwards data depending on the Network address
(IP), not the Hardware (MAC) address.
– Routers are the only one of these four devices that
will allow you to share a single IP address among
multiple network clients.
– Resides on Layer 3 of the OSI model.
 Communications Devices
• Additional Network Hardware Devices
– Network Interface Cards (NICs)
• Puts the data into packets and transmits packet onto the
network.
• May be wired or wireless.
– Gateway
• Connects networks with different protocols like TCP/IP
network and IPX/SPX networks.
• Routers and Gateways often refer to the same device.
– Proxy server
• Isolates internal network computers from the internet.
• The user first access the proxy server and the proxy server
accesses the internet and retrieves the requested web page
or document. The user then gets a copy of that page from the
proxy server.
 Communications Channel
What is a communications channel?
• Transmission media on which data travels in
communications system

Transmission media
are materials capable of
carrying one or more
Bandwidth is amount of
signals
data that can travel
over channel
 Communications Channel
How is a request sent over the Internet using a
communications channel?
Step 1. The sending device requests information using
either a physical transmission media or a wireless
transmission media.
Step 2. When the request leaves the ISP, it travels over T1
lines, microwave stations, earth-based stations, and
communications satellites until it reaches the Internet
backbone.
Step 3. The request travels over T3 lines along the
Internet backbone.
Step 4. The Request travels over T1 lines until it reaches
the destination network server.
 Physical Transmission Media
What is physical transmission media?

Wire, cable,and other tangible

materials used to send
communications signals
 Physical Transmission Media
What are twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable?
 Twisted-pair cable is used for telephone systems and
network cabling
Advantages & Disadvantages Twisted
pair, Coaxial cable & Optic fiber
Twisted Pair
Advantages :
1. Cheaper and far easier to splice
2.Less susceptible to electrical interference caused by nearby
equipment or wires.
3.In turn are less likely to cause interference themselves.
4.Because it is electrically "cleaner", STP wire can carry data at a
faster speed.

Disadvantages :
1. STP wire is that it is physically larger and more expensive than
twisted pair wire.
2. STP is more difficult to connect to a terminating block.
 Physical Transmission Media

What are twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable?

 Twisted-pair cable is used for telephone systems and
network
cabling
 Coaxial cable is often used for cable television wiring
Advantages & Disadvantages Twisted
pair, Coaxial cable & Optic fiber
Coaxial Pair
Advantages :

1. Coaxial cable can support greater cable lengths

between network devices than twisted pair cable.
2. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover
that help keep moisture away.

Disadvantages :
1. Thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is
difficult to install. 40
Physical Transmission Media
What is fiber-optic cable?

Capable of carrying significantly more data at faster

speeds than wire cables
Less susceptible to interference (noise) and, therefore,
more secure
Smaller size (thinner and lighter)

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 Advantages & Disadvantages Twisted
pair, Coaxial cable & Optic fiber
Fiber Optic
Advantages : 1. One single mode fiber can replace a metal of
time larger and heavier.
2. Multi-mode optical cable has a larger diameter and can be
used to carry signal
over short distance.
Disadvantages : 1. Fiber optic versus metal cable is that it is
difficult to make connections to fiber optic cable.
2. The optical fiber must be highly polished to allow light to
pass with little loss.
Wireless Transmission Media
What is wireless transmission media?
Used when inconvenient, impractical, or impossible
to install cables
Includes Bluetooth and IrDA
 Wireless Transmission Media
What are broadcast radio and
cellular radio?

Broadcast radio distributes

radio signals over long and
short distances
Cellularradio is form of
broadcast radio used for mobile
communications
Wireless Transmission Media

What is a microwave station?

Earth-based reflective dish

used for microwave
communications
Must transmit in straight line
with no obstructions
 Wireless Transmission Media
What is a communications satellite?

• Space station that receives microwave signals from

earth-based station, amplifies signals, and broadcasts
signals back to any number of earth-based stations
 Bandwidth, baseband and
broadband
• Bandwidth is the capacity of a wired or wireless network
communications link to transmit the maximum amount of
data from one point to another over a computer network or
internet connection in a given amount of time -- usually one
second.

• Baseband is communication technique in which digital

signals are placed on the transmission line without change
in modulation.

• Broadband is technique to transmit large amount of data

over long distance.
 Communications Software
What is communications software?

