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FMC Unit 1 Handwritten Notes

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Tushar Sahu
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
119 views28 pages

FMC Unit 1 Handwritten Notes

Handwritten notes

Uploaded by

Tushar Sahu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Nar -T Pundamentalr og Comeuien Generations 04 Computer one Components LO 8 BR y Commpurers @ — Computy Haxsturoe 2 Sato vePu “fou Keyboord 2 Mouse Zlo Devices CAocngaet) Computer mien Bi Memory Hiesanchy — Primory & Secondary Srearye GF — Seeondany Storage + Magnete Dist Us Opot “4 8 Ose co SS Dasa Numesute Dotti : na Alpha Numeate Datq GH apr og Data & Ingewm ahon Storage Setting Pro comstn } Fens mission e Ee Au & hrorn 1940's Preah. ¢ Oner -T —=. These are © Genenahins Computes, & Cath one ts Chas acres aed by a Mejor =mMenr Hhob qundamen tatty Choma ed the 9 oy Computer Opetole: tech nological develop Maj or Chamges thot Occur oat Gy) Sige 2 Bagge to Smaties (1) Cosr 9 — Costtiea +o Cheaper @) Pousertut a» bon to More Ww) Eagiemey a Cem to Hag ESF Gen exotron : Vaceum Tubes C tau ~-se) > ASF Comparer System Used Uaceum haber dor Circainy 2 Magneke Asm go Mim. 04 Entire Room , Veny Expensive fe Opuck, i Sige ts High Ete cheveity Consuming cleus ce + Rebted on mle. Lang usge aos Com Solve One Prbtem OF oO Hime LIP Was beead on Punched Cos R paper ere alee ee che Plow ac om paintowls, 3 a Ext UNivac or Entac ec ee 3 and Genenahon , Taransisters tac ~ 63) i = \ > Veaneistor We Invenrd ar Bett Labs in 144% » Ren Supator fo Vaccum hub, to become Qmatler, Costa, Cheaper, Mere eningy eggident 2 more wellabu > Shit webled om Punched Conds Fos ¢ip & Print ous for Of: > Lamg wage chamged feom Cry pte Binary mle Lamquoae +o assembly Lamguoge High Level Language Wes cnc davaloped Such) As Core, Forarran BEA Cenesahon + Integrated Grscuits C taeq-F) % “Teounsisters Wew miniahuweg & plaed om Qa eon Chips Comed Semi Conductors ahi dh Clios Headly Increased He Speed & eggidenay » % Instead Gy Punched Conds 2 printouts , Users Intexacred Ustth B7I Genesonon Computer through Key boasds 2 Monitors . 3 Devices Shura to ™un dy. Ape Ucobons Or ome He > Vge Teduced Q became Chroper “uth Generahin & Microprocemer s ( taai- Proent) — = — U rgle liter ? Thousands qy Te wer bulk om a Sunigte Chip asst Clevetoped in 199) (ocobed ceu mlm 2 Inra 4004 Chip au Compomeni a Uompura fom % ‘This | Guz , Movse sth Genesaton 3 Awiyolo} Tntewigene (Present sth _Genguanon t Arnhyicle! Tamigene © > The Use Cy Paxattel Prvconing 2 Supertondec Ne helping fe make AL ready > Bet Vote Recognition » Quambuen Compurahin Name Technolayy | + The goat yY cth ge: Computing v's Fo develop devices that Peapend to Natusol Comavrae tre 2 ose Copabu y Lean Soy Oggorge ans) Lor Then > inne | cru CPu Tnpar, — Conuets dota Into Compute weodable Form & Text zip, Image IP, Bound ele, Pingo park, Uae sie ese 8 Cem, Seo. Ot Ty tem ore by Keybooud, Mouse, Keypads Scanners , UPhme, Toy shox » Buttons , Touch Screen eos ourput + Converts hjerman'on som Numerleod Powe bo ee Human Readabi form in an Unambigous | Mamnes & Display on Leo Semen | Printed page 0m pak Song played om a Spesten , Image on Scmeen Utpyabion an a Phone , Buggers ™ Dota m/m lememy. Two Subblous < Progroarn mlm Dots myn ~3 Oats ts Stored . Also Catted Reod vomre mim. L Contents qy the mim Cam easily he atrxed by He Computs pregram b& Random Accor Marnory Cram) 9 Volatile in => Bidlireckonot +o ¢PU Notunt Prog, evar mim 2 Contains Cequema cy mo, oF Command Or Inehvanons: & CPu ferhea thir inskeuchion One Gb a Hou, decodes iF & then execuber hE 3 Tubaten Sy de & Cottechon og there Inshuchon fs Castes Prog aum. & Also Coued Read Only Rom) = 7 ® Content Comnest be Coty cbrued & Onl Umedtonal +o CPU . |RUEs Considered 08 a beam gy the Computer Chee L tyoo Sub blous < Aw Contet 2 Thong Uru AW > Dofa Processing 9 Tnkeg om o1p Guth &% + my te ow, Complemit , Ard wiath gq the BLY Co. g Rus’) & Speed og ops [Ke cond ah | More 8S Langa the wot tea Speed Y Prowl Timing 2 Conkd Uni 9 Aa Heat G Gupavise Glow q ts G Runs om Clo Pri ded by Ogat ates & Commo Conk & Trenimg Une heumdbes may At or a Hme. Von Neumann Arschitecwie 2 Lame mim 2 Bus | ase: Used to Strwe both cata & !nghrvctions that wun the Pregeam. > Lince Boh Progzam MH! Q dota rofm Comtbot be caecesced Stim whroune out fe Peg ormome Ne aQ¢eced . Hoxnvaxd Aarchitectusxe 3 Steves “(ng fuckin SS 2. clota In Separote mofm Unit Hhat asa Connected - ee + Coun Hemme 2 SGRamr CSREES Computer Hoard wos Component — et the prastet ‘ : > asl. ComponenG oy the System Ushich Com fee foudh: ® Cents Processing Unit + 2 Bletrronte Clr erry uate Compuress thar Cosmiter Out the (nshvaors YY % Computes Prgien eet et . by Puy ormung banie Asuthemake , Logie ,Conhlis Q Llo op. Speugi ed by TLagte chim . 4+ Consist gy Au & Control Unir 3 The Instruchims to be executed aso Kept in Some Kind Gy Computes mim - CPU Perches , decoder 2 oxecukes inshuchons + This Precem te Coured Instry on Qyas: 3 Actual ‘mathemoho) opuahen gow each Inskeveron fe Poxtosmed by 0 Comb!na Logie cer tolth In cpu's Procence Known os pu Ds. acl C—O 2 Contr! Unik ‘Ws a Compment thot died the Opaaken gy a Pruner + Tt bells the Compute’ Mim , wt OLU, Zio devices how bo weapond to the tnshuehons thar have been Sent tothe Precenor- 3 Addvess Genesahm Unik CAav) 1s om Crecuben Une tnaide te CPU that Colcwaber addresses | Used by the CPeu to aceon maim /m- This educes the mo, Oy Ceu, Cycles wequined gor Executing Vanious, Machine Tnahuchions. CRU Cache fs QQ hadwoau Cache Used by the Ceu of a Computes +o, weduw the aweoge Cos Come or en esau’) +o access dofa drom main m/m AU medenn Cpur have mutate “evel 0g CPu Gch - : Mosr Ceu ase Synchwonou, Circuits fe they empley | Q Cloce Signot to Pace thelr Sequential Opeabons The Cloce Signed tg pred veed by. Ek enol Qseltlater Ckt tok yen erates oc Consistent no, GY Pubes each Second In the form oy Penioct?c Rquore, womes Fostes ta Clo , the More Ins huetens We ecu Witt execu neh Lecond , F . 