Package Title: Test Bank

Course Title: Karp9e

Chapter Number: 8

Question Type: Multiple Choice

1) When electron micrographs were first taken of the cell interior, what kinds of structures were seen?

a) membrane-bound vesicles of varying diameter, containing material of different electron density

b) long channels bounded by membranes and radiating through the cytoplasm
c) an interconnected network of canals
d) stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
e) all of these are correct

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Compare the components of the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System

Question Type: Multiple Choice

2) The correct order of passage of materials produced in a biosynthetic pathway is:

a) endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, secretory vesicle

b) endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, secretory vesicle, plasma membrane
c) endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, secretory vesicle, plasma membrane
d) endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi complex, plasma membrane

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Compare the components of the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System

Question Type: Multiple Choice

3) Production and transport of materials in secretory vesicles which occurs continuously is known as:

a) regulated secretion
b) endogenous secretion
c) exogenous secretion
d) constitutive secretion

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Compare the components of the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System

Question Type: Multiple Choice

4) What is the name for a brief incubation of a tissue with radioactivity during which labeled amino acids are
incorporated into protein?

a) chase
b) pulse
c) pulse-chase
d) labelation

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

5) A tissue has been briefly labeled with radiolabeled amino acids. It is then transferred to a medium containing
unlabeled amino acids. This can be done several times with different tissue samples for varying periods of time.    What is
the entire procedure called?
a) chase
b) pulse
c) pulse-chase
d) labelard
e) statin

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

6) In a pulse-chase procedure, if the chase is longer, which statement below correctly describes the location of the
radioactively labeled proteins in the cell?

a) closer to the synthesis site

b) farther from the nucleus
c) farther from the synthesis site
d) closer to the nucleus
e) farther from the mitonchondria

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

7) A scientist wishes to visualize movement of a protein in a living cell. Which procedure would work best?
a) pulse-chase
b) fusion of the green fluorescent protein gene to the protein that is to be tracked through the cell
c) fusion of the green fluorescent protein gene to the gene encoding the protein to be tracked through the cell
d) pulse-chase using fluorescent antibodies
e) all of these would work well
Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

8) Cells are infected with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strain in which a viral gene (VSVG) is fused to the green
fluorescent protein gene.    When the chimeric protein is synthesized, what pathway does it follow from synthesis until it
leaves the cell?

a) RER, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes

b) RER, Golgi complex, viral envelopes, plasma membrane
c) Golgi complex, RER, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
d) RER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
e) RER, mitochondria, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

9) Cells are infected with a virus carrying a temperature-sensitive mutant VSVG gene that encodes a protein that cannot
leave the ER of infected cells grown at restrictive temperatures (40oC).    Thus, at higher temperatures:

a) VSVG protein heads immediately for the Golgi complex.

b) VSVG protein cannot leave the ER.
c) VSVG protein leaves the ER immediately.
d) all of the manufactured VSVG protein leaves the ER synchronously.
e) VSVG protein is degraded rapidly and never passes to the Golgi complex.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

10) Elevated temperatures at which temperature-sensitive mutants do not work are called ________ temperatures.

a) restrictive
b) permissive
c) temperature-sensitive
d) frame-shift
e) point

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

11) When cells are homogenized, the cytomembrane system is broken into fragments, which can fuse to form small
membranous spheres called ________.

a) vacuoles
b) victuals
c) vesicles
d) nuclei
e) endosomes

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes
Question Type: Multiple Choice

12) The separation of organelles or vesicles derived from different organelles is called ______.

a) cell division
b) mitosis
c) meiosis
d) subcellular fractionation
e) cell ostentation

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

13) When homogenized, the endomembrane system is broken up into vesicles, which are heterogeneous but similar in
size. These vesicles can be purified and, after purification, often retain their biological activity. They are collectively
referred to as _________.

a) endosomes
b) microsomes
c) ribosomes
d) minisomes
e) lysosomes

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

14) Studies of cell physiology that occur in test tubes that do not contain whole cells are called:

a) in vivo systems
b) cell-free systems
c) test tube systems
d) onsite systems
e) cellonic systems

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

15) Why are yeast cells often used to study eukaryotic gene mutations affecting secretion and other cytomembrane
processes?

a) They have only a few genes.

b) They are small and single-celled and can be cultured easily.
c) They can be grown as haploid organisms so mutants are easily seen.
d) Deficiencies in yeast cells caused by mutants are easily detected.
e) All of these are correct.

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

16) What is the effect on a yeast cell of the presence of a mutant gene involved in vesicle fusion?

a) The ER shrinks.
b) The nucleus becomes swollen.
c) The Golgi complex expands greatly.
d) Cells accumulate expanded ER cisternae.
e) Cells amass an excess number of unfused vesicles.

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

17) A cellular phenomenon called RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which cells produce small RNAs called
_________ bind to specific mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into proteins.

a) snRNAs
b) isRNAs
c) mRNAs
d) RNAsi
e) siRNAs

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

18) A control cell that is synthesizing a GFP-labeled version of mannosidase II has fluorescence localized in the Golgi
complexes of the cell. Normally, this enzyme is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and moves via transport
vesicles to the Golgi complex, where it takes up residence. If an experimental cell contains an siRNA that leads to the
fluorescence being restricted to the endoplasmic reticulum, with what would the siRNA be likely to interfere?

a) an mRNA that codes for a protein involved in the transport of the enzyme from the ER to the Golgi complex
b) an rRNA that synthesizes the enzyme
c) the synthesis of mannosidase II from its mRNA
d) an mRNA that codes for a protein involved in the transport of the enzyme from the Golgi complex to the ER
e) an mRNA that codes for the enzyme
Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

19) What allows smooth and rough vesicles (microsomes) to be readily separated by density gradient centrifugation?

a) their size differences

b) their differences in lipid composition
c) their differences in color
d) their differences in density
e) their differences in water content

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

20) What can be used to distinguish RER from SER?

a) the location of the ER
b) the proximity of the ER to the nucleus
c) the protein make-up of the ER
d) the shape of its component lipids

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Question Type: Multiple Choice

21) RER has ribosomes, similarly to which structure that it is continuous with?
a) the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope
b) the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
c) the outer mitochondrial membrane
d) the outer chloroplast membrane
e) the Golgi complex

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

22) Which type of cells below is NOT known for its extensively developed SER?

