1.

For the beam shown in Figure 1 carry out the following:

a) If (𝑃 = 𝑞 × 𝑎), Draw the free body diagram and calculate the reaction
forces at supports A and C (5 marks)
b) Assume P = 25kN, a = 1m and (Cy = 3Ay).
i- Calculate the value of q. (5 marks)
ii- Calculate the shear forces at B, D and draw the shear force
diagram (5 marks)
iii- Calculate the bending moments at A, B, C, D, E and draw
the bending moment diagram (10 marks)
Note: q is a UDL

Figure 1

4305CIVH
 1 Answer:

a) Students to draw free body diagram with vertical reactions at A and C

and a horizontal reaction at A (1 mark)

Free-body diagram

P= q * a
ΣΜc=0;
qa*3a – q*a*(a+a/2) - Ay *4a=0
3qa -1.5qa = 4Ay
Ay = 1.5qa / 4
Ay =3/8 qa = 0.375 qa (1.5 mark)

ΣFx=0;
Ax=0; (1 mark)

ΣFy=0;
Ay+Cy – 2 * qa=0;
Cy= 2qa – 3/8 qa
Cy =13/8qa = 1.625 qa (1.5 mark)

b) i) P=25kN, a = 1m, Cy = 3Ay

ΣFy=0;
Ay+Cy = 25 + q * 1;
4Ay= 25 + q
Ay =25/4 +q/4 (2 marks)

ΣΜc=0;
25*3 – Ay*4 – q*1.5=0
75 – 4*(25/4 +q/4) -1.5q= 0
75 -25 –q -1.5q = 0
q = 50/2.5
q =20kN/m (2 marks)

Ay = 6.25 + 5 = 11.25 kN (1 mark)

4305CIVH
 b) ii) Students to show on a diagram the shear forces. (3 marks) for the
correct values, shape and profile of the shear forces.

At B (left)= +11.25 kN (0.5 mark)

At B (right)= -13.75 kN (0.5 mark)
At D (left) = +20 kN (0.5 mark)
At D (right) = +20 kN (0.5 mark)

b) iii) Students to show on a diagram the bending moments. (5 marks)

At A: BM @ 0 =0 kNm
At B: BM @ 1 m = 11.25 kNm
At C: BM @ 4 m = (11.25*4)-(25*3) = -30 kNm
At D: BM @ 5 m = 20*0.5*1= -10 kNm
At E: BM @ 6 =0 kNm

(5 marks for above)

4305CIVH
2. For the truss shown in Figure 2, Carry out the following:

a) Indicate whether the structure is statically determinate or a

mechanism (2 marks)

b) Calculate the support reactions (3 marks)

c) Using the method of joints, or otherwise, determine the forces in all

the members within the truss system and state whether they are in
tension or compression (10 marks)

d) Define a statically determinate truss (5 marks)

e) Describe the lab process to evaluate the forces of truss members

(5 marks)

Figure 2

4305CIVH
2 Answer

a) The truss is statically determinate. 2j =m+3; 2*6 = 9+3; 12=12 OK (2

marks)

b) Free-body diagram (3 marks)

∑Fx=0; Dx = 0

∑MD=0; Ay *8 -50*4 =0
Ay= 50*4/8 = 25 kN

∑Fy=0
Ay+Ey = 50; Ey = 25 kN

c) At Joint B:
∑Fy=0 and ∑Fx=0 will yield
FBC= FAB=0 (2 marks)

At joint A

θ= tan-1(3/4) = 36.87, sinθ =0.6, cosθ=0.8

∑Fy=0
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐹𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
FAC = -25/0.6 = -41.667 kN
AC in compression

4305CIVH
 ∑FX=0
FAF + FAC *cosθ = 0
FAF =-(-41.667 * 0.8) = 33.333kN
AF in tension
(2 marks)

At joint E

∑FX=0
FFE = 0

∑Fy=0
FED +Ey=0; FED =-25 kN
ED in compression
(2 marks)

At joint D

Dx = 0
∑Fy=0
-FFD * sinθ +FED=0; FFD = FED/0.6 = 41.667 kN
FD in tension

∑FX=0
-FFD * cosθ –FCD=0; FCD = -41.667* 0.8 = -33.333 kN
CD in compression
(2 marks)

