A REVIEW ON QUANTUM COMPUTING

Tejas Bramhecha1, Ifreen Raveen2

Third Year,
Department of Information Technology,
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune, India
[email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract- computers. Feynman knew that as long as we continue using

Quantum Computing, the startling application of our review the traditional engineering approach to the problem of
paper is to instigate the computer technology that skims through computer development, it will never lead to a revolution.
the marvelous idea of technological jumps in the computer No Doubt, Quantum Computing played an eminent role in
industry which will revolutionize the practical computing world. shift of computer technologies. Traditional computers use 0’s
Quantum computing is a very advance technology of the new & 1’s as an array, forming a number & processing one bit at a
generation which is faster, more powerful and more capable than
time while quantum computers contradict the present level of
the present classical computers. We are using digital computers
since decades; but it has not yet met our requirements for speed technology which uses transistors as their core processing unit.
& processing capabilities when it comes for computer systems to Quantum computer uses quantum chips to store, manipulate &
process big data & generate analysis based upon it. handle the complex calculations.
Quantum computers have the potential to perform calculations a The key advantage of quantum computers is their capability of
billion times faster than any traditional computer system. It uses parallel processing as classical computers can at max be in one
the principles of quantum mechanics for enhancing the of two possible states at the same time whereas quantum
computational speed to work out much faster than even the computers can exist in both of its possible states at once i.e. 0
existing supercomputer. It will have enormous processing power as well as 1. This unique condition is known as superposition
because it can do computational tasks in parallel and they can
& the information is processed by so called ‘qubits’. From the
solve many complex problems so far intractable by conventional
computers. We know that at first glance, it might seem
physical point of view qubits are also called as quantum bits
implausible & different from anything that a classical computer which are very similar to classical bits in traditional systems.
has to offer but if we can build quantum computers then it will be Qubits represents different logical values such as 0, 1, 01 or 11
the highlight of the 21st century. etc.

Keywords: Quantum Computer, Qubits, Superposition,

Entanglement, Quantum tunneling effect.

(Note: QC stands for Quantum Computing.)

I. INTRODUCTION

The last century has witnessed the vast development of IT

technologies & variety of IT trends in the market. Speaking
specifically about the technologies like quantum computing
has left foremost impression on people & has assisted the
research fraternity immensely. The very first question that we
ask when we go to buy a computer is that it’s clock speed.
Basically, what we intend to do is to testify if it is fast enough
to quench our need of speed or not, isn’t it? & most certainly
we get disappointed if our search ends up in dissatisfaction. Fig.1.Quantum Computing
Well then the quantum computing seems to be the best
probable solution for your problem. Working with qubits provides us incredible new possibilities
In 1980 Russian German Mathematician Yuri Manin was the for effective processing of databases than ever we have
first to propose the idea of quantum computing with his imagined before. A 2-bit quantum computer can analyze all of
seminal paper ‘Computable & Uncomputable’ & a year later 4 possible states i.e. 00, 01, 10, 11 at the same time & in
eminent physicist Richard Feynman presented a logical principle let us say 300 particles; we can process 2 300 possible
quantum computer model in his talk ‘There's Plenty of Room states at the same time using principle of superposition. Hence
at the Bottom’ at the conference of ‘Physics & the key advantage that quantum computers provide us is
Computerization’. The promise behind Feynman’s model parallel computation whereas till today we are using
rested in a conviction that it would be impossible to conduct timestamp or job scheduling methods to avoid inconsistency
simulation of quantum system with the use of the classical occurring due to the parallel processing.
The issue of computational scalability has been an intensive 1.4 QUANTUM MECHANICS CONCEPTS
area for research not only for computer & IT engineers but for
physicians and mathematicians also! So it is high time when As stated, quantum computer uses quantum mechanical
we think of better ways to achieve quantum efficiency. The marvels like superposition, entanglement, quantum tunneling
difficulty isn’t that microprocessors are too slow but that the effect to harness its power in terms of parallel processing.
logic written behind it is inherently sequential [3] & that’s
what could be changed if we could bring this conception true 1.4.1 Superposition: - It is one of the most absurd &
in real sense. challengeable concept in physics which propose that a particle
can exists in all possible states at the same time as long as we
MODULE 1 do not know the state of particle. Just like when we flip a coin
II. QUANTUM THEORY & COMPUTATION & till the time it continues to be in the air, the coin exists in
both of its states head as well as tail. Similarly a 4 qubits
1.1 HISTORICAL NOTE:- computer can analyze 16 parallel states in a single operation &
in comparison a 4 bit classical computer would have to repeat
Rolf Landauer and Charles H. Bennett were among the first operation 16 times in order to process all the states.
physicists who opened the door for quantum computing in the
1960s when they proposed that information is a physical entity
that could be manipulated according to the laws of physics.
It was the point actually from where we first started thinking
about it. After Manin & Feynman, Paul Benioff was the one
who proposed the theoretical framework for the quantum
computing in 1982.
Later on many scientists have had worked on quantum
computation to realize quantum mechanical concepts into real
time applications.