a) skin cells
b) kidney tubule cells
c) skeletal muscle cells
d) steroid-producing endocrine cells
e) both skeletal muscle cells and kidney tubule cells

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

23) What determines the function of a cell's smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

a) its lipid content

b) its polynucleotide content
c) its carbohydrate content
d) its protein content
e) its age

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

24) Which of the following is a function associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in at least some cells?

a) synthesis of steroid hormones

b) detoxification of many organic compounds, like barbiturates and ethanol
c) release of glucose into the bloodstream
d) sequestration of calcium Ca2+ ions within the cisternal space
e) all of these are correct

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

25) When the SER detoxifies compounds, what is one known potential problem?
a) The detoxified compounds cause excessive weight gain.
b) The detoxified compounds cause excessive weight loss.
c)The detoxified compounds are carcinogeneic.
d) The detoxified compounds denature essential enzymes..
e) Detoxification leads to addiction.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

26) What cellular response is triggered by the regulated release of Ca2+ ions from the SER?

a) skeletal muscle cell contraction

b) secretory vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane
c) release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
d) release of the contents of the acrosome from the head of a sperm

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

27) What is the arrangement of organelles in a secretory cell from the basal end to the apical end, an arrangement that
reflects the flow of secretory products from synthesis to discharge?

a) nucleus and RER – SER – Golgi complex – secretory vesicles

b) Golgi complex – nucleus and RER – SER – secretory vesicles
c) nucleus and RER – Golgi complex – SER – secretory vesicles
d) SER – nucleus and RER – Golgi complex – secretory vesicles
e) secretory vesicles – nucleus and RER – SER – Golgi complex
Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

28) What are the two sites within a cell at which protein synthesisoccurs?

a) cytosolic surface of RER and cisternal surface of RER

b) cytosolic surface of RER and free ribosomes
c) cisternal surface of RER and free ribosomes
d) free ribosomes and cytosolic surface of SER
e) cytosolic surface of RER and cytosolic surface of SER

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

29) Blobel, Sabatini and Dobberstein proposed that the site of protein synthesis is determined by information contained
in the N-terminal portion of the protein, the first part to emerge from the ribosome. What did they call their proposal?

a) the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

b) the Posttranslational Hypothesis
c) the SRP Hypothesis
d) the Signal Hypothesis
e) the Co-translational Hypothesis

Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

30) What effect does the binding of the signal recognition particle (SRP) to the ribosome and the growing polypeptide
chain have on protein synthesis?

a) Protein synthesis accelerates.

b) Protein synthesis ceases temporarily.
c) Protein synthesis ceases permanently.
d) Protein synthesis is terminated.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

31) What appears to be the purpose of molecular chaperones like BiP?

a) They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded proteins and help them attain their native structure.
b) They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded DNAs and help them attain their native structure.
c) They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded RNAs and help them attain their native structure.
d) They recognize and bind unfolded or misfolded carbohydrates and help them attain their native shape.
e) They transport secretory proteins into secretory vesicles.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Question Type: Multiple Choice

32) Why is the ER ideal as a port of entry for secretory proteins?

a) The ER has a large surface area allowing for the attachment of many ribosomes.
b) The ER cisternae lumen favors unfolding and disassembly of proteins.
c) The RER can segregate secretory, lysosomal and cytoplasmic proteins from other newly made proteins, allowing their
modification, and send them to their final destination.
d) The ER has a small surface area, allowing critical peptides to be concentrated into vesicles.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

33) How do integral membrane proteins enter the lipid bilayer?

a) They insert into the membrane from the RER lumen after their synthesis is complete.
b) The aqueous translocon channel has a gate that continuously opens and closes, giving each nascent polypeptide
segment a chance to partition itself into the lipid bilayer's hydrophobic core.
c) They insert into the membrane from the cytosol after their synthesis is complete.
d) The membrane is disrupted and proteins are incorporated during reassembly.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

34) How is the orientation of membrane proteins in the membrane thought to be accomplished?

a) After synthesis, an enzyme orients the protein properly.

b) During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end faces the
cytosol.
c) During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more negative end faces the
cytosol.
d) During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end faces the
mitochondrial intermembrane space.
e) After synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end faces the cytosol.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

35) Which of the proteins below are NOT made on the membrane-bound ribosomes of the RER?

a) peripheral proteins of the inner surface of the plasma membrane

b) soluble lysosomal proteins
c) vacuolar enzymes
d) proteins of the extracellular matrix
e) all of these are correct

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

36) What evidence suggests that the translocon, by itself, can properly orient transmembrane segments?

a) Purified components in cell-free systems show that the translocon, by itself, is capable of properly orienting
transmembrane segments.
b) Reconstituted translocons properly oriented membrane proteins in a natural membrane.
c) Translocons orient proteins in red blood cells when exposed to them.
d) Translocons bind to proteins in vitro.
e) When translocons are missing, membrane proteins are not appropriately oriented.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

37) When and where is the asymmetry of the phospholipid bilayers initially established?

a) in the Golgi complex during lipid and protein modification

b) in the ER during lipid and protein synthesis
c) in the secretory vesicles during lipid and protein modification
d) in the mitochondria by random insertion into the membranes
e) all of these are correct

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

38) Phospholipids are made by integral ER membrane enzymes whose active sites face the cytosol and they are inserted
into the outer (cytoplasmic) leaflet of the ER membrane. How then do lipids destined for the luminal leaflet of the ER
membrane get there?

a) They diffuse freely into the luminal leaflet.

b) There are enzymes called flippases that flip these lipids into the opposite leaflet later.
c) They are disassembled on the cytoplasmic side and reassembled on the luminal side.
d) They move to the cytoplasmic leaflet by osmosis.
e) There are enzymes called translocases that flip these lipids into the opposite leaflet later.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

39) What donates a sugar to the growing oligosaccharide chain of a glycoprotein?

a) a complex carbohydrate
b) a nucleotide peptide
c) a nucleotide sugar
d) a glycolipid

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

40) What enzyme transfers a block of sugars to asparagine residues of a polypeptide as it enters the RER?

a) glycosyltransferase
b) acid phosphatase
c) oligosaccharyltransferase
d) cellulose
e) glycolase

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

41) To what residue of a polypeptide are N-linked oligosaccharide chains attached as that poypeptide enters the RER
lumen through the translocon?

a) arginine
b) asparagine
c) serine
d) threonine
e) ninhydrin

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

42) What is responsible for adding sugars to dolichol phosphate?

a) membrane-bound glycosyltransferases
b) membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferase
c) membrane-bound gangliosidase
d) glycosylsynthetase
e) peptidyltransferase

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

43) CDG1b results from a deficiency in what enzyme?

a) phosphomannose phosphatase
b) phosphotungstate isomerase
c) phosphomannose isomerase
d) phosphatase
e) phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

44) Which correctly describes the effects and treatment of CDG1b?

a) Mannose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of mannose are the treatment.
b) Mannose is overproduced for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of mannose are the treatment.
c) Mannose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; a diet free of mannose is the treatment.
d) Mannose is overproduced for incorporation into oligosaccharides; a diet free of mannose is the treatment.
e) Fructose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of fructose are the treatment.

Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

45) The oligosaccharide block that is added to secretory proteins after they enter the ER lumen goes through a number of
modifications after its attachment. What is the first modification that occurs?

a) addition of more sugars

b) addition of glucose
c) trimming of some sugars from the oligosaccharide block
d) chemical modification of the sugars on the oligosaccharide chain
e) both addition of more sugars and addition of glucose

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

46) What happens to a newly synthesized glycoprotein after the binding of calnexin or calreticulin

a) When the glycoprotein's folding is correctly completed, the remaining glucose on its oligosaccharide chain is
eventually reduced and the glycoprotein is released from the chaperone.
b) The oligosaccharide and amino acid chain are totally degraded.
c) Correct folding of the glycoprotein is prevented until the chaperone is removed.
d) When the glycoprotein's folding is correctly completed, the remaining glucose on its oligosaccharide chain is removed
enzymatically and the glycoprotein is released from the chaperone.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

47) What does the conformation-sensing enzyme UGGT do if it binds to a misfolded or incompletely folded
glycoprotein?

a) It degrades the oligosaccharide chain.

b) It adds a single mannose back to one of the glucose residues at the exposed end of the recently trimmed
oligosaccharide.
c) It adds a single glucose back to one of the mannose residues at the exposed end of the recently trimmed
oligosaccharide.
d) It degrades the protein.
e) It refolds the protein on its own.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

48) How does UGGT recognize incompletely folded or misfolded proteins that have been recently synthesized?

a) Such proteins display exposed hydrophilic residues that are absent from properly folded proteins.
b) Five histidine residues are exposed on the protein's surface when it is improperly folded.
c) Such proteins display exposed hydrophobic residues that are absent from properly folded proteins.
d) Six arginine residues are exposed on the protein's surface when it is improperly folded.
e) Such proteins display numerous carboxyl groups on their surfaces, which decreases their solubility.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

49) What do studies suggest governs the "decision" to destroy a defective protein that has been unable to fold correctly
and has been in the ER for an extended period of time?

a) a fast-acting ER enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of a protein
b) a slow-acting ER enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of a protein
c) a fast-acting cytoplasmic enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of a
protein
d) a slow-acting nuclear enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of a protein
e) a slow-acting cytoplasmic enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of a
protein

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

50) Where are misfolded secretory proteins eventually destroyed?

a) in the RER
b) in the SER
c) in the Golgi complex
d) in the cytosol (cytoplasm)
e) in the nucleus

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

51) What is responsible for destroying misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm?

a) polysomes
b) polyribosomes
c) peroxisomes
d) proteasomes
e) spliceosome

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

52) Why does the cell use proteasomes to destroy misfolded proteins?

a) Destruction of misfolded proteins assures that aberrant proteins are not sent to other parts of the cell.
b) These proteins can be degraded into components that can be used to make polynucleotides.
c) These proteins are degraded into components that can be used to make polysaccharides.
d) These proteins are degraded into components that are used to make lipids.
e) Destruction of misfolded proteins prevents the dissolution of the plasma membrane.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Question Type: Multiple Choice

53) What initially happens if misfolded proteins are generated in the ER at a faster rate than they can be exported to the
cytoplasm?

a) They are degraded in the ER.

b) They are inserted into the ER membrane.
c) They are resynthesized in the ER.
d) They accumulate in the ER.
e) They accumulate in the Golgi complex.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

54) The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER is a potentially lethal situation and thus causes the triggering of
what process?

a) the unfolded protein response (UPR)

b) the posttranscriptional response
c) the polysomal response
d) the proteasomal response
e) the intracellular protein response

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Question Type: Multiple Choice

55) The ER reportedly contains sensors that monitor the concentration of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen.   
One proposal suggests that the sensors are normally kept in an inactive state by ______, particularly ______.

a) molecular chaperones, ribosomes

b) proteasomes, BiP
c) molecular chaperones, BiP
d) enzymes, ER
e) molecular chaperones, Rubisco

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

56) What happens if the UPR is unsuccessful in relieving the stressful conditions in the cell?

a) The cell grows.

b) The cell divides.
c) The cell-death pathway is triggered and the cell is destroyed.
d) The cell shrinks.
e) The cell's temperature is raised.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

57) The movement of vesicular-tubular carriers (VTCs) farther away from the ER and toward the Golgi complex occurs
along tracks composed of what material?

a) RNA
b) DNA
c) microtubules
d) microfilaments
e) intermediate filaments

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Choice

58) Which part of the Golgi complex distinguishes between proteins to be shipped back to the ER and those that are
allowed to proceed to the next Golgi station?

a) the cis cisternae

b) the cis-Golgi network (CGN)
c) the medial cisternae
d) the trans cisternae
e) the trans-Golgi network (TGN)

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the evidence supporting the cisternal maturation model and the vesicular transport
model of Golgi function.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex

Question Type: Multiple Choice

59) What kind(s) of modifications are made in proteins as they move through the Golgi complex?
a) The protein's carbohydrates are modified by a series of stepwise enzymatic reactions.
b) Amino acids can be added to either end of the polypeptide chain.
c) Amino acids in the proteins may be chemically altered into nucleic acids.
d) Small segments of amino acids can be added into the center of an existing protein.
e) All of these are correct.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the evidence supporting the cisternal maturation model and the vesicular transport
model of Golgi function.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex

Question Type: Multiple Choice

60) Which of the following carbohydrates is NOT synthesized in the Golgi complex?

a) glycosaminoglycans in the animal extracellular matrix

b) plant cell wall polysaccharides like pectin and hemicellulose
c) the carbohydrates of glycolipids
d) the carbohydrates of glycoproteins
e) glycogen