4305CIVH
 At joint F

∑FX=0
FFD * cosθ –FAF=0; FAF = 41.667* 0.8 = 33.333 kN
AF in tension

∑Fy=0
FFC+ 41.667* 0.6 -50 = 0
FFC =25 kN
FC in tension
(2 marks)

d) 2j =m+r statically determinate truss, where j number of joints and m

number of members and r the number of reaction forces. A truss is
considered statically determinate if all of its support reactions and
member forces can be calculated using only the equations of static
equilibrium. For a planar truss to be statically determinate, the number
of members plus the number of support reactions must not exceed the
number of joints times 2. (5 marks)

e) Students are expected to talk about the truss experiments and describe
the process (i.e. measure the strains, calculate A of rods, find stresses
as the Young’s modulus is known, find forces) (5 marks)

4305CIVH
3. Design a steel column to take a design axial load of 3500kN. Assume fy =
275N/mm2. The column is fully fixed at both ends with a length of 7.0m.
Assume the steel grade of 275N/mm2.

a) Specify a suitable UC and carry out a classification check on the

section
(10marks)

b) Determine the critical buckling load for the column

(5marks)

c) Determine the buckling resistance of the column is sufficient

(10marks)

3 Answer:
a) Assume Young’s modulus of steel is 210000 N/mm2.
Fully fixed at both ends.
fy = 275N/mm2.
Design load NEd = 3500kN
Assume the section is class 1
Then, Nc,Rd=NEd= Afy/γm0
Rearrange to determine the area of steel required A = NEd γm0 /fy

A = 3500 000*1.0/ 275 = 127.27cm2

(2marks)

Therefore try section 254*254*107, A=136cm2 (2marks)

Flange Buckling:

c/tf = 5.38 ≤ 9ε= 9*0.92 = 8.28, hence Class 1 for the flange

Web Buckling:
d⁄tw = 15.6 ≤ 33ε = 33*0.92 = 30.36, hence Class 1 for the web.

Therefore Class 1 for the cross section (3marks)

Nc,Rd = Afy/M0
= 136 *102 *275/1.0
= 3740kN
Therefore NEd / Nc,Rd <1.0
3500/3740 = 0.94, hence ok (3marks)

b)
For fixed-fixed section L = 0.7L = 0.7*7000 = 4900mm
Ncr = 2EIz/Lo2
= 2*210*103*5930*104/49002
= 5119kN (5marks)

4305CIVH
c)
Buckling checks
NEd / Nb,Rd <1.0
Nb,Rd = A fy/M0
For class 1
 =  Afy/Ncr
= (136*102*275/5119*103)
= 0.85
(3marks)
Imperfection factor
 = 1/[+(2 -2)0.5]
Where  = 0.5(1+(-0.2)+2)
h/b = 266.7/258.8 = 1.03
Hence as h/b < 1.2, tf = 100mm, therefore from Table 6.2 the buckling curve
=c,
thus  = 0.49
 = 0.5(1+(-0.2)+2)
 = 0.5(1+0.49(0.85-0.2)+0.852)
 = 1.02
(2marks)

 = 1/[+(2 -2)0.5]
 = 1/[1.02+(1.022 -0.852)0.5]
 = 0.631
(2marks)

Nb,Rd = A fy/M0
Nb,Rd = 0.631*136*102* 275/1.0
Nb,Rd = 2361.3kN

Ned / Nb,Rd <1.0

3500/3738.4 = 1.482, which is larger than 1.0. Therefore section will buckle, a
larger section is needed and the process repeated.
(3marks)

4305CIVH
4. A concrete beam has been designed to resist an ultimate design moment
M of 102.5 kNm. The concrete beam has a breadth b of 250 mm and a
depth d of 400 mm. Assume the characteristic strength of concrete fck is 30
N/mm2 and of reinforcement steel fyk is 500 N/mm2.

a) Describe what is a singly and what is a doubly reinforced concrete

beam
(5 marks)

b) Using the guidance provided by Eurocode 2, determine if the concrete

beam will be singly or doubly reinforced
(5 marks)

c) Using the guidance provided by Eurocode 2, design the steel

reinforcement for the above concrete beam and produce a suitable
cross-sectional sketch of the reinforced concrete beam, indicating the
arrangement of the reinforcement bars and associated spacing.

(15 marks)

4 Answer:

a) Singly Reinforced Beams: The beam that is longitudinally reinforced

only in tension zone, it is known as singly reinforced beam. In Such
beams, the ultimate bending moment and the tension due to bending
are carried by the reinforcement, while the compression is carried by
the concrete.

