FORENSIC

PHOTOGRAPHY
LYEN CAREL T. GARCIA
TOP 1
CLE JUNE 2022

TABLE OF SPECIFICATION DEFINITION OF PHOTOGRAPHY:

FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY LITERAL DEFINITION
The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-
topics: Derived from the Greek word “Phos” or “Photos”
• Explain the scientific and technical principles of forensic photography which means “light” and “Grapho” means “Writing” or
“Graphia” meaning “to Draw”.
• Identify the types of photography and their application to law enforcement operations e.g.
surveillance, crime scene, etc.
• Identify the types of photography and their application to law enforcement operations e.g. The word was first used by the scientist Sir John F.W.
surveillance, crime scene, etc. Herschel in 1839.
• Process photographic exhibits i.e. fingerprint, ballistic, questioned documents, etc.
• Examine the legal aspects of photographic evidence, write forensic findings in a format It is a method of recording images by the action of
generally accepted by the scientific community and in a language clear to the court of law light, or related radiation, on a sensitive material

TECHNICAL DEFINITION:

MODERN DEFINITION: Photography defined as any means for the chemical, thermal,
electrical or electronic recording of the images of scenes or objects
Photography is an art of science which deals with the formed by some type of radiant energy including gamma rays. X rays,
reproduction of images through the action of light, upon sensitized ultra violet rays, visible light and infrared rays.
materials, with the aid of a camera and its accessories and the
chemical processes involved therein.
 PHOTOGRAPH PICTURE POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY AND FORENSIC
Is the mechanical and chemical result
of Photography.
Is a generic term is refers to all kinds of
formed image
PHOTOGRAPHY
An image that can only be a product of
photography POLICE FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTOGRAPHY
an art or science which deals an art or science of
with the study of the principles photographically documenting
of photography, the a crime scene and evidence for
preparation of photographic laboratory examination and
evidence, and its application to analysis for purpose of court
police work. trial

USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY FOR RECORD PURPOSES

Considered to be the utmost used of photography in police work
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
Personal Identification is considered to be the first application of
photography in police work
Alphonse Bertillion was the first police who utilized photography
in police work as a supplementary identification in his Anthropometry FOR PRESERVATION
system
Crime scene and other physical evidence requires photograph for
preservation purposes. Crime scene cannot be retain as is for a long
period of time but through photograph the initial condition of the scene of
FOR COMMUNICATION the crime can be preserved properly.
Photograph is considered to be one of the most universal
methods of communication considering that no other language can
be known universally than photograph.

FOR DISCOVERING AND PROVING

Photography can extend human vision in discovering and proving
things such as
FOR COURT EXHIBITS
a. The use of magnification Almost all evidence presented in court before formally be accepted
• Photomicrography requires that they satisfy the basic requirements for admissibility which
is relevancy and competency. A question of relevancy is usually proved
• Photomicrography/Macrophotography by proving the origin of the evidence and its relation to the case and this
• Microphotography is usually supplemented by photograph of the evidence giving reference
as to where it came from.
• Telephotography
Evidence presented in court once accepted became known as
Exhibit. Either Exhibit 1,2,3 etc. for the defense or Exhibit A, B, C etc for
b. Used of artificial light such as x-ray, ultra-violet and infra-red rays the prosecution.
to show something which may not be visible with the aid of human
eye alone.
CRIME PREVENTION
With the used of video camera (hidden camera) and other advanced SPECIAL USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
photographic equipment crimes are being detected more easily and even to
INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY
the extent of preventing them from initially occurring.
Recording images formed by infrared radiation. It can penetrate haze that
scatters the waves of visible light.
USES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
POLICE TRAINING
Modern facilities are now being used as instructional material not only
• Questioned documents
in police training as well as in other agencies.
- Even crossed-out words or writings on a charred piece of paper can be
read if photographs of them are taken with infrared rays.
• Aerial photography
REPRODUCING AND COPYING - Infrared photography can enhance the contrast of the terrain
• Surveillance photography
With the use of photography any number of reproduction of the • Detection of gunshot-powder burns, stains and irregularities in cloth
evidence can be made those giving unlimited opportunity for its examination • Detection of certain types of secret writings
and even allow other experts or person to examine the specimen without
compromising the original.
8

• It can differentiate inks, dyes, and pigments that appears visually the same ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOGRAPHY
• Fabrics that appear to be similar but have been dyed differently can be
identified by infrared Art or process of photographing or recording UNSEEN objects by
• It may also reveal the contents of sealed envelopes means of ultra violet light.
• It is also valuable in detecting stains on cloth, including blood stains that are
not visible to the eye; and
• Powder residues surrounding bullet holes in cloth, even when the fabric is
dark in color or bloodstained, may be made visible by infrared
USES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT

• Try ultraviolet photography after visible light techniques and infrared

light techniques fail (questioned documents, etc.).
• Fingerprints on multicolored surfaces
• Body secretions such as urine, semen and perspiration often glow
when illuminated by ultraviolet light
• Money and other valuables can be dusted or marked to identify thief's.
• Photographing “invisible ink”.

X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHY
Widely used in medicine, industry and
science. It is quite different from ordinary
photography. Xrays are invisible
electromagnetic waves.

