Relations and Functions XII

Class XII: Mathematics
Chapter 1: Relations and Functions
Basic Concepts:
1. Relation: If A and B are two non – empty set, then a relation R
from set A to set B is the subset of A x B. i.e.,
R: A  B  R  A x B
If (x, y) ∈ R, then we write x R y (read as x is related to y) and if (x,
y)  R, then we write (read as x is not R related to y).

2. Domain and Range of a Relation: If R is any relation from set
A to set B then,
Domain of R is the set of all first coordinates of elements of R and
it is denoted by Dom(R).
Range of R is the set of all second coordinates of R and it is denoted
by Range (R).
Some Standard Types of Relations:
Let A be a non – empty set. Then, a relation R on set A is said to be
(i)Reflexive: If (x, x) ∈ R for each element x ∈ A, i.e., if xRx for
each element x ∈ A.
(ii) Symmetric: If (x, y) ∈ R  (y, x) ∈ R for all x, y ∈ A, i.e., if
xRy  yRx for all x, y ∈ A
(iii) Transitive: If (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R  (x, z) ∈ R for all x,
y, z ∈ A, i.e., if xRy and yRz  xRz.
3. Equivalence Relation: Any relation R on a set A is said to be
an equivalence relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
4. Function: Let X and Y be two non – empty sets. Then, a rule f
which associates to each element x ∈ X, a unique element, denoted
by f(x) or Y, is called a function from X to Y and written as f: X 
Y where, f(x) is called image of x and x is called the pre – image of
f(x) and set Y is called the Co – domain of f and f(x) = {f(x) : x ∈
X} is called the range of f.
5. Types of Function:
(i) One – one function (injective function): A function f: X  Y is
defined to be one – one if the image of distinct element of X under
rule f are distinct, i.e., for every x1, x2 ∈ X, f(x1) = f(x2) implies that
x1 = x2.
(ii) Onto function (Surjective infection): A function f: X  Y is
said to be onto function if each element of Y is the image of some
element of x i.e., for every y ∈ Y there exists some x ∈ X such that
y = f(x). Thus f is onto if range of f = co – domain of f.
(iii) One – one onto function (Bijective function): A function f: X
 Y is said to be one – one onto, if f is both one – one and onto.
(iv) Many – one function: A function f: X  Y is said to be a many
– one function if two or more elements of set X have the same image
in Y.
6. Identity Function: Let R be the set of real numbers. A function
I: R  R such that I (x) = x  x ∈ R is called identify function.
Obviously, identity function associates each real number to itself.
7. Number of Functions: If X and Y are two finite sets having m
and n elements respectively then the number of functions from X to
Y is nm.
Class Assignment:
➢ Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1. Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive,

symmetric and transitive:
(i) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 13, 14} defined as R =
{(x, y) : 3x – y = 0}
(ii) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as R = {(x,

y) : y = x + 5 and x < 4}
2. Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b}, is
reflexive .
3. Give an example of a relation which is symmetric but neither
reflexive nor transitive. (HOTS)
4. Check the injectivity and subjectivity of the functions f : N → N
given by f (x) = x2
5. Show that the number of equivalence relation in the set {1, 2, 3}
containing (1, 2) and (2, 1) is two. (HOTS)
6. Find the number of all onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, ... , n}
to itself. (HOTS)
➢ Short Answer Type Questions:
1. Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive,

symmetric and transitive:
(i) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 13, 14} defined as R = {(x,
y) : 2x – y = 0}
(ii) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as R = {(x,
y) : x + y = 6 }
2. Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R

= {(a, b) : a ≤ b2} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
3.Show that the function f: N → N, given by f(x) = 2x, is one-one
but not onto.
4.Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2),
(2, 1)} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
5.Check the injectivity and subjectivity of the following functions:
(i) f : N → N given by f (x) = x6
(ii) f : Z→ Z given by f(x) = x4
(iii) f : R → R given by f (x) = x3
6.In each of the following cases, state whether the function is one-
one, onto or bijective. Justify your answer.
(i) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 3 – 4x
(ii) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 1 + x2
➢ Long Answer Type Questions:
1. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R =
{(a, b) : |a – b| is even}, is an equivalence relation. Show that all
the elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other and all the
elements of {2, 4} are related to each other. But no element of {1,
3, 5} is related to any element of {2, 4}.
2. Given a non-empty set X, consider P(X) which is the set of all
subsets of X. Define the relation R in P(X) as follows: For subsets
A, B in P(X), ARB if and only if A  B. Is R an equivalence
relation on P(X)? Justify your answer.
3. Show that each of the relation R in the set A = {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12},
given by:
(i) R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4}
(ii) R = {(a, b) : a = b}
is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1
in each case.
II Home assignment:
1. Find the number of all one-one functions from set A = {1, 2, 3} to
itself.
a. Show that the Modulus Function f : R → R, given by:
f (x) = | x |, is neither one-one nor onto, where | x | is x, if x is
positive or 0 and | x | is – x, if x is negative.
2.Consider f : R → R given by f(x) = 4x + 3. Show that f is a
bijective function.
3. Let R be a relation defined as R = { (x,y) : x and y study in the
same class}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
4. Let L be the set of all the lines in a plane and R be the relation in
L defined by R = (L1 , L2 ) : L1 L2  . Show that R is an equivalence
relation.
Extra Questions for self-practice:

1.If n(A) = n(B) = 3, Then how many bijective functions from A to
B can be formed?
2.Is f : N → N given by f(x) = x2 is one-one? Give reason.

3.If f : R → A, given by f(x) = x2 – 2x + 2 is onto function, find set A.
4.If f : A → B is bijective function such that n (A) = 10, then n (B) = ?
5.If n(A) = 5, then write the number of one-one functions from A to

A.
6. R = {(a, b) : a, b  N and a divides b}. Is R reflexive? Give reason?
7. Is f : R → R, given by f(x) = |x – 1| is one-one? Give reason?
8. f : R → B given by f(x) = sin x is onto function, then write set B.
9.Let N be the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation

in N x N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if ad = bc. Show that R is
an equivalence relation.

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Class XII: Mathematics

Chapter 1: Relations and Functions

y)  R, then we write (read as x is not R related to y).

1. Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive,

(ii) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as R = {(x,

1. Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive,

2. Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R

Extra Questions for self-practice:

2.Is f : N → N given by f(x) = x2 is one-one? Give reason.

4.If f : A → B is bijective function such that n (A) = 10, then n (B) = ?

5.If n(A) = 5, then write the number of one-one functions from A to

6. R = {(a, b) : a, b  N and a divides b}. Is R reflexive? Give reason?

7. Is f : R → R, given by f(x) = |x – 1| is one-one? Give reason?

8. f : R → B given by f(x) = sin x is onto function, then write set B.

9.Let N be the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation

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