Doubly reinforced beams: The beam that is reinforced with steel both in
tension and compression zone, it is known as doubly reinforced beam.
This type of beam is mainly provided when the depth of the beam is
restricted. If a beam with limited depth is reinforced on the tension side
only it might not have sufficient resistance to oppose the bending
moment.

(5 marks)

b) b = 250 mm
d = 400 mm
𝑀
𝐾=
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘

102.5 ∗ 106
𝐾=
250 ∗ 4002 ∗ 30

K= 0.085, thus K < Kbal = 0.167.

Therefore singly reinforced concrete section (5 marks)

4305CIVH
 c)
𝑧 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − 𝐾 ⁄1.134) = 400 (0.5 + √0.25 − 0.085⁄1.134)

z = 367.4 mm (3 marks)

𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧

102.5 ∗ 106
As =
0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 367.4
As = 641.4 mm2 (3 marks)

Students to select similar rebars to provide sufficient steel area

required (eg. 4 H16) As provided = 4* 201=804mm2 (2 marks)

Maximum reinforcing steel allowed:

Minimum cover = Φ+10 = 16+10 = 26mm assume 30mm
h = d+Φ/2+cover = 400+16/2+30=438mm

𝐴𝑠,𝑥=0.04∗250∗438=4380 𝑚𝑚2> 804 𝑚𝑚2→𝑂𝐾 (1 marks)

𝐴𝑠,𝑛=0.0013∗250∗400=130 𝑚𝑚2< 804 𝑚𝑚2 →𝑂𝐾 (1 marks)
𝐴𝑠,𝑛=0.078∗302/3/500*250∗400=151𝑚𝑚2< 804𝑚𝑚2 →𝑂𝐾 (1 marks)

Max Bar Diameter: Φ25

Minimum clear spacing= max {20, Φ} =max {20, 16}=20
Maximum clear spacing= 250 – Φ=250–16=234 mm
Produce a suitable cross sectional sketch (4marks)

4305CIVH
1. Beam ABCD is a simply supported beam. It supports loads as shown in
Figure 1(dimensions in m). It has a pin joint at A and a roller joint at D.

Assume (P = 30) and (P = 5 x q).

a) Draw the free body diagram and calculate the reaction forces at
supports A and D (3 marks)
b) Calculate the shear forces at A, B, C, D and draw the shear force
diagram (8 marks)
c) Calculate the bending moments at A, B, C, D and draw the bending
moment diagram (8 marks)
d) If (P = 60) and (Ay = 2Dy), what is the value of q and Dy? (6 marks)

P kN q kN/m

Figure 1

4305CIVH
 1 Answer:

a) Students to draw free body diagram with vertical reactions at A and D

and an horizontal reaction at A (1 marks)

Free-body diagram

ΣΜΑ=0;
-30*2.0 - ((6*6*9) + Dy *12=0
Dy =32 kN

ΣFx=0;
Ax=0;

ΣFy=0;
Ay+Dy-30-(6*6)=0;
Ay+Dy =66 kN
Ay =66 – 32 = 34 kN (2 marks)

b) Students to show on a diagram the shear forces (4 marks) for the correct
values of shear forces and (4 marks) for the correct shape and profile of
the shear force.

At A(left)= +0 kN
At A(right)= +34 kN
At B (left)= +34 kN
At B (right)= +4 kN
At C = + 4 kN
At D (left) = -32 kN
At D (right) = 0 kN

4305CIVH
 Shear Force Diagram
40
34 34
30

20

10
4 4
0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-10

-20

-30
-32
-40

c) The student can either find the moments with the method of sections, or
as follows:

At A: BM @ 0 =0 kNm
At B: BM @ 2 m = 34*2= 68 kNm
At C: BM @ 6 m = (34*6)-(30*4) = 84 kNm
At D: BM @ 12 m = (34*12)-(30*10)-(6*6*3) = 0 kNm

(4 marks for the above and 4 marks for the bending moment below)

Bending Moment Diagram

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

68

84

4305CIVH
 d) P=60kN, Ay = 2Dy

ΣFy=0;
Ay+Dy = 60 + q * 6;
3Dy= 60 + 6q
Dy =20 + 2q (2 marks)

ΣΜA=0;
60*2 – Dy*12 + q*6*9=0
120 – 240 – 24q +54q= 0
-120 + 30q = 0
q = 120/30
q =4kN/m (3 marks)