3 Integer Range. aloo Byocr the Mo oy MIM Cocoon 4 the CPU Com CLs ectly Addess - 2 Posattatiem ov Poxatiel Compuking to Introduced ic Beers to Increase the Talk, cur Whi ulad usin a CPU. CPU Ushich Ingkeuchions, Que exee |» Pagowm ane ga a cev depends Vem Clock wate E TEnskruchons pu Cock Per gormamnt. By wlm Hess ache No, gy Cove prvcesor Sqyrware Aigorithm 2 Zn pllernertation Horduscne Logte 9 ‘Display Usk (00), oa i ae Cw 0 | AL VOU Aisplag images Gonwored by a Compute. Or Othen elechronic wits 3 Bat Meni tor, qu Projector 5 CRT A CLeO, Leo, Pfeamay 3 AR vVOU may be Pep henal Aevices ow may be Integeates “uslth the One Comp one nds 2 The Vou Chiptays ingve moKon Th tha germ q Text Or grphta Cpictures) ‘ : oh YOU Considaakon dor 3 Whether the inp | ov 's monochrome or Colous Mono Chrome moeniturs ase Cheaper Hon Colon Mentors te how mama Pines the monutersr across 2 clown the Somen. The Highes the Terolukon, the bette the deginitien Q Move expensive the Monicr 2 Asper Reh'o Ciera) » The Lis Play device In modein Memniters I'S typically QA thin Pilm Traneistes Uquid Crystal claploy (Ter- Leo) Uetth Leo bart celighting 2 Monitors ase Codaatrd to the Compurs Via VGA Curdeo Graphics Arway D Connecks » OVI COigital Vibuol Inteipaw), HOI Gc High Degindten Mulkrnedia | Inter} cee) | ere > OLEH Meniters Provide higher Controat 2 barre Ulew ing amgles tham Led, but they nae ee Mere power Ushen Ling teugong chocum en tithy Brique bau. gsounds : Messwurment a Peyormane moniter D Luminance 2 Colour clepth 3. Reap onse Hime 4) Powa Consumption s) Viewing amate - a : ‘ 3 The Sze ay the chaplay Is Usucatty m™ eonuned by the disrome blw two Oppowe Cosnes o == iz Mouse: Hand - Heed Pointing dleuiee thar dered two dimensional moon rectakue fo Sugpan This mote is Syeteosty teeuulared into the mMotm ya Poinkey on a dhiapley ° Ructasi tn both Usdielen Q udleed. a Modesin Mice ten howe Optiod Sensors thor have no moving Post etre: wenclukon Q precision. 9 Butts cu thes dos Sesetson Og a Meny trem om a Lap | oy QR Wheels doo enabling Addi hienad Contr} 9 In Intenachve 3-0 geaph's the mouse's Moton Often Prams lores divecty Into Changer in the Ulrhol Obj eer or Camena Ormentohion: Ext Gomes bran smitt dota Ula Tetared 3 Cowdtess mice wowes CBlucrorh £ wid) Sodliabhon os Todlo The meckevea ts Connected to te Conmputn He ough Sedo oF USB Part Keybowd ‘ —— > le Ceurce tar atows O Pew to enfer Carters, numbers 2 Othe Bymbels info a Compulin. 2 Contums mechanical Switther OF Push butts Cotud keys 2 When ane oy there ane Pushed , AN elec | Clroudit ts Closed Q the Keyboosid Semds a Leper to tte Computes, 3 Cam be Connected Udived or Uolretes (@iuctot} > Most Poputay loxyour ts QWERTY | Which ts based on ta JSF Six Lets on Typewrite Feybod 3 Key Stroke Legging t's Copraing Q wecowd Q3 each Key thor ts Premed. It Cam be Used to meosuse employee actu thy » Hackes ; Com ates Use Keys hore logging : +» Co ay > Computes Hardwasue Toteg rahed Cheuk that Store Mngermahinn for Immedial Use in Compute, ts termed a8 Compufey mlm. > Theu wa Mam two Kunds of memory dy) Volorte 2 (ty Non Volokle pasa Flogh mim Cathe min Rom mim CsRam) PRom, EPROM, EEPRm > Most Semiconducter msm !s Orgamiged In to mim Celle os RBistobte Pilp Clops , each Stoning 1 Bir Coos st). The mim Celle ome grouped inte woes BY gimed wood Cevamth , Por ex + 12,4, Bp 16, 32/64, 128 bur Word nes Sagnot +Hhot accesses +Hhe Cet Yo > enthe Read & Wri clats Burn