HE CHAPTER 4 Academic Institutions: they provide written policies Note: A nurse who works in the clinical areas where

that address issues of academic honesty. These issues research is conducted must be aware of principles for
are: the conduct of research.
Note: Integrity in upholding the principles of veracity • Plagiarism: taking another’s ideas or work and Ethical Issues in Research
and fidelity is expected of nurses in any setting and is at presenting them as our own
the core of academic honesty. Protection of human rights: ethical issues that is the
• Cheating: dishonesty and deception regarding
primarily the focus of many research texts.
Veracity: truth-telling, an essential ingredients for trust examinations, projects or papers.
among humans. • Forgery: includes fraud or intentional Note: the most cited violations of human rights in
misrepresentation research are those that were perpetrated by the Nazis
According to Husted & Husted (2001), during world war II
Note: When material from another source is included in
• True interaction and communication: these a student’s work, the student must appropriately - It came to public awareness during the
cannot occur where there is no trust. reference the material to avoid plagiarism. Nuremberg trials.
• Husted & Husted: they are the authors who
described fidelity as promise-keeping, Academic Dishonesty: it engenders an atmosphere of Nuremberg Code: it documented the international
suggesting that it is the form that truth takes in mistrust, disrespect, and insecurity. efforts to provide guidelines for the protection of human
an agreement between persons such as: rights.
Litigation: another potential consequence in severe
✓ Nurse-patient situations. - Developed as a set of principles for the ethical
✓ Research-participants
Student-teacher conduct of research against which the
✓ Academic Dishonesty: may carry consequences as
experiments in the concentration camps could
serious as being suspended or expelled for dishonest
Integrity: implies respect for self and others and a be judged.
practices.
personal commitment to principled behavior over time
Declaration of Helsinki: it was issued by the World
in our personal and professional lives. Research Issues and Ethics
Medical Assembly (1964)
- When this is present, there is no need for Nurses: they must be accountable for the quality of care
- It was revised in 1975 and 2001 to guide clinical
monitoring a person’s behavior; rather, there is they deliver.
research
an implicit trust
Research: one way of documenting the efficacy of
Belmont report: the principles set in these codes serve
Honesty and Integrity: the key considerations in both nursing practice.
as the basis for policies developed by the US national
academic and clinical situations.
- Necessary for the ongoing development of the commission for the protection of human Subjects of
- These are challenged when pressure become unique body of knowledge that undergirds the biomedical and behavioral research.
intense. discipline of nursing and provides an
Ethical lapses: it occur continuously in research with
organizing framework for nursing practice.
Honesty: this personal value serve as the basis for human subjects despite the policies and guidelines.
- Participating in it can be exciting and encourage
professional integrity. professional growth. - Questions about whether current regulations
Pressures may come from many areas, such as: - It can present some dilemmas for the nurse and adequately protect the rights and welfare of
nurse researcher in the academic and clinical research subjects
• Family expectations realms.
• Personal goals of being accepted into graduate
Expected Motivation for conducting research:
school
• Needing a certain grade to receive tuition • Seeking New Knowledge
reimbursement • Understanding
• Self-expectation
Efforts to bolster protections for human research risk for harm: must be balanced with anticipated included in the consent and has a chance to receive
subjects focus on: benefits clarifications and additional information when needed.

• Education and training of clinical investigators Minimal risk: that which is no more than would be Justice: includes the right to privacy and to fair
and institutional review board members expected with the context of routine life activities. treatment.
• Auditing records of evidence of compliance
Note: Note: Nature of research = gather information about
with informed consent
what is being studied
• Improved monitoring of clinical trials When risks are greater than minimal = researcher’s aim
• Managing conflicts of interest must be to minimize risks while maximizing the benefits Right to privacy: a critical issue when persons are the
to participants focus of the study
Beneficence, respect for dignity, justice: these
underline the ethical conduct of research Nurse: this role impels us to protect those in our care Attentiveness to privacy: it means that the participant
from unnecessary physical or mental suffering. determines when, where, and what kind of information is
• Beneficence: implies the right to protection
shared, with an assurance that whatever is collected will
form harm and discomfort, including a balance Risk outweigh benefits = study should be be treated with respect, kept secure, and kept in strict
between the benefits and risks of study. redesigned/discontinued. confidence.