Dy = 20 + 2 * 4= 28 kN
Ay = 56kN (1 mark)

4305CIVH
2. For the section shown in Figure 2. Carry out the following:

a) Calculate the position of the neutral axis from the base

(8 marks)

b) Calculate the Iyy of the section (12 marks)

c) Calculate the Izz of the section (5 marks)

Figure 2

4305CIVH
2 Answer:

a) Take moments of area about the base to find the distance z:

A1 = (15 x 240) = 3600 mm2

A2 = (8 x 400) = 3200 mm2
A3 = (15 x 180) = 2700 mm2

Total Area A = 9500 mm2

(3 marks)

9500z = (3600 x 422.5) + (3200 x 215) + (2700 x 7.5)

z = 234.66mm

The position of the neutral axis Y-Y from the base = 234.66mm
(5 marks)

b) Candidate may choose to tabulate the solution or perform each

calculation individually. Parallel axes principle must be applied for the
unsymmetrical section.

Icc = bd3/12
(2 marks)

Part Area h Ah2 Icc

(A)mm2 (mm) (mm4 x (mm4 x
106) 106)

Top
0.068
flange 3600 187.84 127.02

Bottom
2700 227.16 139.32 42.67
flange
Web
3200 19.66 1.24 0.051

Total 9500 267.58 42.789

From the Parallel Axis Theorem:

IYY = ICC + Ah2

Total IYY = (267.58 + 42.789) x 106mm4

= 310.37 x 106mm4
(2 marks)

4305CIVH
 c) Section is symmetrical about the Z-Z axis:

 15 × 240 3   400 × 8 3   15 × 180 3 

I ZZ =   +   +  
 12   12   12 
= 24.59 × 10 6 mm 4

(5 marks)

3. A steel column is made of UKC cross-section 254 × 254 × 132 and has a
length L of 6.0 m. The cross-section is Class 1. Assume that the yield
strength of steel is fy = 275 N/mm2 and that the column is fully fixed at both
ends. It is also given that Young’s modulus of steel E is 210000 N/mm2.
Using the guidance provided by Eurocode 3, calculate the buckling
resistance Nb,z,Rd of the column. (25 marks)

3 Answer:

Find the buckling length Lo (3 marks)

Lo = 0.7L = 0.7*6000 = 4200 mm

Find the critical buckling load (3 marks)

Ncr = π2EIz/Lo 2 = π2*210000*7530*104/ (4200)2 = 8847395 N = 8847.4
kN

Find the non-dimensional slenderness (3 marks)

λ� 𝑧𝑧 = �A𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 /𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
= �(168 ∗ 100 ∗ 275)/( 8847395)
= 0.72

h/b = 276.3/261.3 = 1.05

Hence as h/b < 1.2, tf = 100mm, therefore from Table 6.2 the buckling curve =c,
thus α = 0.49
(4 marks)

φ = 0.5(1+α(λ� 𝑧𝑧 -0.2)+ λ� 𝑧𝑧 2)
φ = 0.5(1+0.49(0.72-0.2)+0.722)
φ = 0.887
(4 marks)

4305CIVH
 𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 = 1/φ+(φ2 -λ� 𝑧𝑧 2)0.5
𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 = 1/(0.887+(0.8872 -0.722)0.5)
𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 = 0.712<1 reduction due to buckling
(4 marks)

Nb,z,Rd = 𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 A fy/γM0

Nb,z,Rd = 0.712*168*102* 275/1.0 = 3288154 N
Nb,z,Rd = 3388 kN (4 marks)

4305CIVH
 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

Tutorial - 19
Singly-reinforced beams:
𝑀
𝐾= < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.168
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘

Doubly-reinforced beams:

If , then

If , then

where where
Check:

Limits:

Assumptions:
 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

Minimum cover = Φ+10

Max Bar Diameter: Φ25
Minimum clear spacing= max {20, Φ}
Maximum clear spacing= 250 – Φ

Q1. A concrete beam has been designed to span a distance of 8.5m. The beam is simply
supported and carries a total ultimate design load of 18.2kN/m. The concrete beam has been
designed to have a breadth, b = 250mm and a depth, d =450mm, h = 500mm. Assume the
characteristic concrete strength fck = 30N/mm2 and a steel reinforcement fyk =500N/mm2.

a) Determine if the concrete beam needs to be singly reinforced or doubly reinforced.

b) Design the steel reinforcement required for the concrete beam.

c) Draw a cross section of your designed beam, with all the dimensions and locations
of the reinforcements.