The dala Hat ts b waster {ule or Read diem Ce oS 2 Volarte Mim 2 Computa mim ‘thar requixe Powess to maimtaim the Stored tues maten. b, SRAM L, oRam Yop 0 © Crots 7 Couple) Dora t Struc TH . Mos Sthychuw Logica dogie Te Sense line Paste ® Slower ® @. Dissipate Mere pow @ lems Powe dissipabh © Reguine more ane dor @ lea Aseg i bu ‘ © mien Opa tly ts lege © More © Gthe m/m © Mare m/m ® Requsies no Reyreahing @ Rag udres Pepoorhing ; Cyte evay 2ms N : : ep Volare I 2 ym that Com wetaim the Stored tutosmohon even When not Powued, “OES etenaonan ty Px: ROM 5 Flash mim , Maginene Computer Sewage CHomd disk , Floppy dak, Mag nee tape), OpHeal dink , Pape tape, Punched Cavs Rom > Mim Cet ane cles igned as GroayS hawtng merattic Fuses Prom 3 Fuses ase replaced by ; Diodes Om Ahas Such thar mim Is Programme EPROM,» Te hoy q Gloss Window On it. Uhen eCxpesed to Uv Lahr the Doua’ ts ete: 2 Mowe Hme ts toren gor exe Fhadotg Ce 30sec) EerRom } Bledel Poros abt. PROM ates Known os Non Volahie RAM CwvrRam) Eleerot Vol is Used +o cuore He do by Using ol Logie dees More Hme wil be aren der Dus $ ae pst aa no = Flesh mim; Two Tyee — Neno Ts Type gy EEPROM TH Im Conds yas fast Reod Becess He Hoe put hot. os factor Gchs rage A usabi by ae USB Flowh datues Solid State Asi vos QmertP barnes Semivoraie mlm + im Im hich hea Some United dusakon apa Powe "s remoud STT- RAM: Non Volahle » Ex: M oy Menggement Prope Momog erent i Ww Imp. - fers a Comput to Sperste pre Othavotse ft Com lead to bugs, Slow pe Ast emah'e Ovegptow Metuod MDI m + Us Mim leon Vetuot min ts g System Usheu ou Phy steal om {m Is Con trotted bos ein Q crest Ly stem » When a Pregra nm Needs wequents tt dsom the Operon System The opearing System then deudes in Whot Phystt loch'on to place tHe erat Code & data. 3 When the Amounk Q RAM fe not Seygietent +o wun au the Cusmnent Prgg 7a ms, 1h Com wenutt tn a Vihuohon Whee te Compurey Spends more Hme movirg dota Geom RAM to - Atse 2 baue than tr Coes accom pl'shing fasts this fs Known Theos hur : Sys tem UD eng ath Rigas gis Protected mim : ; 4 MIM to use 9 Sete gsom bug » Reiablitty T & Secunthyh 3 Always Include Uletusl mlm. Cache Minn 3 Tet Chores dat So that Furwe swequects ow thar dak Cam be Senved Raster. 3 Data Stowed In a Cathe Might be the mesutt am easies Compulahon OF 4 Copy 4 dota Stored ene udhene - 3 Cache Kit Occurs UXhen the weg vested dat Com tbe found %M Cathe . > Cache miss occas When, tr Cannot 3 Tk Wworts om He Prinupte @ Lombiny of ee ant * a a The Mim Hierasichy Spas obes Com p len Steroge into a Hesoorchy based on Reaponae Time: X Copocig Pam osay/Main mim CRam, Rom) Secon: ™m/m HO, C0, BvD, PO, ae Proper ter = Fdding Comp lexi ty Slows down te M/m Hex astehy , Memory Tethnetogy Shretches the Flash Space, tn the. mim Hienaxehy . 