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Hetero Dy Ne Detection PDF

Heterodyne detection is an optical technique that provides gain to an incoming optical signal by mixing it with a strong local oscillator signal. This results in an intermediate frequency signal that has better signal-to-noise ratio than direct detection, making it easier to detect weak signals. It works by interfering the electric fields of the two optical signals, producing a modulated intensity signal. While more complex than direct detection, heterodyne detection offers advantages like improved sensitivity and selectivity. It finds applications in areas like communications, radar, and spectroscopy.

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62 views14 pages

Hetero Dy Ne Detection PDF

Heterodyne detection is an optical technique that provides gain to an incoming optical signal by mixing it with a strong local oscillator signal. This results in an intermediate frequency signal that has better signal-to-noise ratio than direct detection, making it easier to detect weak signals. It works by interfering the electric fields of the two optical signals, producing a modulated intensity signal. While more complex than direct detection, heterodyne detection offers advantages like improved sensitivity and selectivity. It finds applications in areas like communications, radar, and spectroscopy.

Uploaded by

Vidula Palekar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

HETERODYNE
DETECTION SCHEME

Name: Manvi Sumbria


Enrollment No. : 22925014
Submitted to : Prof. Akhilesh Kumar Mishra

OUTLINE

• Basic principles of heterodyne detection

• Mathematical analysis

• Advantages

• Applications

• Challenges

• Future development

Heterodyne detection scheme

Principle :

• Provides gain to incoming optical signal.


• Use locally generated continuous-wave (CW) optical field.

Figure 1
G. Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communications,” 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, 2010. 3

Fundamental concept:
• Total power falling on receiver is high.

• Sensitivity of the receiver limited by short noise.

As SNR = signal power/(short noise+thermal noise)

And short noise =2qRD PΔf


Where, RD is responsively,
P is power falling on receiver ,Δf is bandwidth.

We can see short noise can be increased by increasing P , hence we use LO to increase P and
eventually to get better SNR.

Mathematical treatment

How this mixing can increase coherent receiver performance:


Electric field of transmitted optical signal is;

Es = As cos[ωst + ϕs(t)]

Where , As is amplitude of the optical signal field


ωs is the optical signal carrier frequency, and ϕs(t) is the phase of the optical signal.

We can use different modulation techniques to modulate signal:


1. Amplitude shift keying(ASK) OR ON-OFF keying(OOK)
2. Frequency shift keying(FSK)
3. Phase shift keying(PSK)

Then we will mix our signal with local oscillator.

Field of the local oscillator (LO) ;

ELO = ALO cos[ωLOt + ϕLO(t)]

Where, ALO = Amplitude , ωLO =Frequency, ϕLO(t) = Phase of the local oscillator(LO).

I = Intensity ∝ | ES + ELO |2

Solving this we get,

I = | ES(t) |2 + | ELO |2 + 2ES(t)ELO cos[(ωs − ωLO)t + (ϕs − ϕLO)]

Detected current will be proportional to ;

i(t) ∝ RD{PS(t) + PLO + 2 P S(t) P LO}cos[(ωs − ωLO)t + (ϕs − ϕLO)]

Or we can write;

i(t) ∝ 2 P S P LO cos(ωIF + Δϕ)

Where, ωIF = ωs − ωLO Intermediate frequency and Δϕ = ϕS − ϕLO .

HOMODYNE HETERODYNE

ωIF = 0 ωIF ≠ 0

Comparing heterodyne detection with direct detection:


Detected current in heterodyne detection scheme;

i(t) ∝ 2 P S P LO cos(ωIF + Δϕ) Where , ωIF ≠ 0

Average signal power,

2 − 1
< i (t) > ∝ 4PS PLO RD2
2
For direct detection scheme

< id2(t) > ∝ PS−2 RD2

Comparison ;
2PLO
Improvement =
PS
8

So, For heterodyne detection we get more signal power at receiver than direct detection.

But it is less than homodyne detection scheme where we get 4 times that from direct.

9
Advantages of Heterodyne detection

• IF signal produced is at a lower frequency than original signal.

• Easier to filter, amplify and process.

• Better sensitivity and selectivity in the detection of weak signals.

10

Applications of Heterodyne detection

• Radio and optical communications.

• Radar

• Spectroscopy

• And more

11

Challenges of heterodyne detection

• Sensitive to noise.

• Sensitive to interference.

• Careful design and optimisation required to achieve optimal performance.

12

Future developments in heterodyne detection

• Ongoing research is focused on:

1. improving the performance and efficiency .

2. Exploring new applications and potential benefits .

13

Thank you

14

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