CIVL 514 Design of Composite Plate Girder

Bridges
Dr. Ihab Ramadan
 Composite Plate Girder Bridges
• Introduction
• Components
• Design Considerations:
• Effective width
• Thickness of RC Slab
• Modular Ratio
• Preliminary Dimensioning
• Transformed Section
• Stress calculations
• Continuous Beams
• Effect of creep and shrinkage
• Types and Design of Shear Connectors
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 What is Composite Construction?
• Takes advantage of material properties of both steel & concrete:
• Concrete supports compression
• Steel supports tension
• No Partial slip between steel and concrete

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Applications: RC floors (Buildings)

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 Applications of Beams
Beams in Practice
Steel-Concrete Composite Section

• Composite construction refers to two load-carrying structural members

that are integrally connected and deflect as a single unit
• An example of this is composite metal deck with concrete fill, steel filler
beams, and girders made composite by using headed stud connectors

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 Applications of Beams
Beams in Practice

Connecting the concrete to the steel beams can have several advantages:

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 Composite Metal Decking
Composite Metal Deck

• Decking with deformed ribs (or

embossed decking), as shown,
is commonly used
• The deformations on the ribs
allow for a stronger bond
between the concrete and the
decking

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Applications: Multiple Plate Girder (Bridges)

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Applications: Composite Box Girder (Bridges)

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Definition of Composite Action

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No Interaction: Separate Steel beam & RC slab

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Complete Interaction:
Steel Beam connected to RC slab by adequate shear
connectors preventing slip (Transferring all shear
flow and prevent uplift)

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 Types of Composite Construction
→Shored (DL + LL supported by composite beam).
→Un-shored (DL supported by steel only, LL
supported by composite beam).

Shored Bridges
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 Types of Composite Construction
Shored Construction
• Steel section is propped while pouring concrete.
• Shoring is removed when concrete reaches 75% of the required characteristic
strength.
• Composite section carries all the loads.
• Shear Connectors designed to support shear flow due to Dead + Live Loads

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 Types of Composite Construction
Un-Shored Construction
• Steel section only carries: own weight + fresh concrete.

• Composite section carries SDL and LL.

• Composite section is considered effective after concrete reaches

75% of the required characteristic strength.

• Shear Connectors support shear flow due to (0.5 D + L.L)

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Advantages of Composite Design
• Reduce steel weight.
• Shallower steel girders.
• Reduce deflection (more stiff).

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 Components of Composite Beams:
• Steel beam/Plate girder.
• Concrete slab.
• Shear connectors.

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•Rolled section Steel Beams
•Rolled section with an additional cover
plate attached to the tension flange
•Plate girder
•Latticed girder

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 Concrete Slab
•Comply with the Egyptian Code for Reinforced
Concrete Design.
•Minimum acceptable value for characteristic cube
strength:
• 300 kg/cm2 for bridges.
• Typically 400 kg/cm2.
•May be placed on metal deck.
•May have constant thickness or haunched.

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 Shear Connectors
•Mechanical shear connectors must be provided
to support shear flow and prevent uplift.
•Shear connectors are fastened to the top
flange.
•Types: Studs, channels, angles, anchors, hoops,
T-sec, …

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Design Considerations
1- Effective Slab width

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 1- Effective Slab width

• bEL or bER = the smallest of:

– L / 8 (Span/8)
– Half the center-to-center spacing.
– 6ts (thickness of RC slab).
– Distance to slab edge.
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 2- Thickness of R.C Slab
• Minimum RC slab thickness, ts:
• 160 mm for bridges.
• 200 mm if no wearing surface is used.
• Typical haunch at steel beam shall have a slope tan b ≤ 3,
haunch depth, dh ≤1.5 ts and total depth, h ≤ 2.5 hs

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 3- Modular ratio, n

Concrete Modulus of elasticity

characteristic cube of concrete, Modular ratio, n
strength,
Ec (t/cm2)
fcu (kg/cm2)
250 220 10
300 240 9
400 280 8
 500 310 7

The Modular Ratio, n = (Es/Ec).