3 The locaton In the m/m Hierarchy cakes the Hme weq. der the Prepetch fe Oc, 3 CMox istes: Fastest Possibte Access Tt Is Cquivolart to M0. OF Generel Purpose Regi Prenit UsiHuin Hea prouwe Move the no, O4 Genes! Prrpose Reg Mare Ie He Speed. ‘ Coste Bach Bieta tye! Ketsls q coud Q ” dota Cogten 2% Gy bis) (evel 4 fe Cache + Levu 0 — —= L cra — 128MB Sige : GB to Sige Moun mio “ee Seconckoy Loree: 2° Te Textionry Stomage : Upto Exabytes in Sige as wsesponsi ble der moving dota bw > Prog vammats Hrrough Rite Llo clink 2 mim 9 Hood wase is wreapasible dee moving dah bly mim 2 Caches ‘ Compries we roeap ons bt e gor genet, uu Cause the Code , thor UShen erecuted , arid to use. Caches & — Raicenty Parmasy Stecage : (Main m/m /Irtencel enter) 2 Diweetty accessible te the! Cee: 2 Cpu Conk nuously weads !ns hwchions Skerseq there 2 executes them meq uin ed. > Bx, RAM , Row (Rom) 2 Nem Volahie Primaviy Storage Conteus ing i Sone te ve Pregzam CRios) ts Used tO bootstrap he Computer, ‘ r Secondosiy Storage : ( Bxteinot mm ow Ruxitiory ” Stemge) > Nor Olin ecty accessible by the CPur 2 Computes Usustts Uses tts UP 2 0/P Chamnes to access Secondary Stowege & Transgea the desived dala +o Pmony Stowoge 2 Nom Votattte th note. 3 The Access Hme Pex byte Gos Hand drat delves & tYpicotyy Measured to milli Seconds , While Gecess time Pex fyte gow primory ‘Stevage ‘e Messused im Mamo seconds. 23 Rotating ophet dise Storage devices Such as E CD 2 pvD have even Longer accen Mme, > Bx: use Plash dive, Floppy Oise, Mognebe Tape, Punched Corde , CO, DVD, ee 2 eG. Types io Opal Storage Meogner'c g renege | Maagnehke Storage | ook Q e lagoeks Sivat Prot Stowmge x, \ \ a 9 Uses Ae Patterns og 2 Stores Ingasmabon Oya feat, SLYOACE HO Chrreusan Lise” Coated Surg ace fo. Stove i Ss ~ motion. Use Peined ple @ by INuminakog the “dm Blechromegn elem Laity a Losen ode : Observing the TYlechen: > Nm Valatle 3) Nem Volatile > Ex: Mog neke dist, 2 Ee: CO, OVO ise » Hasd Char 9 Uses Single wemovabl(e 3 Uses Muthpte Pined dist disk 3 Sh ‘ 1 estes Decess time » longe Becem Heme + Only One dise Cam be | + Mass Repticanon t's Used ar a time Poss! ble 2 Data fe randomly accesy| 9 Pat’ IS Sequentaley | Accemed > Stor Storggs: vale Seyaat 9 Stooge Upp 2948 Hundred GB : - - g a A 9 Mag wb Pets com clestey Cats on He a ee He Btored on THRMRS net be chamexg od by meg SLorcage ie Prenat Capable oy Holding Upto Womb CcCO-RoM: = q dob. 3 The dist fs made YP oy Poly Cosbon ote Wat In the mftotdte: 2. The Way em age ts Coated usit Mmeralli¢ am dumintum odhey + file Usu 9 The olumintum lim ts Covered by a plastes | Poly Comber ofe Coosing thot Protects the Undenty ing the cholo, dom 2 Lnshsuthione cut Repre uoith q hele 9 In co-Rom, ~Sented tn, He germ oY Land 2 pis. The Ughts Ow oe tected Grom the Land & digud diem pris « co HRW: C Compa Olse - Reod /wmte mm) 9 Disc thar, Com be UOWHen , weod Ooch toori fy mamy Hes, exosed & om Hen ogoim - 3 In co-Qw, the Chamge ey Stare te Foamath Of Land Qpits ts nok Pumamens. 3 Losey fs Used fo Heat the Athve motetal SSE MRM ete Shem Te See Dequived Land & pits to Save the claty 3 Imewrovead Vasion Cp-Row Duo Coigiter Versakle Dise) ¢ fe tr Cam Stave mulk ple Hees more dota lo Same Siged Asks 2» This ts Possibte dus to waduthon in the Sige qy Lond 2 Gr. Qo bits axe Pauced more Closely on OvO. Bive Ray Disk; Latest optend Stermge Medivm 3 Hang Disr Drives ¢ — > 3 More Sophish cated tham OBvoO Tt was develo pe to Store HO Video, Ped Moarmby ” Utdeo games, ere B Cige (Cane ie Ocal te meng fugelte Ths Cltok Conteine Rigtd, Disk