Immaculate Conception Archdiocesan School

Fr. Barua Street, Tetuan, Zamboanga City

Senior High School Department
S.Y.2022-2023

Lesson 4: Mitosis and Meiosis

Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: _________________________
Grade and Section: ______________________________________ Rating: ________________________

In this lesson, you will learn the importance of meiosis in sex cell formation, the role of meiosis in
maintaining variability among organisms, and the importance of chromosomes in sex cell
production. The value of RESPONSIBILITY is integrated in this lesson, as you give value the
stages of the human life.

I. LEARNING TARGETS:
At the end of this lesson, you can describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-7) by:
1. Defining mitosis and meiosis;
2. Identifying the stages of mitosis/meiosis; and
3. Differentiating between mitosis and meiosis.

II. LEARNING EXPERIENCES:

A. Focusing Activities
a. Priming Activity
Title of the Activity: Listen to it!
Instructions:
1. Sit comfortably;
2. Close your eyes.
3. Find three (3) sounds.
4. What are they?
5. Have you noticed them before?
b. Activation of Prior Knowledge
Title of the Activity: “Analyze it”

c. Guided Questions:
1. What can you infer on the first picture?
2. How about on the second picture, what can you see?

d. Linking Statement:
Marvellous! The first picture shows the stages of a young individual that are growing
and developing while the second picture shows male and female gametes. You will learn
more as we discuss Mitosis and Meiosis. Hence, you will be working in Triad. You are
expected to describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6.
III. GUIDED INSTRUCTION
A. Concept Notes:

MITOSIS
 Mitosis is the division of nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei containing the same full set
of DNA. It occurs in somatic cells, except the sex cells, such as egg cells and sperm cells.

 Mitosis prepares the cell for cytokinesis. Mitosis divided into four phases, the phases are
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

PROPHASE: START OF MITOSIS

 Mitosis begins with prophase (pro-means “before”). During prophase, several distinct events
occur.
 First, the chromatins, which are loose complex of DNA and protein molecules in the nucleus,
condense into tightly coiled chromosomes. Each chromosome consist of two identical sister
chromatids. The individual chromosomes begin to be very visible as thread like structures.
 The nuclear envelope breaks down. Though the lipids and proteins are still there in the nuclear
membrane, they can no longer form a barrier around the nucleus, making the chromosomes free
to move around. The nucleolus also disappears.
METAPHASE: CHROMOSOMES AT THE CENTER
 In Metaphase (meta means” after”), the spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore of the sister
chromatids facilitates the movement of chromosomes toward the middle of the cell.
 The chromosomes appear to line up along a plane equidistant from a microtubule region called
metaphase plate. This phase happens fast. By the time the chromosomes are in this position,
anaphase commences.

ANAPHASE: CHROMATIDS TO OPPOSITE POLES

 At the start of anaphase (ana means “up” or “back”), sister chromatids are tightly paired due to the
centromere and protein cohesion, which is responsible for holding DNA molecules together in its
entire length. As soon, as anaphase, begins cohesion breaks down and the sister chromatids
separate from each other.
 Spindle fibers begin to shorten to pull the sister chromatids away from each other toward the
opposite ends of the cell.
 In animal cells, some of the microtubules lengthen, making the cell elongated under the
microscope. Plant cells, on the other hand, have no significant change because of the presence of
a rigid cell wall.
TELOPHASE: REFORMATION OF NUCLEI
 In Telophase (telo means “end”), the two complete sets of identical chromosomes are now
positioned at each pole of the cell and the reverse of the major events in prophase happen.
 The microtubules and spindle fibers are no longer needed, they all disintegrate. The small
fragments and protein molecules scattered in the cytoplasm rebuild the nuclear membrane around
each set of chromosomes.
 The nuclear membrane starts to form, while the chromosomes begin to uncoil or become less
condensed. The chromosome structure is loose to allow DNA to be accessible again. By the end
of the phase, chromosomes are no longer visible.
CYTOKINESIS
 This stage involves splitting the cytoplasm into two cells and completes the entire stage of the cell
cycle.
 The cytokinesis typically starts to occur in the late anaphase or Telophase. It also differs in animal
and plant cells because of some differences in cellular structures.
 In animal cells, cytokinesis starts with the formation of cleavage furrow or trench that is pulled
inward by tiny strands of protein actin called microfilaments like a draw string.