Answer: e

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the evidence supporting the cisternal maturation model and the vesicular transport
model of Golgi function.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex

Question Type: Multiple Choice

61) What enzymes are responsible for determining the sequence of sugars added to growing oligosaccharide chains of
membrane proteins or secretory proteins as they travel through the Golgi complex?

a) glycosaminocosidases
b) peptidyltransferases
c) glycosyltransferases
d) amylases
e) Rubisco

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the evidence supporting the cisternal maturation model and the vesicular transport
model of Golgi function.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex

Question Type: Multiple Choice

62) What sugar is usually removed from the N-linked core oligosaccharide chains on proteins in the Golgi complex as
opposed to the glucose residues trimmed off in the ER?

a) glucose
b) galactose
c) mannose
d) sialic acid
e) fucose

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the evidence supporting the cisternal maturation model and the vesicular transport
model of Golgi function.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex

Question Type: Multiple Choice

63) What determines the sequence of sugar addition to glycoproteins traveling through the Golgi complex?

a) Nothing - the sequence is random.

b) the spatial arrangement of specific glycosyltransferases that contact proteins as they pass through the Golgi complex
c) the concentration of sugars in the Golgi complex
d) the concentration of proteins in the Golgi complex
e) the sequence of nucleotides in the Golgi complex
Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the evidence supporting the cisternal maturation model and the vesicular transport
model of Golgi function.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex

Question Type: Multiple Choice

64) Which of the models below suggests that the Golgi cisternae are transient structures that form at the cis face of the
stack by fusion of membranous carriers from the ER and ERGIC and that each cisterna travels through the Golgi
complex from the cis to the trans end of the stack, changing in composition as it progresses?

a) the cisternal maturation model

b) the cargo carrying model
c) the vesicular transport model
d) the secretory transport model
e) the chemiosmotic model

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the evidence supporting the cisternal maturation model and the vesicular transport
model of Golgi function.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex

Question Type: Multiple Choice

65) Which model of Golgi complex formation suggests that the cisternae of a Golgi stack remain in place as stable
compartments held together by a protein scaffold, while the cargo is shuttled through the Golgi via vesicles that bud from
one compartment and fuse with a neighboring one?

a) the cisternal maturation model

b) the cargo carrying model
c) the vesicular transport model
d) the secretory transport model
e) the chemiosmotic model
Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the evidence supporting the cisternal maturation model and the vesicular transport
model of Golgi function.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex

Question Type: Multiple Choice

66) Vesicles that move through the Golgi complex from a trans-donor to a cis-acceptor membrane are said to move in
a(n) __________ direction.

a) astrograde
b) anterograde
c) retrograde
d) posterograde
e) vertigrade

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the evidence supporting the cisternal maturation model and the vesicular transport
model of Golgi function.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex

Question Type: Multiple Choice

67) Most vesicles budding from the Golgi body have a fuzzy, electron-dense coat on their ______ surface. The coat
appears to be made of _______.

a) luminal, protein
b) cytosolic, protein
c) luminal, lipid
d) cytosolic, carbohydrate
e) cytosolic, lipid

Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

68) Which components below are selected for transport by vesicles originating in the Golgi complex?

a) secretory proteins
b) lysosomal proteins
c) proteins required to dock the vesicle to an acceptor membrane
d) proteins required to target the vesicle to an acceptor membrane
e) all of these components

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

69) How do protein coats select the cargo molecules to be carried by the vesicles they help to form?

a) They electromagnetically attract the correct cargo proteins.

b) The protein coats have a specific affinity for the cytosolic tails of integral membrane proteins that reside in the donor
membrane.
c) The coats have a specific affinity for the luminal tails of integral membrane proteins that reside in the donor
membrane.
d) The coat proteins directly attach to the cargo proteins in the lumen of the forming vesicles.
e) The coat proteins attach to the extracellular matrix.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport
Question Type: Multiple Choice

70) The coat of vesicles that transport materials around the cell interior ___________.

a) is composed of three distinct protein layers

b) is absent in vesicles moving in a retrograde direction
c) possesses adaptors that are able to select specific cargo molecules
d) possesses an outer layer of adaptors that serves primarily to bind the vesicle's cargo

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

71) Which coated vesicles move materials in a retrograde direction from the ERGIC and Golgi stack backwards toward
the ER?

a) COPII-coated vesicles
b) COPI-coated vesicles
c) clathrin-coated vesicles
d) cadmium-coated vesicles
e) both COPII-coated vesicles and COPI-coated vesicles

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

72) Which GTP-binding protein plays a regulatory role by initiating vesicle formation and by regulating the assembly of
the vesicle's COPII coat?

a) Sar1
b) Gar1
c) ARF1 (adenosylation ribose factor)
d) Ras
e) Src

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

73) Sec23 and Sec24 bind together to form a "banana-shaped" dimer. What is the purpose of this dimer?

a) Because of its linear shape, it firms up the membrane.

b) Because of its curved shape, the dimer puts pressure on the membrane surface to help it further bend into a curved
bud.
c) Because of its curved shape, the dimer puts pressure on the membrane surface to help it disintegrate.
d) The dimer stabilizes the Golgi complex membrane.
e) The dimer joins with other dimers to form a remarkably stable cage.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

74) What is the primary adaptor protein of the COPII coat that interacts specifically with the ER export signals in the
cytosolic tails of membrane proteins that are destined to traffic on to the Golgi complex?
a) ARF1
b) Sec23
c) Sec24
d) Sec31
e) Sec13

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

75) What happens to COPI-coated vesicles within the cell when the cell is treated with GTP analogues that can not be
hydrolyzed?

a) They accumulate in the nucleus.

b) They accumulate in the cytoplasm.
c) They fuse into one giant vesicle in the cytoplasm.
d) They decrease substantially in number in the nucleus.
e) They decreasd substantially in number in the cytoplasm.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

76) What GTP-binding protein is associated with the formation of the COPI coat on COPI-coated vesicles?

a) Sar1
b) Arf Arf
c) Arf1 (adenosylation ribose factor)
d) Ras
e) Src
Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

77) What is usually the retrieval signal for escaped ER membrane proteins?

a) KKXX at the C-terminus of the protein

b) KDEL at the C-terminus of the protein
c) KDEL at the N-terminus of the protein
d) KKXX at the N-terminus of the protein
e) KXEL at the C-terminus of the protein