• Respect for Dignity: implies the rights to full
disclosure and self-determination or autonomy Respect for Human Dignity: implicit to this principle is How is privacy maintained? It is maintained through:
• Justice: implies the right to fair treatment the right to self-determination
including anonymity and confidentiality • Anonymity: it exists when even the researcher
Self-determination: acknowledges the autonomy of the cannot link information with a particular
Protection of Human Rights potential participant in research participant
- The persons have the right to choose whether • Confidentiality: it refers to the researcher’s
• Right to freedom from intrinsic risk or injury
they wish to participate in the research assurance to participants that the information
• Right to privacy
- Participation is voluntary and free from coercion provided will not be made public or available to
• Right to anonymity
anyone other than those involved in the
Beneficence: this is derived from the maxim that says Coercion: it includes a threat of harm or penalty for not research process without the participant’s
“above all, do not harm” participating in research or offering excessive rewards consent.
for participation
- This means that researchers need to design and = it is maintained by using codes rather than
conduct studies so as to protect the participants Right to self-determination: it means that the person personal identification of data collection forms and
from physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, has the right to withdraw from participation in the study restricting access to raw data to those on the
economic, and social harm at any time without imposed consequences (such as research team who need to use the data
denial or health care or benefits)
Discomfort: it can range from no anticipated effects to • Informed consent
certainty of permanent damage Full disclosure: it is required for voluntary participation.
Right to Fair Treatment: related to the right to self
It includes: fatigue, physical pain, anxiety, - The potential participant be fully informed of determination
embarrassment, confronting meaning and purpose in the nature of the study, anticipated risks, and
benefits, time commitment, what is expected of - Equitable treatment of participants in the
life, threats to self-esteem or to values, lost learning
the participant and the researcher, and the right selection process, during and after the
for the time given to participate in research and
to refuse to participate completion of the study is the basis of this right
social stigma

Note: if discomfort is anticipated, the participant must Note: the researcher must ensure that the person
be willing to experience the discomfort after given all agreeing to participate understands the information
relevant information
Factors to consider in fair treatment • A disclosure of appropriate alternative Advocates or Guardians (who have the person's best
procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that interest): they must be involved in decisions regarding
• Selecting participants based on the research might be advantageous to the subject. the participation of a person belonging to vulnerable
needs, not on the convenience or compromised • A statement describing the extent, if any, to population in a research.
position of a group of people which confidentiality of records identifying the
• Equitably distributing the risks and benefits of The less able the person is to give informed consent, the
subject will be maintained.
the researcher among participants regardless of more important it is for the researcher to protect the
• For research involving more than minimal risk,
age, gender, socioeconomic status, race or person’s rights.
an explanation as to whether any compensation
ethnic background and an explanation as to whether medical Guidelines for research involving children age7 to 18
• Honoring any agreements made or benefits treatments are available if injury occurs and, if
promised. so, what they consists of, or where further - Provide one example of special considerations
• Treating participants with respect, providing information may be obtained. regarding informed consent, which is obtaining
access to research personnel or other • An explanation of whom to contact for answers the assent of the child to participate in a
professionals as needed to pertinent questions about the research research study in addition to the consent of the
• Treating persons who decline to participate or subjects’ rights, and whom to contact in the parents or guardians.
withdraw from the study without prejudice event of a research-related injury to the subject
• Debriefing as needed to clarify issues or when Federal Guidelines: it directs researchers to inform
• A statement that participation is voluntary, that
information had been withheld prior to the children of any intended research activity, even if the
refusal to participate will involve no penalty or
study. parents or guardians have already agreed to the child’s
loss of benefits to which subject is otherwise
participation in the study
entitled, and the subject may discontinue
Informed Consent
participation at any time without penalty or loss The process of obtaining the child’s assentsincludes:
Printed Consent Forms: it should be written in common of benefits to which the subject is otherwise
language without jargon. entitled. • Describing in language appropriate for the age
and competence of he child
• The literacy level of the person signing the Special Considerations: Vulnerable Populations • Purpose of the research
informed consent should be determined and • Explanation of the risks and benefits associated
Nurses: they must be especially attentive to the
recorded with the child’s participation in the research.’
