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Module 10 Math 103

The document discusses quantified statements and Euler diagrams. It introduces quantified statements, their symbolic forms, and rules for determining validity. It also introduces Euler diagrams as a way to visually verify the validity of arguments with quantified statements using circles or ellipses similar to Venn diagrams. The document provides examples of using symbolic representations and Euler diagrams to establish the validity of arguments with quantified statements.

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37 views

Module 10 Math 103

The document discusses quantified statements and Euler diagrams. It introduces quantified statements, their symbolic forms, and rules for determining validity. It also introduces Euler diagrams as a way to visually verify the validity of arguments with quantified statements using circles or ellipses similar to Venn diagrams. The document provides examples of using symbolic representations and Euler diagrams to establish the validity of arguments with quantified statements.

Uploaded by

ビゲイル マリアア
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 10

Arguments with Quantified Statements and Euler Diagram

I. Introduction

Arguments containing quantified statements cannot be directly verified using the rules of
replacement and inference. Validity of most quantified arguments may also be verified using
graphical representations involving circles (or ellipse, in general), which are very similar to
Venn diagrams. Euler diagrams, named after Leonhard Euler, are used.

At the end of the learning experiences you must be able to:


1. translate quantified statements into symbolic form.
2. apply the rules of quantified statement to established the validity of an argument.
3. use the Euler diagrams to verify the validity of the arguments.

II. Pre-Competency Checklist

Determine if the argument is valid or not using Euler diagram.


1. Some students are careless.
All males are careless.
Therefore, some students are males.

2. No athlete is lazy.
Jason is a scholar.
All scholar are lazy.
Therefore, Jason is not an athlete.

III. Learning Resources


1. Hurley P. (2014). Introduction to Logic. Cengage Learning Asia Pte. Ltd.
2. Jebril I.H., Dutta H. & Choo H. (2022). Concise Introduction to Logic and Set
Theory
CRC Press Pub.
3. Joven J. (2006). Teaching and Learning Logic. Rex Book Store. Inc.
4. Dacanay C. Elvena J. et.al. Lecture Guide in Mathematical Logic.

Lecture Discussion (Zoom/Google Meet)


Power Point Presentations

IV. Explore
Activity:
Established the validity of the given argument.

Everyone is a Computer Science major.


Computer Science majors like programming.
Therefore, everyone likes programming.

Use the following representations.


C ( x ) : x is a computer science major .
P ( x ) : x likes programming .
______________________________
______________________________
V. Discussion Board

Rules for Quantified Arguments

Rule Na
me

P ( k ) for an arbitrary k Uni


∴ ∀ xP( x ) ver
sal
Ge
ner
aliz
ati
on
(U
G)

∀ xP ( x) Uni
∴ P (k ) ver
sal
Sp
ecif
icat
ion
(U
S)

P ( k ) for some element k Exi


∴∃ P( x) ste
nti
al
Ge
ner
aliz
ati
on
(E
G)

∃ P( x) Exi
∴ P ( k ) for some element k ste
nti
al
Sp
ecif
icat
ion
(E
S)
Example:
Given the set of people as the universe of discourse, establish the validity of the
given argument.
All engineers are good in math.
Everyone is an engineer or artist.
Some people are not artist.
Therefore, some people are good in math.
Solution:
Let E(x): x is an engineer
M(x): x is good in math
A(x): x is an artist

then translated symbolically, the argument becomes,


∀ x [E ( x ) → M ( x ) ]
∀ x [E ( x ) ∨ A ( x ) ]
∃ x ¬ A(x )
∴ ∃ xM (x)

Now establish the validity of the arguments as follows.

1. ∀ x [E ( x ) → M ( x ) ]
2. ∀ x [ E ( x ) ∨ A ( x ) ]
3. ∃ x ¬ A ( x)
∴ ∃ xM ¿ )

4. ¬ A (k )

Using Euler Diagrams, verify the validity of the argument


All humans are mortals. Socrates is human.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal

Solution:
To determine whether an argument is valid or not using, Euler diagrams, one should
illustrate all the possible cases in which all the premises are true. And from these
illustrations, if the conclusions is also true then the argument is said to be valid otherwise, it
is invalid.

For the arguments, there is only one case which the premises are satisfied. Notice
that the conclusion is also true thus, the argument is valid

H
VI. Post Competency Checklist
1. Determine if the argument is valid or invalid using Euler diagram
a. Some students are careless.
All males are careless.
Therefore, some students are males.
b. No athlete is lazy.
Jason is a scholar.
All scholars are lazy.
Therefore, Jason is not an athlete.

c. All roses are flowers. Some flowers smell good.


Therefore, all roses smell good.

d. Manila is a busy city.


Karen lives in a city with bicycle lane.
No busy city has bicycle lane.
Therefore, Karen does not live in Manila.

e. If interest fall, then the stock market will rise.


Interest rates are not falling.
Therefore, the stock market will not rise.

2. Establish the validity of the given argument.

a. Everyone is a computer science major.


Computer science majors like programming.
Therefore, everyone likes programming.

Use the following representations.


C(x): x is a computer science major.

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