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Component of Genetic Variance

This document discusses the components of genetic variation, heritability, and genetic advance. It defines additive genetic variance, dominance variance, and epistatic variance as components of genetic variation. It describes broad sense heritability as the ratio of total genetic variance to phenotypic variance, while narrow sense heritability is the ratio of additive genetic variance to phenotypic variance. The document also provides the formula for estimating genetic advance and discusses the advantages and limitations of estimating heritability and genetic advance.

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Ashutosh Singh Samar
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231 views12 pages

Component of Genetic Variance

This document discusses the components of genetic variation, heritability, and genetic advance. It defines additive genetic variance, dominance variance, and epistatic variance as components of genetic variation. It describes broad sense heritability as the ratio of total genetic variance to phenotypic variance, while narrow sense heritability is the ratio of additive genetic variance to phenotypic variance. The document also provides the formula for estimating genetic advance and discusses the advantages and limitations of estimating heritability and genetic advance.

Uploaded by

Ashutosh Singh Samar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Component Of Genetic Variation, Heritability

and Genetic Advance


Component of Genetic Variation:
Phenotypic Variance ( Vp)= G( Vg) + E ( Ve)+ G x E
▪ Genotypic Variance-
Additive Genetic Variance- ( VD), Allelic interaction
– AA aa
Dominance Variance ( VH) – Inter-allelic
interaction - Aa
Epistastis Variance – Non Allelic Interaction- AB, Ab
Epistastis Variance:
1. Additive x Additive ( A X A) eg- AA x BB / aa x
bb
2. Additive x Dominance ( A X D), eg- AA X Ab
3. Dominance x Dominance ( D X D), eg – Ab x
Ab
▪ Environmental Variance - Error
Genetic Variance -
Classified by Type of Genetic Variance Brief Description
Fisher , 1918 Additive Variance Average effect of genes at all segregating
loci
Dominance Variance Deviation from mean value due to allelic (
intera-allelic ) Interaction
Epistastis Variance Deviation from mean value due to non-
allelic interaction. Additive x Additive,
Additive x Dominance and Dominance x
Dominance
Wright, 1935 Additive Variance Same as Fisher
Non- Additive Dominance and Epistastis variances
Mather, 1949 Heritable - Fixable Include Additive Variance ( AA) and
Additive interaction
Heritable – Non - Fixable Include dominance variance ( Ab) and
Additive x Dominance ( AA x Ab) and
Dominance x Dominance ( Ab x Ab )
Heritability
• Heritability- H = R/ S
R = Selection Response/ Genetic Gain, S= Selection
Differential
R = Xp ( Progeny Mean) - Xo ( Base Population
Mean)
S = Xs (mean of selected individual) - Xo (Base
Population Mean)
Types of Heritabiliy :
I. Broad Sense heritability
II. Narrow Sense heritability
• Broad Sense Heritability ( bs):
= Vg/ Vp x 100
Vg = Va + Vd + Vi
Vp ( Vg + Ve)
Va – Additive Variance, Vd- Dominance Variance,
Vi- Epistastis variance.
Where, Vg – Genotypic Variance
Vp- Phenotypic Variance
• Narrow Sense Heritability:
• Heritability =
• 1/2 x D
Vp D = Additive Variance, Vp =
Phenotypic variance.
Difference Between Broad Sense and Narrow
Sense Heritability
Broad Sense Narrow sense

Estimated From Total Genetic Variance Estimated from additive genetic variance

Can Be estimated From both parental and Requires crossing in definite fashion
segregating material

More useful in animal breeding Useful in plant and animal breeding

Useful in selection of elite types from Useful in selection of elite types from
homozygous lines segregating material
• Advantage of Heritability
i. Estimates of heritability are useful in predicting the transmission of characters from the
parents to their offspring
ii. Estimation of heritability are free from genetical assumptions
iii. It estimates broad sense heritability from parental as well as hybrid population
iv. It’s estimation based on empirical results
v. Heritability helps in the selection of elite types from the mixed parental populations or
segregating populations
vi. Narrow sense heritability gives an idea about the additive genetic variance
vii. Heritability estimates can be worked out from inbreeders as as outbreeders

Limitations
i. Estimates of heritability are based on variance and its component and, therefore, are not
statistically very robust and reliable
ii. The variance and its component, as compared to means are also inaccurately estimated
iii. The partition of variance makes the things worse. Components of variance sometimes turn
out to be negative, resulting in negative estimates of heritability.
iv. Heritability is the property of a specific population in a specific experiment. In other words,
heritability is specific to material under study and structure of the experiment.
Genetic Advance
Estimation of Genetic Advance:
1. Genetic Gain/ Selection Response - R = Xp ( Progeny Mean)
- Xo ( Base Population Mean)
2. Selection Differential- k = Xs (mean of selected individual) -
Xo (Base Population Mean)

G. A. = σ2g x k. σp (Phenotypic Standard deviation)


σ2p
= h2. K. σp
h2 = Heritability Coefficient
k α 1/i , i =Selection Coefficient
[Xs= (25 + 30 + 10+ 8) /4 = 18.25, Xo = (2 + 5 + 6 +25 +30 + 12+
10 + 8)/8 = 12.25]
k = Selection differential
Value of selection differential, k, for
selection intensities
Selection intensity in % ( i) Value of k
1 2.64
2 2.42
5 2.06
10 1.76
20 1.40
30 1.16

k is standard units , which is 2.06 for 5 %


selection
Genetic Advance Percent =
Genetic Advance x 100
Mean ( Mean of the base population)

Range of Genetic Advance Percent mean by Johnson et. al., (


1955a),
Low : ˂ 10 %
Moderate = 10- 20 %
High = ˃ 20 %
Advantages:
i. Estimates of genetic advance are based on empirical results and are free from genetical
assumptions.
ii. It is a reliable measure of genetic improvement under selection for polygenic traits.
iii. Genetic advance can be estimated both from parental as well as segregating populatons
iv. Estimates of genetic advance help in understanding the type of gene action involved in the
expression of various polygenic characters. High values of genetic advance are indicative of
additive gene action and low values are indicative of non- additive gene action
v. It also helps in deciding a breeding procedure for the genetic improvement of various
polygenic traits by determining the gene action.

Limitation :
i. Estimates of genetic advance are based on second order statistics ( variances)
and, therefore, are not stastistically very robust.
ii. Estimates of genetic advance are specific to the breeding material. Hence it
varies according to the breeding material.

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