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Correlation: Correlation is the study of the natural relationship between two or more variables.
Uses of correlation: Correlation is very useful in physical, social sciences, business and economics. It
is very useful to economists to study the relationship between price and demand. And to estimate
costs, sales, price and other related variables.
Variables: Cost, sales, price, income, expenditure, investment, return, Loan given to customers, Loan
amount received from the customers, students appeared an examination, students passed an
examination, etc.,
Types of Correlation:
Positive correlation:
Negative Correlation:
Price : 35 36 38 30 40
Simple correlation:
Multiple correlation:
When more than two variables are studied simultaneously, the correlation is said to be multiple.
Partial Correlation:
Partial correlation coefficient provides a measure of relationship between a dependent variable and
a particular independent variable when all other variables involved are kept constant and when the
effect of all other variables are removed.
Linear Correlation:
The correlation said to be linear , if the amount of change in one variable tends to bear a constant
ratio to the amount of change in the other.
Formula:
2. γ = Σ xy / N σx σy (or) Σdxdy / N σx σy
Problem:1
X: 6 2 10 4 8
Y: 9 11 5 8 7
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X Y X2 Y2 XY
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6 9 36 81 54
2 11 4 121 22
10 5 100 25 50
4 8 16 64 32
8 7 64 49 56
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Y: 98 99 99 97 95 92 95 94 90 91
(√Σx2 √Σy2 )
X x = X –Mean x2 Y y= Y- Mean y2 xy
100 1 1 98 3 9 3
101 2 4 99 4 16 8
102 3 9 99 4 16 12
102 3 9 97 2 4 6
100 1 1 95 0 0 0
99 0 0 92 -3 9 0
97 -2 4 95 0 0 0
98 -1 1 94 -1 1 1
96 -3 9 90 -5 25 15
95 -4 16 91 -4 16 16
Γ = Σxy
(√Σx2 √Σy2 )
Problem : 3
Covariance between X and Y variables is 10.6 and variance of X and Y is 16 and 9. Find correlation
value.
Variance = (Standard deviation)2 ; Standard deviation =√variance
= 10.6 / √16 √9
= 10.6 / 12 = 0.8833
Problem:4
Coefficient of correlation between two variables X and Y is 0.48. Their covariance is 36. The variance
of X is 16. Find the standard deviation of Y series.
= 18.75
Regression:
Regression is the measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in terms of the
original units of the data.
Uses:
It is useful to estimate the relationship between two variables, prediction of unknown value,
forecast the business situations, estimate the error in sampling.
Equation
Regression equation of X on Y
X = a + bY
Regression equation of Y on X
Problem:5
= 0.3
Problem:6
The correlation coefficient between x and y is -1/2. The value of bxy = -1/8. Find byx.
Γ2 = bxy . byx
byx = -8/4 = -2
POINTS:
If the sum of the product of deviations of x and y series from their means is zero, then the
coefficient of correlation will be zero.