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

78) Where in the Golgi complex does most protein sorting occur?

a) the medial cisternae

b) the TGN
c) the CGN
d) the cis network
e) the pre-Golgi network

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport
Question Type: Multiple Choice

79) What are the recognition signals for lysosomal enzymes that allow them to be localized correctly in lysosomes?

a) Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.

b) Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.
c) Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains.
d) Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains.
e) Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated glucose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

80) What would happen if the enzyme that adds phosphate groups to the appropriate mannose residues on the
carbohydrate chains of lysosomal enzymes were defective?

a) Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to lysosomes.

b) Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to peroxisomes.
c) Lysosomal enzymes would continue through the Golgi complex to secretory vesicles and would eventually be
secreted.
d) Lysosomal enzymes would be degraded.
e) Lysosomal enzymes would be degraded.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

81) Lysosomal enzymes are transported from the TGN in vesicles coated with what protein?

a) clathrin
b) lysozyme
c) dynamin
d) acid phosphatase
e) COPII

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

82) What happens to the clathrin coat once the vesicle has budded from the Golgi body?

a) It is lost.
b) It is strengthened.
c) It is rearranged.
d) It is thickened.
e) It swells.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

83) What acts as an address directing lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes?

a) a lysosomal peptide
b) mannose-6-sulfate residues on the enzyme
c) mannose-6-phosphate residues on the enzyme
d) a signal peptide on the enzyme
e) a stroma transfer peptide on the enzyme

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

84) I-cell disease is typified by __________.

a) lysosomes bloated with undegraded materials

b) the production of normal levels of lysosomal enzymes without the mannose 6-phosphate residues normally present
c) lysosomal enzymes being secreted by the cell because they have not been targeted to lysosomes
d) a deficiency in N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase
e) all of these are correct

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

85) In general, diseases that result from a deficiency of a single lysosomal enzyme are called ________.

a) lysosomal dissociation disorders

b) Tay-Sachs Disease
c) lysosomal storage disorders
d) ancestral disorders
e) ancestral lysosomal disorders

Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

86) Why does glucocerebrosidase taken into macrophages by receptor-mediated endocytosis end up in lysosomes?

a) The enzyme travels through the cytoplasm to get to lysosomes.

b) The enzyme denatures and then goes through a channel into lysosomes.
c) Lysosomes are the natural target of enzymes taken into macrophages by endocytosis.
d) Lysosomes adsorb glucocerebrosidase to their surfaces.
e) Lysosomes pick up the enzyme from mitochondria.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

87) Why does targeting glucocerebrosidase to lysosomes in macrophages serve as a treatment for Gaucher's disease?

a) Glucocerebrosidase is normally denatured in the lysosomes.

b) Glucocerebrosidase is delivered to the precise sites in the cell where the deficiency is manifested, correcting the
deficit.
c) Glucocerebrosidase denatures the cytoplasm from its location in the lysosomes, correcting the deficit.
d) Glucocerebrosidase binds to the outer lysosome surface and breaks down glycogen in the cytoplasm.
e) Glucocerbrosidase is supposed to digest most of the enzymes in the lysosome.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport
Question Type: Multiple Choice

88) Treatment of lysosomal storage diseases with enzyme replacement therapy involves _______.

a) sending functional copies of the missing enzyme to the precise cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
b) targeting mutant copies of the missing enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
c) targeting functional copies of another enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
d) administration of small molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of substances that accumulate in the disease
e) administration of large molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of substances that accumulate in the disease

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

89) Which molecule type is thought to direct the movement of vesicles through the cytoplasm to their final destination?

a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
c) intermediate filaments
d) collagen
e) keratin

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

90) What would happen to the movement of vesicles toward their eventual target if a microtubule inhibitor like
colchicine were added to the cells?

a) The vesicles would disintegrate.

b) The vesicles would move faster.
c) Vesicle movement would slow or stop.
d) The vesicles would shrink.
e) The vesicles would swell.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

91) How do Rabs associate with membranes?

a) via microtubules
b) via a lipid anchor
c) via intermediate filaments
d) via vimentin filaments
e) via filaments

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

92) When Rabs have bound to GTP, what do they do?

a) They fuse membranes directly.

b) They pass through the membrane.
c) They recruit specific cytosolic tethering proteins to specific membrane surfaces.
d) They denature specific membrane proteins.
e) They fuse to the nuclear membrane.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

93) Where is this common domain of SNAREs located, of what is it composed and what is it called?

a) in the lumen, 60 – 70 amino acids that form a complex with another SNARE motif
b) in the lumen, 60 – 70 nucleotides that form a complex with another SNARE motif
c) in the cytosol, 60 – 70 amino acids that form a complex with another SNARE motif
d) in the cytosol, 60 – 70 amino acids forming a complex with another SNARE coil
e) in the cytosol, 60 – 70 carbohydrates forming a complex with another SNARE motif

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

94) What are the two functional categories of SNAREs?

a) v-SNAREs and g-SNAREs

b) t-SNAREs and g-SNAREs
c) v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs
d) v-SNAREs and er-SNAREs
e) er-SNAREs and g-SNAREs

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

95) V-SNAREs are found _______________and t-SNARES are found _________________:

a) incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during budding, in target compartment membranes
b) in target compartment membranes, incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during budding
c) in target compartment membranes, in target compartment membranes
d) incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during fusion, in target compartment membranes
e) in target compartment membranes, incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during fusion

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Choice

96) A ____________ is thought to dissociate the 4-stranded SNARE complex by attaching to the SNARE bundle and,
using energy from ATP hydrolysis, twisting it apart.

a) doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called NSF

b) doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called ARF1
c) doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called Rab
d) cylindrical, cytosolic protein called NSF
e) cylindrical, cytosolic protein called ARF1

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport
Question Type: Multiple Select

97) You are working on a project in which you block autophagy in a particular portion of the brain of a laboratory
animal. What happens to these animals?    (Select all correct choices)

a) Nothing happens since nerve cells are so long-lived.

b) That region of the nervous system experiences a massive loss of nerve cells.
c) There is slight, but not dangerous damage, to the organelles and proteins of the nerve cells.
d) There is continuous damage to the proteins and organelles of these long-lived cells.