Q1 Answer:

Before we start we need to find the ultimate design moment

 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

L = 8.5m, wd = 18.2 kN/m

𝑤𝑑 𝑙 2 18.2 × 8.52
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = = = 164.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
Step 1: Determine K.
𝑀 164.4 × 106
𝐾= 2 = = 0.108 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.168
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘 250 × 4502 × 30

Since K < Kbal=0.168 ductile failure occurs and singly reinforced only is needed.

Step 2: Determine Lever arm z

𝑘 0.108
𝑧 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) = 450 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) = 402 𝑚𝑚
1.134 1.134

Step 3: Determine the area As of tension reinforcement

𝑀𝐸𝑑 164.4 × 106

𝐴𝑠 = = = 940 𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87 × 500 × 402
Step 4: Select suitable bar sizes

2Φ25: 982 𝑚𝑚2

 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

Step 5: Check that the provided area of steel is within the limits required by the code

Maximum reinforcing steel allowed:

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 × 250 × 500 = 5000 𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑂𝐾

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0013 × 250 × 450 = 146 𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑂𝐾

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.078 × (302/3/500)× 250 × 450 = 169 𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑂𝐾

Sketch:
Based on the given assumptions:
Minimum cover = Φ+10 = 25+10=35 mm
Max Bar Diameter: Φ25
Minimum clear spacing= max {20, Φ} =max {20, 25}=25
Maximum clear spacing= 250– Φ
=250–25 =225 mm Clear spacing:
Considering shear links of 10mm

𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 − 2∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑛 × ∅𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑛−1
n = number of bars

250 − 2 × 35 − 2 × 10 − 2 × 25
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 26.7𝑚𝑚
2−1

110 mm is between the limits of 25 mm (min) and 225 mm (max)

Q2. Repeat Q1 with a design ultimate load of 22 kN/m and fck = 25N/mm2.
 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

Tutorial - 21

Buckling resistance of steel column

Step 1: Find the required properties from structural steel tables/handbooks

Step 2: Perform cross-section classification

Step 3: Find buckling length

Step 4: Find the critical buckling load Ncr

Ncr= π2E Iz / Lcr2

Step 5: Find the non-dimensional slenderness

Step 6: Find buckling curve and corresponding imperfection factor

 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

Step 7: Find the buckling resistance Nb,Rd (by finding firstly Φ and χ)

Step 8: Check that the acting load (design load) is smaller than the resisting load.
4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University
4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University
 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

Outstand Flanges (Table 5.2 EN 1993-1-1)

 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

Internal Compression Parts (Table 5.2 EN 1993-1-1)

 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

Q1: Design a steel column to take a design axial load of 4400 kN. Assume fy = 355 N/mm2.
The column is fully fixed at both ends with a length of 4.5 m.

i) Select a suitable UC and carry out a classification check on the section

ii) Determine the buckling resistance of the column is sufficient

NEd = 4400 kN

fy = 355 N/mm2

Fixed End Supports

Nc,Rd = NEd = Afy/γm0 the relationship between applied load and the cross-sectional area

Assuming that Nc,Rd=NEd =Afy/γm0, and rearranging the equation work out the unknown, A

A= NEd γm0/ fy, substituting all the known information into the equation:

𝐴 = 4400×103×1.0 / 355 = 12394 mm2 (=124 cm2)

Now you can go to the universal columns table to work out what size column would give
you the above area (A) or even bigger.

Looking at the tables we can pick 254 × 254 × 132 UC, so now go back to work out Nc,Rd
based on the section you have picked as the area of the section is 168 cm 2
𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 168×102×355/ 1.0 = 5964 kN

𝑁𝑒𝑑/𝑁 𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 4400/5964 = 0.738

Step 1: Find the required properties from structural steel handbooks for 254 × 254
× 132 UC
h=276.3 mm; b=261.3 mm, tw=15.3 mm, tf=25.3 mm, r=12.7 mm
Izz= 7530 cm4; A=168 cm2

Step 2: Perform cross-section classification

The whole section is in compression:

 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

c/tf= [(b–2r– tw)/2]/tf= [(261.3–2*12.7–15.3)/2] /25.3= 4.36< 9*ε=9*0.81= 7.29

d/tw= [h – 2tf – 2r]/ tw = (276.3–2*25.3–2*12.7)/15.3=13.09<33*ε=33*0.81= 26.73
So Class 1