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 4- Preliminary dimensioning

•The ratio of the beam span, L, to the beam overall

depth including the concrete slab, h, ranges from
L/16 to L/22.

•If the span-to-depth limit is exceeded, limitation of

deflection as defined by the Code must be
satisfied.

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 5- Transformed Section

Calculations are usually done for one material.

Either transform concrete part to steel (as typically
done by steel designers) or transform the steel
part into concrete (typically done by concrete
designers).

The conversion is based on n (Es/Ec).

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Transformed Section to Steel

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 6- Calculation of Stresses

Section Properties

•Compute centroid, area, inertia and section

modulus for steel section and composite sections.

•Compute bending stresses due to various load

cases considering the method of construction
(shored or un-shored).

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 6- Calculation of Stresses
Section Properties
•Steel section properties:
• Zus = Is / yus.
• Zls = Is / yls.
•Composite section properties:
• Z’us = Iv / y’us.
• Z’ls = Iv / y’ls.
• Z’uc = Iv / y’uc.

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 6- Calculation of Stresses
Stress and Strain Distribution

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 Stress Computations
• Without Shoring (un-shored):
• fus = MD / Zus + ML / Z’us.
• fls = MD / Zls + ML / Z’ls.
• fuc = ML / (n * Z’uc).
• Shored:
•fus = (MD + ML) / Z’us.
•fls = (MD + ML) / Z’ls.
•fuc = (MD + ML) / (n * Z’uc).
MD is due to own weight only.
ML is due to other dead loads (superimposed dead loads) and live loads.

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Stress Computations

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 Tensile Stresses in R.C Slabs

• If the composite section is in the positive moment

zone, and where the neutral axis falls inside the
concrete slab, the tensile stresses shall not exceed
the values:
Concrete
characteristic cube 250 300 400  500
strength (kg/cm2)

Tensile stress
(kg/cm2) 17 19 23 27

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 7- Continuous Beams
• Composite action is only possible when the RC slab is in the
compression zone.
• For the “negative” moment, the concrete will crack and thus
does not enhance the performance.
• The analysis of the beam should consider the variation in
inertia between the composite and non-composite beam
sections.

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 7- Continuous Beams
• Three methods may be used in design:
• Design steel section to support the entire loads (DL & LL)
(No composite action).
• Provide supplementary steel reinforcement to act with the
steel tension flange (shear connectors must be extended
over the support area.
• A composite section may be designed to support all the
loads, provided that the tensile stresses in the concrete
does not exceed the following values:

Fcu (kg/cm2) 250 300 400  500

fut (kg/cm2) 17 19 23 27

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Estimation of Steel X-Section
Web Height

Web thickness

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 Estimation of Steel X-Section
Flanges Area (Mono-Symmetric I-Section)

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 Estimation of Steel X-Section
Flanges Area (Mono-Symmetric I-Section)

Section Properties (Steel Section only)

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 Estimation of Steel X-Section
Section Properties (Composite Section)

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 Estimation of Steel X-Section
Section Properties (Composite Section)

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Design of Composite Section
Strength Limit States

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 Design of Composite Section
Strength Limit States
Resistance of Cross Section
6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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 Design of Composite Section
Strength Limit States
Resistance of Cross Section
6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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 Design of Composite Section
Strength Limit States
Resistance of Cross Section
6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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Effect of Creep in Concrete

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 Effect of Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete

– Concrete is subject to creep when subjected to sustained loading

(dead load). Creep = Plastic flow due to compressive stresses.
– Creep is indicated when strain in a solid increases with time while
the stress producing the strain is kept constant.
– Shrinkage of RC slab produces tension in slab and compression in
steel beam (Strain = 0.0003) when restrained by steel beam.
– In shored construction, Creep and shrinkage reduce compressive
stresses in concrete and causes compression in upper flange and
tensile stresses in lower flange.
– In shored construction, Creep and Shrinkage can be neglected in
computing stresses in concrete (Use “n” in transformed section).
– In shored construction, Creep may be approximated by multiplying
the modular ratio, n by 3 (Long term Composite Section).

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 Effect of Temperature

– Uniform Temperature Change:  30oC.

– Rise in temperature in RC and thermal gradient in steel.
– Rise in temperature in RC while uniform temp in steel
– Thermal conductivity of concrete = 2% that of steel
– Identical coefficient of thermal expansion of steel and concrete.
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6.2 Yield Moment for Composite Sections in Positive Flexure

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6.2 Yield Moment for Composite Sections in Positive Flexure

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6.2 Yield Moment for Composite Sections in Positive Flexure

6.3 Yield Moment for Composite Sections in Negative Flexure

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6.4 Flexure Strength Limit State
Compact Sections

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6.4 Flexure Strength Limit State
Compact Sections

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6.4 Flexure Strength Limit State
Compact Sections

Dp
Dt

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6.4 Flexure Strength Limit State
Non-Compact Sections

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6.4 Flexure Strength Limit State
General Notes

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6.4 Flexure Strength Limit State
General Notes

Compact and Non Compact Composite Section Requirements

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6.4 Flexure Strength Limit State
Un-shored Construction

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6.4 Flexure Strength Limit State
Un-shored Construction

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6.4 Flexure Strength Limit State
Shored Construction

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6.5 Resistance to Lateral Torsional Buckling

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6.6 Web bend Buckling Resistance

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6.6 Web bend Buckling Resistance

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 Design of Shear Connectors

Un-Shored Construction

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 Design of Shear Connectors

Shored Construction

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Design of Shear Connectors

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Design of Pitch of Connectors

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Design of Pitch of Connectors

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Design Requirements

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Design Requirements

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Design Requirements

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Design Requirements

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 Example

Given Data

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Solution

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Solution Straining Actions

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Solution Straining Actions

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Solution Estimation of Steel Cross Section

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Solution Estimation of Steel Cross Section

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Solution Section Properties of Steel Section

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 Solution Section Properties of Composite Section

Short term (ST)modular ratio, n

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 Solution Section Properties of Composite Section

Short term (ST)modular ratio, n

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 Solution Section Properties of Composite Section

Long term (LT)modular ratio, 3n

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 Solution Flexure Strength Limit State

Case-1: Un-Shored Construction

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 Solution Flexure Strength Limit State

Case-1: Un-Shored Construction

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 Solution Web bending buckling resistance

Case-1: Un-Shored Construction

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Solution Case-1: Un-Shored Construction

Web load Shedding factor, RPG

Local Buckling Resistance during casting of concrete

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Solution Case-1: Un-Shored Construction

Local Torsional Buckling of Compression Flange during

casting of Concrete

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Solution Case-1: Un-Shored Construction

Check Fatigue for an Intermediate Girder

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Solution Case-1: Un-Shored Construction

Check Fatigue for an Intermediate Girder

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Solution Case-1: Un-Shored Construction

Check Shear Stresses

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Solution Case-1: Un-Shored Construction

Check Deflection (due to L.L only)

Design the fillet weld between flanges and web

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Solution Case-2: Shored Construction
Flexure Strength Limit State

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Solution Case-2: Shored Construction
Flexure Strength Limit State

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Solution Case-2: Shored Construction
Web bend-buckling Resistance

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Solution Case-2: Shored Construction
Web load Shedding Factor, RPG

Local Buckling Resistance, L.T.B of Compression Flange

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Solution
Design of Shear Connectors

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Solution
Design of Shear Connectors

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Solution
Design of Shear Connectors

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 Example-2

Solution Choice of Section as a Compact Section

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 Solution Example-2

Calculation of Plastic forces

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 Solution Example-2

Calculation of Plastic forces

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Solution Example-2

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