Answer: b, d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the functions of lysosomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Lysosomes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

98) Synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane in a neuron is regulated by what calcium-binding protein found
in the membrane of the synaptic vesicle?

a) synaptin
b) synaptogenin
c) calmodulin
d) calcitonin
e) synaptotagmin

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Select

99) Which techniques are currently used to harvest extracellular vesicles for use in drug delivery research? (Select all
correct choices)

a) extraction by ultracentrifugation
b) isolation through affinity purification techniques
c) creation of mutant gene product vesicles with therapeutic proteins inside them
d) overexpression of therapeutic RNAs in vesicle-producing cells

Answer: a, b, d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Describe the use of extracellular vesicles for drug delivery.
Section Reference: Section 8.6 Engineering Linkage: Extracellular Vesicles for Drug Delivery

Question Type: Multiple Choice

100) Which of these molecules is NOT transported in extracellular vesicles?

a) cytoplasmic proteins
b) membrane proteins
c) DNA
d) mRNA
e) noncoding RNA

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Describe the use of extracellular vesicles for drug delivery.
Section Reference: Section 8.6 Engineering Linkage: Extracellular Vesicles for Drug Delivery

Question Type: Multiple Choice

101) Which is a limitation of using extracellular vesicles for drug delivery?

a) detection by the immune system prevents delivery
b) phagocytes degrade
c) unable to move through the blood-brain barrier
d) only able to transport nucleic acids
Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Describe the use of extracellular vesicles for drug delivery.
Section Reference: Section 8.6 Engineering Linkage: Extracellular Vesicles for Drug Delivery

Question Type: Multiple Choice

102) Which of the following enzymes are typically found in lysosomes?

a) hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases)

b) oxidoreductases
c) transferases
d) lyases
e) ligases

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the functions of lysosomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Lysosomes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

103) Which pH below would be most likely to favor the operation of a lysosomal enzyme?

a) 8.5
b) 7.6
c) 4.5
d) 11.3
e) 6.5

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the functions of lysosomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Lysosomes
Question Type: Multiple Choice

104) What is thought to shield lysosomal membranes against attack by their enclosed enzymes?

a) DNA
b) basic RNA
c) carbohydrate chains attached to integral membrane proteins
d) carbohydrate chains attached to peripheral membrane proteins
e) the lipid bilayer itself

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the functions of lysosomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Lysosomes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

105) What happens to the products of the breakdown of materials brought into a single-celled organism from the
extracellular environment?

a) They are used as nutrients and are released to the extracellular space.
b) They are used as nutrients and are released into the cytoplasm.
c) Peptides produced during digestion are posted on the cell surface.
d) They are used to build the nuclear envelope and are released into the cytoplasm.
e) They are maintained within the lysosome and used for building new lysosomes.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the functions of lysosomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Lysosomes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

106) What process is responsible for organelle turnover in the cell and carries out the regulated destruction of the cell's
own organelles for the purpose of recycling the components of which they are made?

a) autolysis
b) autophagolysosome
c) apoptosis
d) autophagy
e) autonomy

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the functions of lysosomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Lysosomes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

107) Once an organelle to be destroyed, like a mitochondrion, has been surrounded with a double membrane, what is the
name of the structure that has been produced?

a) autophagolysosome
b) phagolysosome
c) bacteriophage
d) phagosome
e) autophagosome

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the functions of lysosomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Lysosomes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

108) Once the digestive process in an autophagolysosome is completed, the organelle is called _____. If its contents are
not eliminated from the cell by exocytosis and are instead retained within the cytoplasm indefinitely, it is called _______.
a) a lipofuscin granule, a residual body
b) a residual body, an autophagosome
c) a residual body, a lipofuscin granule
d) a lipofuscin granule, an autophagosome
e) an autophagosome, a lipofuscin granule

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the functions of lysosomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Lysosomes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

109) Which of the following are proposed functions of autophagy?

a) It plays a role in organelle turnover.

b) It is used to cannibalize organelles when a cell is deprived of nutrients.
c) It protects organisms against intracellular threats like abnormal protein aggregates and invading bacteria.
d) It plays a role in the regulated destruction of the cell's own organelles and their replacement.
e) All of the other answers are correct.

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the functions of lysosomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Lysosomes

Question Type: Multiple Choice

110) Which of the following is NOT a function of plant cell vacuoles?

a) stores many cell solutes and macromolecules

b) distributes toxic compounds to the cytoplasm
c) generates high turgor pressure that pushes outward against the cell wall and maintains cell shape
d) site of intracellular digestion in a plant cell

Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 List the functions of plant cell vacuoles.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Green Cells: Plant Cell Vacuoles

Question Type: Multiple Choice

111) All of the following toxic substances may be stored in plant vacuoles EXCEPT:

a) strychnine
b) glycosides containing cyanide
c) digitalis
d) glucosinolates containing cyanide

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 List the functions of plant cell vacuoles.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Green Cells: Plant Cell Vacuoles

Question Type: Multiple Choice

112) Plant vacuoles are lined by a membrane known as the:

a) turgorplast
b) tumoplast
c) tonoplast
d) chloroplast

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 List the functions of plant cell vacuoles.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 Green Cells: Plant Cell Vacuoles

Question Type: Multiple Choice

113) The vesicle containing material taken into the cell by phagocytosis is called _________.

a) a phagocytosome
b) a vacuolosome
c) a phagosome
d) a phagolysosome
e) an exosome

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

114) What drives the engulfment of particulate material by phagocytosis?

a) actin-containing microfilaments that underlie the plasma membrane

b) tubulin-containing microtubules that underlie the plasma membrane
c) actin-containing microfilaments that underlie the mitochondrial membrane
d) myosin-containing microfilaments that underlie the plasma membrane
e) tubulin-containing microtubules that underlie the mitochondrial membrane

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

115) If you treated a macrophage with colchicine (a microtubular assembly inhibitor), what would likely happen to the
rate of phagocytosis? What would likely happen to the rate of phagocytosis if you treated the macrophage with
cytochalain B (an inhibitor of microfilament contractile activities)?
a) Nothing would happen after colchicine exposure. The rate would rise after cytochalasin B exposure
b) The rate would drop after colchicine exposure. Nothing would happen after cytochalasin B exposure.
c) Nothing would happen after colchicine exposure. The rate would drop after cytochalasin B exposure.
d) The rate would rise after colchicine exposure. Nothing would happen after cytochalasin B exposure.
e) Nothing would happen after treatment with either inhibitor.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

116) Which of the following strategies is used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible for
tuberculosis, to avoid being destroyed by phagocytosis?