MEIOSIS
 It is important for sexual reproduction, and it involves the formation of sex cells. Meiosis divides
the number of chromosomes into halves in the formation of gametes. Hence the process is called
reduction division. The sex cells produced are genetically unique haploid cells which will
undergo further maturation in the ovaries and testes.
 Meiosis involves two divisions of the nucleus known as meiosis I and II. Each division is further
subdivided into the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and Telophase, similar to those
happening in mitosis.

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
 Two separate chromosomes with one set coming from the mother and another set from the father.
Each half of a duplicate chromosome is called a chromatid, and together these are called sister
chromatids. Sister chromatids are duplicated chromosomes attached to each other by a structure
called centromere. It is important to remember that homologous chromosomes are divided in
meiosis I, while the sister chromatids are not divided until they reach meiosis II.
PROPHASE I
 Characterized by the breaking down of nuclear envelope. Spindle fibers begin to assemble.
Duplicate chromosomes condense, while the homologous chromosomes pair and line up by gene
precisely in its entire length. Aside from pairing along their length, they cross over at a point called
chiasma.
 At each chiasma, crossing over happens when portions of a chromatid on one homologous
chromosomes breaks, exchanges and regions genetic materials with the corresponding portions
on one of the chromatids of the other homologous chromosome.

METAPHASE I
 The pairs of homologous chromosomes are randomly moved by the spindle fiber to the equator of
the cell. This results in the lining up of 23 chromosomes alongside each other in the middle of the
cell.

ANAPHASE I
 Homologous chromosome separate from each other. As in mitosis, chromosomes of each pair
pulled to the opposite sides of the cell by the action of spindle fibers. Sister chromatids remain
together and do not separate at their centromeres throughout meiosis I.

TELOPHASE I
 The individual chromosomes that have been pulled in opposite directions now gather at each pole.
Both poles contain one chromosome rom each pair of the homologous chromosomes.

 There is also a reappearance of the nuclear membrane and disassembly of spindle fibers. The
cytoplasm through cytokinesis, forming two new cells each having a combination of 23
chromosomes from parent cells.

MEIOSIS II
 The goal of meiosis II is to divide sister chromatids resulting in sex cells with only half the
chromosome number.

PROPHASE II
 New spindle forms around the chromosome. The nuclear envelope breaks down with chromosomes
pulled at opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers.

METAPHASE II
 Chromosomes line up along the equator through the spindle fiber. At this stage, each
chromosome has sister chromatids still attached to the centromere.

ANAPHASE II
 Centromeres divide and sister chromatids are individually pulled apart then move to opposite
poles of the cell.
TELOPHASE II
 Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell. The
spindle fiber breaks down and the cell undergoes cytokinesis.

 The result of meiosis is four haploid cells with a recombination of the chromosomes both from the
mother and father.

B. Checking for Understanding:

Title of Activity: Let’s Practice!
Instruction/s:
1. Read and understand each question.
2. Choose the best letter from the given choices.
3. Write your answer on the space provided.

________1. Which of the following those occur in somatic cells?

A. Spermatogonia
B. Meiosis
C. Mitosis
D. Oogenesis

________2. Which of the following that separate chromosomes with one set coming from the mother
and another set from the father?
A. Chiasma
B. Sister Chromatids
C. Homologous Chromosome
D. Chromatin
________3.It divides the number of chromosomes into halves in the formation of gametes.
A. Meiosis I
B. Mitosis
C. Homologous Chromosome
D. Meiosis II

________4.Which stage that involves the splitting the cytoplasm into two cells and completes the
entire stage of the cell cycle.
A. Cell division
B. Cytokinesis
C. Meiosis
D. Mitosis

_________5. Which stage of mitosis that the sister chromatids are tightly paired due to the
centromere and protein cohesion, which is responsible for holding DNA molecules together
in its entire length.
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase

Questions:
1. What are the important stages of mitosis? Why?

2. What are the important stages of meiosis? Why?

Your answer will be graded using this rubric:

The student clearly addresses the topic and
Responsiveness to 5 points responds effectively to all aspects of the
the Question questions.
The student demonstrates a conscious and
Depth of 5 points thorough understanding of the importance of
Understanding studying about cell.