Step 3: Find buckling length

For fixed at both ends column, Lcr = 0.7L = 0.7*4500 = 3150 mm

Step 4: Find the critical buckling load Ncr

Ncr = π2EIz/Lcr2= π2*210000*7530*104/31502 = 15728702 N

Step 5: Find the non-dimensional slenderness

𝜆̅ = √ Afy/Ncr

= √(168*100*355/15728702)

= 0.616

Step 6: Find buckling curve and corresponding imperfection factor

Hence as h/b < =276.3 /261.3=1.06<1.2, tf ≤ 100mm, therefore from Table 6.2 the buckling
curve =c, thus a = 0.49

Step 7: Find the buckling resistance Nb,Rd (by finding firstly Φ and χ)
Φ = 0.5(1+ α ( 𝜆̅ -0.2)+ 𝜆2̅ )

Φ = 0.5(1+0.49(0.616 - 0.2)+0.6162)

Φ = 0.79

χ = 1/ [Φ +( Φ 2 - 𝜆̅ 2)0.5 ]

χ = 1/[0.79 + (0.792 - 0.6162)0.5]

χ = 0.78 <1 reduction due to buckling

 4301CIV (Structural Analysis and Design) - Liverpool John Moores University

Nb,Rd = χ A fy/γM0

Nb,Rd = 0.78*168*102* 355/1.0

Nb,Rd = 4651920 N= 4651 kN > NEd = 4400kN

Step 8: Check that the acting load is smaller than the resisting load.

4400/4651= 0.946 <1 thus OK

Q2: Design a steel column to take a design axial load of 3800 kN. Assume f y = 275 N/mm2.
The column is fully fixed at both ends with a length of 4.0 m.

i) Select a suitable UC and carry out a classification check on the section

ii) Determine the buckling resistance of the column is sufficient

Solution is similar to Q1
 4301CIV Structural Analysis and Design - Liverpool John Moores University

Tutorial - 9

Q1. Determine the centroid and the second moment of area about the y and z axes for the cross-
section shown below.

Q1 Answer:

The area is divided into two segments.

• Centroid

Part Number Area (mm2) yi (mm) yiAi zi (mm) ziAi

(mm3) (mm3)
A1 250 × 20 = 5000 250/2= 125 625000 150+20/2= 160 800000
A2 20 × 150 = 3000 250/2= 125 375000 150/2= 75 225000
Sum 8000 1000000 1025000

𝑦̅= 1000000/8000= 125.0 mm

𝑧̅= 1025000/8000= 128.13 mm
4301CIV Structural Analysis and Design - Liverpool John Moores University

• Second moment or area Iy

Part Number Area (mm2) zi (mm) Iy' (mm4) (mm4)
A1 250 × 20 = 5000 150+20/2= 160 250 × 203/12 = 166666.667 5000 × (160)2 = 128000000
A2 20 × 150 = 3000 150/2= 75 3
20 × 150 /12 = 5625000 2
3000 × (75) = 16875000
Sum 8000 5791666.67 144875000

Iy= 5791666.66+144875000= 150666666.7 mm4

• Second moment or area Iz

Part Number Area (mm2) yi (mm) Iz' (mm4) (mm4)
A1 250 × 20 = 5000 250/2= 125 3
20 × 250 /12= 26041666.67 5000 ×(125)2 = 78125000
A2 20 × 150 = 3000 250/2= 125 3
150 × 20 /12= 100000.00 3000 ×(125) = 2
46875000
Sum
8000 26141666.67 125000000
4
Iz= 26141666.66+125000000= 151141666.67 mm
 4301CIV Structural Analysis and Design - Liverpool John Moores University

Q2: Determine the centroid and the second moment of area around the neutral axes of the cross-
section (i.e. the dotted lines).