protection of human rights in research with vulnerable
• The person agreeing to participate must be
populations. Younger Children: they are asked to assent orally to
mentally and emotionally competent to make
decision. Vulnerable Populations: the are vulnerable to participate in the proposed research
deception and coercion and may have decreased ability Older Children: they may be asked to sign an assesnt
Basic Elements (IC)
to give informed consent. form or the parent’s permission for indicating their
• A statement that the study involves research willingness to participate in the study.
• Physically, mentally, or emotionally disabled or
• An explanation of the purpose of the research
challenged persons Note:
• Expected duration of the subject’s participation
• Children
• Description of the procedures to be followed
• Elderly persons assent needs to be documented in the research protocol
• Identification of any procedures that are
• Those who are dying, sedated, or unconscious
experimental The role of the nurse here is to be an advocate,
• Persons who are institutionalized or
• A description of any reasonably foreseeable particularly when research is proposed or being
incarcerated
risks or discomfort to the participant conducted in their settings.
• Pregnant woman and fetuses
• A description of any benefits to the participant
or to other that may reasonably be expected
from the research
The following are characteristics of ethical research that Nurse: they are held to standards of professional Scientific misconduct: it has become a concern within
go beyond the protection of human rights: practice that delineate the nurse’s concern as the scientific community, Articles have been published in
safeguarding the health and well-being of the patient. professional journal reporting studies that were never
Scientific Objectivity: reporting all data, both conducted, findings that were fabricated, or findings that
supportive and unsupportive of hypotheses, and not Nurse researchers: they need to incorporate humanistic were intentionally distorted by researchers.
engaging in misconduct, fraud, or acts or bad faith values in decision regarding research participants
- They serve as reminders to nurse to be vigilant
Cooperation: submitting proposals to and following Note: when questions arise regarding potential harm to regarding ethical reporting of research findings
recommendations of those authorized to review the a patient involved in a research study, the advocacy role
research for the protection of human rights. of the nurse and the therapeutic imperative takes Codes and Policies for Research Ethics.
precedence over the integrity of the research protocol.
Nobility: working actively to ensure the protection of
participants from harm, deceit, coercion and invasions of Ignorance of ethical and legal guidelines related to
privacy, even when this may inconvenience the study research is no excuse for a nurse failing to be a patient
advocate in research situations.
Integrity and Truthfulness: honestly describing the
research process, including the purpose, procedures, Ethical Treatment of Data: it implies integrity of
methods, risks, discomforts, benefits and findings research protocols and honesty in reporting findings

Impeccability: Ensuring anonymity and confidentiality Scholarship issues regarding data include:
of data and using direction with information learned
about people • How the data is handled during the collection
and analysis process
Illumination: publishing and presenting research • How the data is reported
findings in order to enhance nursing’s body of scientific
knowledge Honesty and Integrity: these are of outmost
importance in the ethical treatment of data
Equitability: Noting contributions of others in
publications and presentations. Qualitative Nursing Researchers: their critical ethical
obligation is to present and describe the experiences of
Forthrightness: disclosing funding sources and others as authentically and faithfully as possible, even
sponsorship in publication and presentation of research when it is contrary to our aims
findings
Note: the imperative to report the findings as
Courage: publicly clarifying any distortions of research accurately as possible is an ethical obligation in
findings made by othersNurses must be aware of quantitative studies as well
standards for ethical research in order to guard against
violations of these standards. Nurses involved in research they are accountable to
professional standards for reporting findings.
Note:
- Principles that guide academic honesty apply as
Nurses must be aware of standards for ethical research well to nurse researchers in reporting the
in order to guard against violations of these standards. outcomes of studies
(regardless of the role)
Plagiarism: an information from someone else is
Nurses who participate in conducting research may at included in a report without referencing
times experience role conflict