1.2 WHY QUANTUM COMPUTING:- Fig.2.Superposition in a coin.

The foremost thing that we need to understand is quantum 1.4.2 Entanglement: - It is a physical phenomenon in which
computers are not at all the replacement for the classical quantum state of the particle can’t be described separately.
computers as many applications are straight forward & there Change in the behavior of one particle will instantly affect the
we don’t need to evaluate possibilities in parallel so quantum behavior of other particle no matter how far they are. When
computer are build to serve only specific purposes e.g. Sudoku particles are in superposition, they retain a type of connection
game. Then the question that keeps rolling in our mind is why between them which in turn will affect the spin of each other.
we prefer quantum computers over traditional computers. Einstein termed this phenomenon as a ‘spooky behavior at a
To build any system we must know the root cause behind its distance.’
invention & how it actually works. As stated above,
conventional computer systems do follow the set of
instructions (algorithm) which are written inside the
microchips & it allows us to solve only one problem at a time
but now Google & NASA have teamed up for this paradigm
shift & the quantum computer designed by them are fabricated
by D-Wave Systems [7]. Quantum computer opens a realm of
new powerful possibilities by solving multiple problems at the
same time. The classical laws that we apply in our daily lives
will no longer be applicable when we start thinking at the
atomic scale. Fig.3.Entanglement of particle.

1.3 QUANTUM APPLICATIONS:- Entangled particles must have opposite values for a property.
Quantum entangled particles allows to carry out many
A quantum computer can accelerate the process of searching promising technologies like quantum teleportation i.e. sharing
for patterns in any kind of data, from weather to stock market of states of atoms. The quantum entanglement is most fragile
information - a task that’s virtually impossible for a traditional property which gets easily destroyed by the interference of
computer. Perhaps in the not so distinct future we will be able noise but recently scientists have found ways to preserve the
to climb up the ladder to a new round of possibilities such as quantum entanglement of particles. There’s limit on how
creation of new drugs, breakthroughs in research & climate particles can be entangled i.e. if two particles are as entangled
change & development of new technological devices or as they can be neither of them can be entangled with third one.
financial modeling. It may help us to solve the most This phenomenon has not only helped us to build quantum
challenging computer science problems. computers but also atomic clocks with precise timing.
1.4.3 Quantum tunneling effect: - This may sound bizarre achieve. When particles interact with each other there is a
when at microscopic level particles can tunnel through a possibility that they may lose information so we must direct
potential barrier even when they do not have sufficient energy them in particular way to avoid collision between them [10].
to cross over. Quantum tunneling effect can be explained
using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principal & wave particle VI. CONCLUSION
duality.
The field of quantum computing is growing rapidly as many
of today's leading computing groups, universities, colleges,
and all the leading IT vendors are researching upon the topic.
This pace is expected to increase as more research is turned
into practical applications. Although practical machines lie
years in the future, this formerly fanciful idea is gaining
plausibility.
The present goal is not to build a complete quantum computer
right away; instead to move away from the experiments in
which we merely observe quantum phenomena to experiments
Fig.4.Tunneling effect. in which we can control these phenomena. Systems in which
information obeys the laws of quantum mechanics could far
1.4.4 WORKING:-
exceed the performance of any conventional computer, therein
In case of Quantum Computers, Qubits will be stored in the lays the opportunity and the reward.
form of atoms, ions, electrons or protons and then by using No one can predict when we will build the first fully
electromagnetic waves, radio waves or by using laser; states of functional quantum computer; it could be this year, perhaps in
the particles can be changed to spin up or spin down where the next 10 years, or centuries from now but most obviously
spin up will stand for state 1 and spin down will stand for state we need to accept that this mind-boggling level of computing
0. This is the time when we do actual processing on qubits. power has enormous commercial, industrial, and scientific
Due to the superposition it will be in both of its possible states applications, but there are some significant technological and
till the time we figure out the finalized state. conceptual issues to resolve first.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our gratitude and deep

regards to our HOD Prof. S.M Bhagat and our guide Prof.
Bhushan Bhokse for their exemplary guidance and
encouragement throughout this paper work. We extend our
deep sense of appreciation to all those who have helped us to
make this paper possible. Hereby, we truly appreciate the
blessings, help and guidance given by our professors. The
opportunity taken by us shall carry us to the long way in
Fig.5.Spin of Electron. journey of life on which we are about to embark.
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