a) The bacterium crystallizes the enzymes in the phagolysosome.

b) The bacterium inhibits fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome.
c) The bacterium allows fusion with the lysosome, but neither the acidic pH nor the lysosomal enzymes can destroy it.
d) The bacterium produces proteins that destroy lysosomal membrane integrity so that the bacterium can escape into the
cell cytosol.
e) The bacterium neutralizes the enzymes in the lysosome.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

117) Which of the following is a difference between the coats of COPII- and clathrin-coated vesicles?

a) The inner layer of adaptor proteins of COPII-coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those of clathrin-coated
vesicles do not overlap.
b) The outer scaffold subunits of the clathrin lattice of coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those of the COPII
lattice of coated vesicles do not overlap.
c) The outer scaffold subunits of the COPII lattice of coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those of the clathrin
lattice of coated vesicles do not overlap.
d) The clathrin-coated vesicles have three distinct layers, while the COPII-coated vesicles have two distinct layers.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

118) Which of the following strategies is used by Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that causes meningitis?

a) The bacterium allows fusion with the lysosome, but the acidic pH cannot destroy it.
b) The bacterium inhibits fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome.
c) The bacterium allows fusion with the lysosome, but the lysosomal enzymes cannot destroy it.
d) The bacterium produces proteins that destroy lysosomal membrane integrity so that the bacterium can escape into the
cell cytosol.
e) The bacterium neutralizes the enzymes in the lysosome.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

119) What types of molecules below can a cell internalize by receptor-mediated endocytosis?

a) hormones
b) enzymes
c) bloode-borne proteins carrying certain nutrients
d) growth factors
e) all of these are correct
Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

120) Substances that enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis bind receptors that collect in specialized domains of
the plasma membrane called ______.

a) coated vesicles
b) coated pits
c) RME pits
d) gap junctions
e) tight junctions

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

121) The three-legged assembly of protein chains that makes up a clathrin molecule and that can assemble into a network
of polygons resembling a honeycomb is called a _____.

a) trigeminy
b) triskeleton
c) trigellium
d) triskelion
e) triskellium

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

122) The best-studied adaptors that participate in the formation of the coated pits and coated vesicles of clathrin-
mediated endocytosis are the _____ adaptors.

a) COPII
b) GGA
c) AP2
d) clathrin
e) COPI

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

123) Which molecules do the AP2 adaptors of the clathrin coat connect?

a) GGA adaptors and clathrin molecules

b) the cytoplasmic tails of specific membrane receptors and clathrin molecules
c) the luminal tails of specific membrane receptors and clathrin molecules
d) the clathrin molecules and cargo molecules
e) cargo molecules and the cytoplasmic tails of specific membrane receptors

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior
Question Type: Multiple Choice

124) Which molecule below is a GTP-binding protein that is required for the release of a clathrin-coated vesicle from the
membrane on which it was formed?

a) AP2
b) GGA
c) clathrin
d) dynamin
e) opsonin

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

125) What helps to give different membrane compartments their own unique surface identity?

a) the different proteins contained within them

b) the different surface nucleotides in each one
c) the different shapes of the different membrane compartments
d) the degree of concentration of the contents of the membrane compartments

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

126) The inner leaflet of the plasma membrane contains elevated levels of _____, which plays an important role in the
recruitment of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, like dynamin and AP2.
a) PI(4,5)P2
b) PI(4)P
c) PI(3,5)P2
d) PI(3,4)P2
e) PI(5)P

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

127) Which endosomes are typically located in the more interior part of the cell, near the nucleus?

a) late endosomes
b) early endosomes
c) medial lysosomes
d) medial endosomes
e) intellosomes

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

128) Which of the differences between early and late endosomes outlined below is NOT correct?

a) Early endosomes exchange their Rab5 proteins for Rab7 proteins as they transform into late endosomes.
b) Late endosomes have a population of vesicles crowding their interior; early endosomes do not.
c) Late endosomes exhibit a higher pH than early endosomes.
d) In late endosomes, the outer boundary membrane has budded inward on its lumenal surface creating a group of
vesicles.
e) All of these are correct.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

129) What recognizes ubiquitinated signaling receptors and sorts them into the membranes that give rise to the internal
vesicles of the late endosomes?

a) ESCRT complexes
b) CREST complexes
c) ESCORT complexes
d) RESCT complexes
e) lysosomes

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

130) What leads to the degradation of the contents of late endosomes by lysosomal enzymes?

a) secretion of lysosomal enzymes into late endosomes

b) transport of lysosomal enzymes into late endosomes through specialized pore complexes
c) fusion of late endosomes containing intralumenal vesicles with a lysosome
d) fusion of early endosomes with lysosomes; late endosomes lowering their internal pH activating the enzymes
e) late endosomes synthesizing lysosomal enzymes that then degrade the contents

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

131) People with Niemann-Pick type C disease suffer from what defect?

a) They lack one of two lysosomal enzymes.

b) They cannot degrade HDL particles.
c) They cannot degrade LDL particles.
d) They lack one of the proteins needed to transport cholesterol out of lysosomes.
e) Their LDL receptors are nonfunctional.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

132) Drugs that lower blood LDL levels are referred to as _______.

a) olefins
b) statins
c) ancestrins
d) cholestrins
e) cholestrans

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

133) The drugs that lower LDL concentration in the blood function by ________.

a) blocking a key cholesterol-degrading enzyme, HMG CoA reductase

b) activating a key cholesterol-degrading enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
c) blocking a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
d) activating a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
e) blocking a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG CoA oxidase

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

134) What protein is associated with HDL particles?

a) Large LDL particle B-100

b) LDLenin
c) apolipoprotein B-100
d) statin
e) apolipoprotein A-1

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.9 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.9 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell Interior

Question Type: Multiple Choice

135) Which of the following organelles import(s) proteins through one or more outer boundary membranes?

a) the nucleus
b) mitochondria
c) chloroplasts
d) peroxisomes
e) all of these are correct

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

136) How many subcompartments do peroxisomes have into which an imported protein can be placed?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

137) Where does the peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) receptor bind to peroxisome-destined proteins?

a) in the nucleus
b) in the cytoplasm (cytosol)
c) in the mitochondrion
d) in the peroxisome
e) in the RER

Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

138) Which of the following organelles imports proteins in their native, folded conformation?