Programs that help users

establish connection to
Internet, other network,
or another computer Programs that help users
manage transmission of
data, instructions,
and information
Programs that provide an
interface for users to
communicate with one
another
 Classification of Networks
 By SIZE
 Personal Area Network(PAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Metropolitan area network
(MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 By Connectivity
 Point-to-Point versus Broadcast
 By Communication Medium
 By Mobility
 Fixed versus Mobile
Personal Area Networks
• PAN is a network arranged within an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters.
• PAN is used for connecting the computer devices of
personal use is known as Personal Area Network.
• Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist
to bring the idea of the Personal Area Network.
• Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
• Personal computer devices that are used to develop the
personal area network are the laptop, mobile phones,
media player and play stations.
Types of Personal Area Networks
There are two types of Personal Area Network:
• Wired Personal Area Network
• Wireless Personal Area Network

Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal

Area Network is developed by simply using wireless
technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range
network.

Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area

Network is created by using the USB.
 Examples of Personal Area
Networks
• Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that
moves with a person. For example, a mobile network
moves with a person. Suppose a person establishes a
network connection and then creates a connection with
another device to share the information.
• Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside
the home, so it is also known as a home network. A home
network is designed to integrate the devices such as
printers, computer, television but they are not connected to
the internet.
• Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of
devices to the internet and to a corporate network using a
VPN
 LAN Networks

• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected

to each other in a small area such as building, office.
• LAN is used for connecting two or more personal
computers through a communication medium such as
twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
• It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware
such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.
• The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in
Local Area Network.
• Local Area Network provides higher security.
 MAN Networks
• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers
a larger geographic area by interconnecting a
different LAN to form a larger network.
• Government agencies use MAN to connect to the
citizens and private industries.
• In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other
through a telephone exchange line.
• The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232,
Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
• It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
 Uses Of MAN Networks

• MAN is used in communication between the banks in

a city.
• It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
• It can be used in a college within a city.
• It can also be used for communication in the military.
 WAN Networks
• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a
large geographical area such as states or countries.
• A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the
LAN.
• A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location,
but it spans over a large geographical area through a
telephone line, fiber optic cable or satellite links.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of
Business, government, and education.
 Examples of WAN Networks
• Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used
across a region or country.
• Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the
internet services to the customers in hundreds of cities
by connecting their home with fiber.
• Private network: A bank provides a private network
that connects the 44 offices. This network is made by
using the telephone leased line provided by the telecom
company.
Advantages of WAN Networks
Following are the advantages of the Wide Area Network:
• Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a
large geographical area. Suppose if the branch of our
office is in a different city then we can connect with
them through WAN. The internet provides a leased line
through which we can connect with another branch.
• Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is
centralized. Therefore, we do not need to buy the emails,
files or back up servers.
• Get updated files: Software companies work on the live
server. Therefore, the programmers get the updated files
within seconds..
Advantages of WAN Networks
• Exchange messages: In a WAN network, messages are
transmitted fast. The web application like Facebook,
Whatsapp, Skype allows you to communicate with
friends.
• Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network,
we can share the software and other resources like a
hard drive, RAM.
• Global business: We can do the business over the
internet globally.
• High bandwidth: If we use the leased lines for our
company then this gives the high bandwidth. The high
bandwidth increases the data transfer rate which in turn
increases the productivity of our company.
Disadvantages of WAN Networks
The following are the disadvantages of the Wide Area
Network:
•Security issue: A WAN network has more security issues as
compared to LAN and MAN network as all the technologies
are combined together that creates the security problem.
•Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is
transferred on the internet which can be changed or hacked
by the hackers, so the firewall needs to be used. Some people
can inject the virus in our system so antivirus is needed to
protect from such a virus.
•High Setup cost: An installation cost of the WAN network is
high as it involves the purchasing of routers, switches.
•Troubleshooting problems: It covers a large area so fixing
the problem is difficult.
Computer Network
Architecture
 Computer Network Architecture
• Computer Network Architecture is defined as the
physical and logical design of the software, hardware,
protocols, and media of the transmission of data. Simply
we can say that how computers are organized and how
tasks are allocated to the computer.
• The two types of network architectures are used:
 Peer-To-Peer network
 Client/Server network
 Peer-to-Peer Networks
• Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the
computers are linked together with equal privilege and
responsibilities for processing the data.
• Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small environments,
usually up to 10 computers.
• Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.
• Special permissions are assigned to each computer for
sharing the resources, but this can lead to a problem if
the computer with the resource is down.
 Advantages of Peer-to-Peer
Networks

• It is less costly as it does not contain any dedicated

server.
• If one computer stops working but, other computers
will not stop working.
• It is easy to set up and maintain as each computer
manages itself.
 Disadvantages of Peer-to-Peer
Networks

• In the case of Peer-To-Peer network, it does not

contain the centralized system .
• Therefore, it cannot back up the data as the data is
different in different locations.
• It has a security issue as the device is managed itself.
 CLIENT/SERVER Networks

• What is a client/server
network?
• One or more computers
act as server and other
computers, or clients,
access server
Advantages of CLIENT/SERVER
Networks

• A Client/Server network contains the centralized

system. Therefore we can back up the data easily.
• A Client/Server network has a dedicated server
that improves the overall performance of the
whole system.
• Security is better in Client/Server network as a
single server administers the shared resources.
• It also increases the speed of the sharing
resources.
Disadvantages of CLIENT/SERVER
Networks
• Client/Server network is expensive as it requires the
server with large memory.
• A server has a Network Operating System(NOS) to
provide the resources to the clients, but the cost of
NOS is very high.
• It requires a dedicated network administrator to
manage all the resources.
Network Topologies
 What is Topology?

• Topology defines the structure of the network of how

all the components are interconnected to each other.
• There are two types of topology: physical and logical
topology.
• Physical topology is the geometric representation of all
the nodes in a network.
Types of Network Topology
 Bus Network
What is a bus network?
All computers and devices connect to central
cable, or bus
 Advantages Of Bus Network
• Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly
connected to the cable without passing through a hub.
Therefore, the initial cost of installation is low.
• Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair cables
are mainly used in bus-based networks that support
upto 10 Mbps.
• Familiar technology: Bus topology is a familiar
technology as the installation and troubleshooting
techniques are well known, and hardware components
are easily available.
• Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have
any effect on other nodes.
 Disadvantages Of Bus Network
• Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simpler, but still it
requires a lot of cabling.
• Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test
equipment to determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in
the cable, then it would disrupt the communication for all the
nodes.
• Signal interference: If two nodes send the messages
simultaneously, then the signals of both the nodes collide
with each other.
• Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the
network would slow down the network.
• Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal leads to
communication issues. Repeaters are used to regenerate the
signal.
 Ring Topology
What is a ring network?
Cable forms closed ring,
or loop, with all computers
and devices arranged
along ring
Data travels from device
to device around entire
ring, in one direction
 Working Of Ring Topology
• A token moves around the network, and it is passed
from computer to computer until it reaches the
destination.
• The sender modifies the token by putting the address
along with the data.
• The data is passed from one device to another device
until the destination address matches. Once the token
received by the destination device, then it sends the
acknowledgment to the sender.
• In a ring topology, a token is used as a carrier.
 Advantages Of Ring Topology
• Network Management: Faulty devices can be
removed from the network without bringing the
network down.
• Product availability: Many hardware and software
tools for network operation and monitoring are
available.
• Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily
available. Therefore, the installation cost is very low.
• Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the
communication system is not dependent on the
single host computer.
 Disadvantages Of Ring Topology
• Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized
test equipment to determine the cable faults. If any
fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt the
communication for all the nodes.
• Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the
failure of the overall network.
• Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to
the network would slow down the network.
• Delay: Communication delay is directly
proportional to the number of nodes. Adding new
devices increases the communication delay.
 Star Topology
What is a star network?

All devices connect to a

central device, called hub
All data transferred
from one computer to
another passes through
hub
 Advantages Of Star Topology
• Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite
efficient in a star topology as compared to bus
topology. In a bus topology, the manager has to
inspect the kilometers of cable. In a star topology, all
the stations are connected to the centralized
network. Therefore, the network administrator has
to go to the single station to troubleshoot the
problem.
• Network control: Complex network control features
can be easily implemented in the star topology. Any
changes made in the star topology are automatically
accommodated..
 Advantages Of Star Topology
• Limited failure: As each station is connected to the
central hub with its own cable, therefore failure in
one cable will not affect the entire network.
• Familiar technology: Star topology is a familiar
technology as its tools are cost-effective.
• Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new
stations can be added to the open ports on the hub.
• Cost effective: Star topology networks are cost-
effective as it uses inexpensive coaxial cable.
• High data speeds: It supports a bandwidth of
approx 100Mbps. Ethernet 100BaseT is one of the
most popular Star topology networks.
 Disadvantages Of Star Topology

• A Central point of failure: If the central hub or

switch goes down, then all the connected nodes will
not be able to communicate with each other.

• Cable: Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult

when a significant amount of routing is required.
 Tree Topology
• Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology
and star topology.
• A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the
computers are connected with each other in hierarchical
fashion.
• The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node,
and all other nodes are the descendants of the root node.
• There is only one path exists between two nodes for the
data transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy.
 Advantages Of Tree Topology
• Support for broadband transmission: Tree topology
is mainly used to provide broadband transmission, i.e.,
signals are sent over long distances without being
attenuated.
• Easily expandable: We can add the new device to the
existing network. Therefore, we can say that tree
topology is easily expandable.
• Easily manageable: In tree topology, the whole
network is divided into segments known as star
networks which can be easily managed and maintained.
 Advantages Of Tree Topology
• Error detection: Error detection and error correction
are very easy in a tree topology.
• Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does not
affect the entire network.
• Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point wiring for
individual segments.
Disadvantages Of Tree Topology
• Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the
node, then it becomes difficult to troubleshoot the
problem.
• High cost: Devices required for broadband
transmission are very costly.
• Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on main bus
cable and failure in main bus cable will damage the
overall network.
• Reconfiguration difficult: If new devices are added,
then it becomes difficult to reconfigure.
 Mesh Topology
• Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which
computers are interconnected with each other through
various redundant connections.
• There are multiple paths from one computer to another
computer.
• It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer
which acts as a central point of communication.
• The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
• Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations
where communication failures are a critical concern.
• Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
• Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula:
Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2;
• Where n is the number of nodes that represents the network.
 Categories Of Mesh Topology
• Mesh topology is divided into two categories:
1. Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology, each
computer is connected to all the computers available
in the network.
2. Partial Mesh Topology: In a partial mesh topology,
not all but certain computers are connected to those
computers with which they communicate frequently.
 Advantages Of Mesh Topology
• Reliable: The mesh topology networks are very
reliable as if any link breakdown will not affect the
communication between connected computers.
• Fast Communication: Communication is very fast
between the nodes.
• Easier Reconfiguration: Adding new devices would
not disrupt the communication between other devices.
 Disadvantages Of Mesh
Topology

• Cost: A mesh topology contains a large number of

connected devices such as a router and more
transmission media than other topologies.
• Management: Mesh topology networks are very
large and very difficult to maintain and manage. If
the network is not monitored carefully, then the
communication link failure goes undetected.
• Efficiency: In this topology, redundant connections
are high that reduces the efficiency of the network.
Hybrid Topology
 Hybrid Topology
• The combination of various different topologies is
known as Hybrid topology.
• A Hybrid topology is a connection between different
links and nodes to transfer the data.
• When two or more different topologies are combined
together is termed as Hybrid topology and if similar
topologies are connected with each other will not
result in Hybrid topology.
• For example, if there exist a ring topology in one
branch of ICICI bank and bus topology in another
branch of ICICI bank, connecting these two
topologies will result in Hybrid topology.
 Advantages Of Hybrid Topology
• Reliable: If a fault occurs in any part of the network
will not affect the functioning of the rest of the
network.
• Scalable: Size of the network can be easily
expanded by adding new devices without affecting
the functionality of the existing network.
• Flexible: This topology is very flexible as it can be
designed according to the requirements of the
organization.
• Effective: Hybrid topology is very effective as it can
be designed in such a way that the strength of the
network is maximized and weakness of the network
is minimized.
 Disadvantages Of Hybrid
Topology
• Complex design: The major drawback of the Hybrid
topology is the design of the Hybrid network. It is
very difficult to design the architecture of the Hybrid
network.
• Costly Hub: The Hubs used in the Hybrid topology
are very expensive as these hubs are different from
usual Hubs used in other topologies.
• Costly infrastructure: The infrastructure cost is
very high as a hybrid network requires a lot of
cabling, network devices, etc.
 Features Of Computer Network
A list Of Computer network
features is given below.
• Communication speed
• File sharing
• Back up and Roll back is
easy
• Software and Hardware
sharing
• Security
• Scalability
• Reliability
 Features Of Computer Network
Communication speed
• Network provides us to communicate over the network
in a fast and efficient manner.
• For example, we can do video conferencing, email
messaging, etc. over the internet.
• Therefore, the computer network is a great way to
share our knowledge and ideas.
File sharing
• File sharing is one of the major advantage of the
computer network.
• Computer network provides us to share the files with
each other.
 Features Of Computer Network
Back up and Roll back is easy
• Since the files are stored in the main server which is
centrally located.
• Therefore, it is easy to take the back up from the main
server.
Software and Hardware sharing
• We can install the applications on the main server,
therefore, the user can access the applications centrally.
• So, we do not need to install the software on every
machine.
• Similarly, hardware can also be shared.
Security
Network allows the security by ensuring that the user has
the right to access the certain files and applications.
 Features Of Computer Network
Scalability
• Scalability means that we can add the new components
on the network.
• Network must be scalable so that we can extend the
network by adding new devices.
• But, it decreases the speed of the connection and data of
the transmission speed also decreases, this increases
the chances of error occurring.
• This problem can be overcome by using the routing or
switching devices.
Reliability
Computer network can use the alternative source for the
data communication in case of any hardware failure.
Wish You Good Luck