Q2 Answer:

• Calculation of the centroid

Part Number Area (mm2) zi (mm) ziAi yi (mm) yiAi

(mm3) (mm3)
A1 30 × 100 = 3000 20+80+30/2= 115 345000 100/2= 50 150000
A2 80 × 40 = 3200 20+80/2= 60 192000 50= 50 160000
A3 20 × 70 = 1400 20/2= 10 14000 50= 50 70000
Sum 7600 551000 380000

𝑧̅= 551000/7600= 72.5 mm

𝑦̅= 380000/7600= 50.0 mm

• Calculation of second moment of area around y-y Iyy

Part Area (mm2) zi (mm) Iyy' (mm4) (mm) (mm4)

Number
A1 30 × 100 = 3000 20+80+30/2= 100 × 303/12 = 225000 72.5-115= -42.5 3000 ×(-42.5)2 = 5418750
A2 80 × 40 = 3200 115 3 72.50-60= 12.5 3200 ×(12.5)2 = 500000
40 × 80 /12 = 1706666.67
A3 20 × 70 = 1400 20+80/2= 60 70 × 203/12 = 46666.6667 72.50-10= 62.5 1400 ×(62.5)2 = 5468750
20/2= 10
Sum 7600 1978333.33 11387500

Iyy= 1978333.33+11387500 = 13365833.33 mm4

4301CIV Structural Analysis and Design - Liverpool John Moores University

• Calculation of second moment of area around z-z Izz

Part Number Area (mm2) yi (mm) Izz' (mm4) 𝑦̅ − 𝑦𝑖 (mm) 𝐴𝑖 = (𝑦̅ − 𝑦𝑖 )2

(mm4)
A1 30 × 100 = 3000 100/2= 50 30 × 1003/12= 2500000.00 50-50= 0 3000 ×(0)2 = 0
A2 80 × 40 = 3200 50= 50 80 × 403/12= 426666.67 50-50= 0 3200 ×(0)2 = 0
A3 20 × 70 = 1400 50= 50 20 × 703/12= 571666.67 50-50= 0 1400 ×(0)2 = 0

Sum 7600 3498333.33 0

Izz= 3498333.33+0 = 3498333.33

mm4
 4301CIV Structural Analysis and Design - Liverpool John Moores University

Tutorial - 11

Q1: Determine the reaction forces of the beam below. A is a pin support.

Q1 Answer:

Free-body diagram:

ΣFx=0;
Ax=0 kN

ΣΜΑ=0;
– (12 × 6 × (2+6/2)) + (By × 8) – (8 × 9) – (20 × 10) = 0;
By=79 kN

ΣFy=0;
Ay + By – 8 – 20 – (12 × 6) = 0;
Ay + 79 – 8 – 20 – (12 × 6) = 0;
Ay = 21 kN
 4301CIV Structural Analysis and Design - Liverpool John Moores University

Q2: Determine the reaction forces of the cantilevered beam below. A is a fixed support.

Q2 Answer:

Free-body diagram:

ΣFx=0;
Ax=0 kN

ΣΜΑ=0;
– (5 × 2 × 1) – (15 × 4) + MA =0;
MA = 70 kNm

ΣFy=0;
Ay – (5 × 2) – 15 = 0;
Ay = 25 kN
 4301CIV Structural Analysis and Design - Liverpool John Moores University

Q3: Determine the reactions forces in the beam below. A is a pin support.

Q3 Answer:

Free body-diagram:

ΣFx=0;
Ax=0 kN

ΣΜΑ=0;
– (1/2 × 60 × 2.4 × (2.4×2/3)) + (Cy × 4) = 0;
Cy = 28.8 kN

ΣFy=0;
Ay + Cy – (1/2 × 60 × 2.4) = 0;
Ay + 28.8 – 72 = 0;
Ay = 43.2 kN
 4301CIV Structural Analysis and Design - Liverpool John Moores University

Q4: Determine the reaction forces in the beam below (Note: hinge at point P)

Q4 Answer:
Free-body diagram:

Ax Px Px

Ay Py Py Cy
By

Member PC

ΣΜC=0;
+ (Py × 3) + (2 × 3 × 1.5) = 0;
Py = – 3 kN

ΣFx=0;
Px = 0 kN

ΣFy=0;
– Py + Cy – (2 × 3) = 0;
– (– 3) + Cy – (2 × 3) = 0;
Cy = 3 kN

Member AP

ΣΜA=0;
– (10 × 2) + (By × 4) + (Py × 5) = 0;
– 20 + 4By + ((–3)× 5) = 0;
 4301CIV Structural Analysis and Design - Liverpool John Moores University

– 20 + 4By – 15 = 0; By = 35/4
By = 8.75 kN

ΣFy=0;
Ay + By + Py –10 = 0;
Ay + 8.75 + (–3) – 10 = 0;
Ay + 8.75 – 13 = 0;
Ay = 4.25 kN

ΣFx=0;
Ax – Px = 0;
Ax = 0 kN