a) mitochondria
b) chloroplasts
c) peroxisomes
d) nuclei
e) lysosomes

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

139) How many mitochondrial subcompartments exist into which proteins can be delivered?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts
Question Type: Multiple Choice

140) Which of the following is a mitochondrial subcompartment into which proteins can be delivered?

a) outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM)

b) inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM)
c) intermembrane space
d) matrix
e) all of these are correct

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

141) The targeting sequence of a mitochondrial-matrix protein is found at the molecule's N-terminus and includes a
number of positively charged residues. What is this targeting sequence called?

a) PTS
b) mPTS
c) signal peptide
d) presequence
e) mitochondrial targeting signal

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

142) The N-terminal targeting sequence of mitochondrial-matrix proteins is ultimately removed by _______ following
import into the matrix.

a) signal peptidase
b) mitochondrial processing peptidase
c) mitochondrial processing lipase
d) mitochodrial signal peptidase
e) mitochondrial signalase

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

143) What kind of molecules prepare polypeptides for mitochondrial uptake, including those that specifically direct
mitochondrial proteins to the cytosolic surface of the outer mitochondrial membrane?

a) proteases
b) aggregases
c) molecular chaperones
d) carbohydratase
e) pronases

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

144) What powers the movement of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix?

a) electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane acting on the positively-charged targeting signal
b) electric potential across the outer mitochondrial membrane acting on the positively-charged targeting signal
c) ATP
d) GTP
e) electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane acting on the negatively-charged targeting signal

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

145) When a mitochondrial chaperone helps a mitochondrial matrix protein into the matrix by biased diffusion, the
chaperone is said to be acting as ______.

a) a Brownian motion
b) a biased diffuser
c) a Brownian ratchet
d) a misratchet
e) an unbiased diffuser

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

146) How many subcompartments are there in chloroplasts into which proteins can be delivered?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 6
d) 4
e) 5

Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

147) Which list below names the compartments into which chloroplast proteins can be imported?

a) inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the stroma, thylakoid membranes, thylakoid lumen
b) inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intercristal space, the stroma, thylakoid membranes, thylakoid lumen
c) inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the cytoplasm, thylakoid membranes, thylakoid
lumen
d) inner and medial chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the stroma, thylakoid membranes, thylakoid
lumen
e) inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the stroma, cristae membranes, thylakoid lumen

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

148) The outer and inner chloroplast membranes contain distinct translocation complexes named ________, respectively,
that work together during protein import.

a) Toc and Tic complexes

b) Tic and Toc complexes
c) Tick and Tock complexes
d) Tock and Tick complexes
e) Tock and Tic complexes

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

149) Most proteins destined for the chloroplast are synthesized with a removable ________ called the ______.

a) N-terminal sequence, signal peptide

b) C-terminal sequence, transit peptide
c) N-terminal sequence, transit peptide
d) C-terminal sequence, signal peptide
e) mid-chain sequence, transit peptide

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

150) Proteins that are destined to be translocated through the chloroplast envelope into the stroma must have a transit
peptide including _______.

a) a thylakoid transfer domain

b) a thylakoid lumen domain
c) a transit peptidase
d) a stroma-targeting domain
e) a matrix-targeting domain

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

151) What removes the stroma-targeting domain and where does the removal occur?

a) a processing peptide synthase, stroma

b) a processing peptidase, stroma
c) a processing peptidase, thylakoid membrane
d) a processing peptidase, thylakoid lumen
e) a stromase, stroma

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Choice

152) Many of the proteins that reside within the thylakoid membrane are encoded by chloroplast genes and synthesized
on __________.

a) ribosomes floating in the stroma

b) ribosomes bound to the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane
c) ribosomes bound to the inner chloroplast membrane
d) ribosomes inside the thylakoid disks
e) cytoplasmic ribosomes

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.10 Describe how proteins are taken up by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
Section Reference: Section 8.10 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question Type: Multiple Select

153) The best characterized membrane contact site are: (Select all that apply)
a) ER-mitochondria
b) ER-Golgi
c) ER-lysosome
d) ER-peroxisome
e) ER-chloroplast

Answer: a, b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Compare the components of the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System

Question Type: Multiple Select

154) Examples of regulated secretion include: (Select all correct choices)

a) formation of extracellular matrix

b) neurotransmitter secretion
c) endocrine hormone secretion
d) plasma membrane formation
e) release of pancreatic exocrine digestive enzymes

Answer: b, c, e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Compare the components of the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System

Question Type: Multiple Select

155) A cellular phenomenon called _________ is a process in which cells produce small RNAs that bind to specific
mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into proteins. (Select all correct terms)

a) RNAi
b) cRNAs
c) RNA interference
d) RNAa
Answer: a, c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Select

156) A control cell that is synthesizing a GFP-labeled version of mannosidase II has fluorescence localized in the
numerous Golgi complexes of the cell.    Normally, this enzyme is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and moves
via transport vesicles to the Golgi complex, where it takes up residence.    What would an experimental cell look like if it
contained an siRNA that led to the absence of one of the proteins involved in the transport of the enzyme from the ER to
the Golgi complex?    (Select all correct choices)

a) Fluorescent label is not found in the Golgi complex.

b) The GFP-mannosidase II is denatured so there is no fluorescent label anywhere in the cell.
c) Fluorescent label still translocates to the Golgi complex completely.
d) Fluorescent label is found only in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer: a, d

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe five approaches used to study the endomembrane system.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes

Question Type: Multiple Select

157) Which of the following are enzymes involved in detoxification of organic compounds in the SER of liver cells?
(Select all correct choices)

a) oxygen-transferring enzymes
b) oxygenases
c) members of the cytochrome P450 family
d) oxidases

Answer: a, b, c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare the structures and functions of the RER and SER, and their roles in the
maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question Type: Multiple Select

158) Which subunits of the COPII coat bind to the vesicle membrane to form the outer structural cage of the protein
coat? (Select all correct choices)

a) Sec31
b) Sec24
c) Sec23
d) Sec13

Answer: a, d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport

Question Type: Multiple Select

159) What is responsible for recognizing lysosomal enzymes and localizing them to the lysosomes? (Select all correct
choices)

a) mannose 6-phosphate receptors

b) MPRs
c) integral membrane proteins that span the TGN membranes
d) intraGolgi receptors that reside in the TGN lumen

Answer: a, b, c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Distinguish the functions of the different types of vesicle transport.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport