APPLIED MATHEMATICS II

CHAPTER-1

REAL SEQUENCES AND SERIES

1
 Chapter one contents
1. REAL SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1.1 Definitions and Notations
1.2 Bounded and Monotonic sequences
1.3 Convergence of sequences
1.4 Real series
 Tests : integral , Comparison, Ration, Root, and
alternating series test
Absolute and conditional convergence 2
 1. 1 REAL SEQUENCES

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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d

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 cont’d

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 Arithmetic Sequence

Example.  3, 1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . is arithmetic sequence with d  2

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 cont’d

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 Geometric sequence
Definition1.1.4 A sequence is geometric if
each term
 r
previous term

where r is a constant called the common ratio

Example1.1.4 a) The sequence 2, 8, 32, 128, 512, . . .

is geometric with common ratio, r = 4.
b) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 … is a geometric sequence with first
term 1 and common ratio 2.
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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d
2. Find a5 and an for the geometric sequence
4, –12, 36, –108 , …
Solution Here a1= 4 and r = 36/ –12 = – 3.
Using n = 5 in the formula
n 1
an  a1r
51
a5  4  (3)  4  (3)  324
4

In general
n 1 n 1
an  a1r  4  (3)
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 Cont’d
Exercise1.1
a) Find the 9th term of the geometric sequence
7, 21, 63, . . .

b) A population of fruit flies grows in such a

way that each generation is 1.5 times the previous

generation. There were 100 insects in the first

generation. How many are in the fourth generation?

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1.2 Bounded And Monotonic Sequences

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 cont’d

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 cont’d

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 cont’d

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 1.2.2 Bounded Sequences

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cont’d

19
cont’d

20
 1.3 Convergence Of Sequences

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 Cont’d

1,1, 1,1, 1,1, 1, 

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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d

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 Limit laws for sequences

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 The Squeeze Theorem

solution. 0  sin n  1, so for n  0

2

2
 2
n
0 sin n

1
 0  lim  sin 0
n n n   n 
 
 2
n
Hence, By squee sin g theorem lim  sin 0
n   n 
 
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 cont’d

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 Monotonic Sequence Theorem

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 cont’d

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 cont’d

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 cont’d

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 cont’d

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 cont’d

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 cont’d

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 1.4 Real Series

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 Geometric Series

a1 (1  r n )
Sn  where r  1 and
1 r
a1
S  where –1  r  1
1 r
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 Cont’d
5


n 1
3( 2) n

3( 2)  3( 2) 2  3( 2) 3  3( 2) 4  3( 2) 5

a  6, r  2 and n  5
1 u sin g Sn 
a ( r n 1 )
r 1
6 ( 25  1) 6 ( 31)
S5    186
2 1 1
 n
3
2. Find    3
n 1  5   n
3 a1 3
  
n 1  5 
  5 
1 r 1 3 2
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 Harmonic Series

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 P-series

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 Telescoping series

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 Convergence of series

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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d
Example1.4.2
1. Show that the repeating decimal geometric series
8 8 8 8
0.080808  2
 4
 6
 8
 ... converges
10 10 10 10
  n 1
8 1 8  1 
a
102
and r 
102
 ar n 1   10 2 
 10 2 

n 1 n 1
8
 2
a 8
 ar n 1
  10
1 r 1 1

99
n 1
102
The repeating decimal is converges to 8/99.
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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d

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Properties of convergent infinite series

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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d

1 1 1 1 1
    ... 
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 99.100


  ak  b 
k 1

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 The integral Test

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 Cont’d

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 Convergence of the p- series

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 Direct Comparison Test

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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d

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 Limit Comparison Test

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 Cont’d

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Cont’d

62
Cont’d

63
Ratio Test

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Cont’d

65
Cont’d

66
Cont’d

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Cont’d

68
Cont’d

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Root Test

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Cont’d

71
Cont’d

72
Cont’d

73
Alternating series

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Cont’d

75
Cont’d

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Absolute convergence

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Conditional convergence

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Cont’d

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Cont’d

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Cont’d

81
 Cont’d
2. Is the given series absolutely convergent or
conditionally convergent or divergent?


 n ( n 1)/ 2 (1) n
a) 
(1) c)  ln(n  1)
n 1 3n n 1

 n 1 
( 1)
(1) (n  1)
n
b)  d) 
n n 1 n
n 1

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 Cont’d
 n ( n 1)/2
(1) 1 1 1 1
a)  3 n
   
3 9 27 81
 ...
n 1

This is not an alternating series, but since

 n ( n 1) / 2 
(1) 1
 3 n
  3n
n 1 n 1

Is a convergent geometric series, then the given

Series is absolutely convergent.
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 Cont’d
 n 1
(1) (n  1) 2 3 4 5
b)      
n 1 n 1 2 3 4

By the nth term test for divergence, the series

Diverges.

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 Cont’d

(1) n
1 1 1 1
d)     
n 1 n 1 2 3 4
Converges by the alternating series test.

(1) n
1 1 1 1
 n

1

2

3

4
n 1

Diverges since it is a p-series with p <1. The

Given series is conditionally convergent.
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 Cont’d

(1)n
1 1 1 n!
c)      ......
n 1 ln(n  1) ln 2 ln 3 ln 4 r ! n  r !

Converges by the Alternating series test.


(1)
n
1 1 1
 ln(n  1)
  
ln 2 ln 3 ln 4
 ......
n 1
Diverges with direct comparison with the harmonic
Series. The given series is conditionally convergent.
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Cont’d

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Cont’d

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