Shaped Platters Constr ced Jiom Aluminium oe Alass: 2 Sploning Dise vl Heads ther meve Ove Aine 2 Stoves dota Sn Frocks & Setter. Read Lware dota In Concenksc The Heads a Udhich cura allutalef Clowes Coved dur Into i Cotted Setrews- a Oo Data Roth Lets & No, Al phanumente —— ete > Rat Vehic Tdenkgresen NOv a-z 8 o-9 2 @re d 3 Asen Code C Amesiican Gtamdond Code for Tnjom Inte Change) Numesdte Bata} o-3 2 Bcd cou , om Ne. \ ae Cone ept cr Det 2 Ingo oso oH orn —— % Data ts oq Ser GY Values oy Subjous Us reaped to quatitahue om quantitate Unsulebtes. Dain 2 Tyjormabon aan Often Tnteuthamgeosig he Dara becomes fyormahon UShen iF is” VUlew ed tn Context or In Post Omnayais « 3. Data ts meosusted , Collected 2 Peposted, & Analyse tohene Upm fk Com be UVisuatiged Usien gomvs Tnog es Or Otha Amalyun fort. Raw Dalai Unprocemed Dota Fietd Data ; Raw dota that Is Cetlected in am " Uncontrtied “ 'o sity! enutwenmenr Cxpesimentor Qetg, Doin that is geneiated toltum the Context & 9 Selentgte Investigation . > Ingormabhon Gm be encoded Into Vasitous forms gos bransmission & Inteaprebaton + For ex: Lies mehion Com Fe Cncoded inte Sequence , 8 ae Data Storage ¢ ov 3 Dat Stosage Storoge medivm : is Stoving uy Ing osmabon Ina ° DNA, RNAS Magnene Tape, Opheol cline Ose ot Crag 04 Strvage media. x Basieoden 2 MICR AHt two Ways Of secowding i m/e weodabte Gola on Papa: 3 Dom te Stored in 9 weconching meslig ( Pxink, dite, mag nthe LOPE) = ay Dar Seeking 7 > Geer Time TYos to how ene Tead (wate head O q¢sem one tou +o arnothes Seer Time % 2 close. (ny bos » Avenoge Seer Time ¢ { Anive auenaged Ovex Many dis. track. Atstemces Fre a meden Hast clink datver tha Hme fs Unde loms. 9 Voaue to Teer Seer Time: Min, Seer Time frat a Aise Avive takes to move th Reads tomte Heod 4o0m One tack fo Nexh @ Put Strore Seek Time! Maximum Seer Time teren gor % Ong, Aulve to move fis He dsom 18 brace fo Last fratk ong ok ® Doda Processing ¢ > Mant puotton gy dota by a Compules . > Conversion Y Raw dora bo matching weadabte Fac 9 Vatideton ay Supplied do - > Sorting fe ay Hrems In Some Sequence 2 Sommasd gabon ve Red veung detay dam to tis maim Punk . \ iseds c ‘ Aggreqanen te oe preces 9 Analysis 2B Reporting og dots. a Types gy Data Peocepsing Sclentigic Data Processis C Commercioy Reta Gre ® Dota Transmission - =— ——S== ° 3 Dota beansaission ts dhe brains gost y daty ove, Pojnt tO point O% Paik bo mutkpanb Comment 4 9 Chomnds Used dor Dotg Teansmission one [\ Coppa wire, OPHol Fibse, Ulreless Commuskt Tae alae alanine ae ere Rar egel ce Storage mediq, 2 Com puken buses. 9 Data Cam be Transmuted in two Foom le Arateg & Digit? Fasm. 4 2 These Ose two methods Used to transmit dota b/w ligt tol deouices , Uy Seudf Tounomission 9 Data) bits oo e Orgamized in a Spedyie Onder & Senr Ina Lemgte Channel Two Types (0) Asynehanneus Soscioy Feangmission 3 Doty . hus Com the Sent Ob omy Point Ini Hme ° ® Synchronous Seo) leanamissin 3, Cota bus: as beememitred 8 & Conhineous Shean tn me With qQ moske Clour, (try Pastel Teansmission 3 Muthpte olata fits One Frama tttes| Ove muth pir Channels f OF te Same Hme- ey See

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