MUG-SHOT PHOTOGRAPHY
Use for personal identification which is
the first use of photography in police work.
(Alphonse Bertillon is the Father of Mug shot
photography).

TELEPHOTOGRAPHY
Is the process of taking photograph of a
far object with the aid of a long focus and
Telephoto lens.
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY
Taking a magnified photograph of small
object through attaching a camera to the ocular PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
of a compound microscope so as to show a
minute details of the physical evidence. • A photograph is the mechanical and chemical result of photography.
• To produce a photograph, light is needed aside from sensitized materials.
PHOTOMACROGRAPHY/MACROPHOTOGRAPHY • Lights reflected or radiated by a subject must reach sensitized material inside a camera.
Taking a magnified (enlarged) photograph • The amount of light on the sensitized material after exposure is not immediately visible to
of small object by attaching an extended tube the eyes.
lens (macro lens) to the camera. • To make the formed image visible, it must undergo the development process(chemical
process).
• The visual effect that results from the chemical processing is dependent on the quantity
MICROPHOTOGRAPHY/ MICRO-FILMING and quality of the exposing light.
Is the process of reducing into a small • More light will yield an opaque or black shade on the sensitized material after development.
strips of film a scenario. It is first used in • If the light is too little, it will produce a transparent or white shade.
filmmaking • The exclusion of all other lights to be recorded on the sensitized material inside the light-
tight box (camera) is controlled by the lens.

ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY LIGHT

LIGHT
is an electromagnetic energy that travels in a form of a wave with the speed of 186, 000 THEORIES/NATURE OF LIGHT
miles per second.
CAMERA
THE WAVE THEORY (CHRISTIAN HUYGENS)
a light tight box designed to block unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching the
sensitized material. It is the theory that was transcribed from
LENS the motion of the water that if we observe a piece
is the light gathering mechanism of the camera that collect the reflected light coming from the
of log floating in the ocean and with the force of
object to form the image. the air would naturally will make the log move up
SENSITIZED MATERIAL and down.
composed of a highly sensitized chemical compound which is capable of being transformed
into an image through the action of light and with some chemical processes. ( Film and Photo Paper). CORPUSCULAR THEORY (NEWTON)
CHEMICAL PROCESS This later opposed the wave theory stating
is the process necessary for reducing silver halides into a form so as a latent image and a that light has its effect by the motion of very small
positive image be made resulting to what we called Photograph. particles such as electrons(c)

MODIFIED WAVE /ELECTROMAGNETIC

THEORY (MAXWELL AND HERTZ) LIGHT
All these theories are still considered
to be of little lacking that law enforcement • Light is defined as an electromagnetic energy with the speed of 186,00
need not to be very focus on this but rather miles per second.
go along with the accepted conclusion that
light is a form of energy, which is • The speed of light, measured in a vacuum is 299, 792.5 km/sec
electromagnetic in form. (approximately 186,281 miles/sec)
• Light wavelength is the distance measured between two (2) successive
crest or through of wave and it is expressed in either Millimicron
(nanometer) or Angstrom.
• Millimicron is the units of light wavelength which is equivalent to one-
QUANTUM THEORY (ALBERT EINSTEIN) millionth part of a millimeter
Electrons attached to a metal can • Angstrom is relatively smaller for it has an equivalent measurement of
absorb specific light, thus have the energy ten (10) millionth part of a millimeter
to escape (Sparks)
 PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS/ELECTROMAGNETIC
TYPES OF LIGHT
SPECTRUM
X-RAY
LIGHTS CAN LARGELY BE CLASSIFIED INTO VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE Light with the wavelength between .01 to 30 millimicrons. It is produced by
LIGHT. passing an electric current through a special type of vacuum tube. It was incidentally
discovered by Conrad Welhelm Roentgen. This type of light works in the principle of
shadow photography.
VISIBLE LIGHT ULTRA-VIOLET RAY (BEFORE THE VIOLET)
Is the type of light that produces different sensation when reach the Radiation having a wavelength of 30 to 400 nanometers designed to photograph
human eye. It is the type of light, which is capable of exciting the retina of fingerprints in multi colored background, documents that are altered, decipherment of erase
the human eye. writing and developing invisible writing. It is commercially known as “black Light”.
VISIBLE LIGHT
It refers to the type of radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700 millimicrons
designed for ordinary photographing purposes
INFRA-RED (BEYOND THE RED)
INVISIBLE LIGHT
Considered as the photographic rays with the longest wavelength ranging from 700
Lights in which their wavelength are either too short or too long to to 1000 millimicrons. It is designed to take photograph of over-written documents,
excite the retina of the human eye i.e. X-ray, Ultra-violet and Infra-red lights. obliterated writing, and charred documents or for black out photography. It is sometimes
referred to as heat rays).

ISAAC NEWTON IN 1666 proved that the light which men see as COLORS OF LIGHT FOUND IN VISIBLE
white light is actually a mixture of all colors of the spectrum. This is
produced when we allow light to hit a glass prism (Sharp Edge of the SPECTRUM
Glass).
PRIMARY COLORS NEURTRAL COLORS
BLUE GRAY
GREEN WHITE
RED BLACK

SECONDARY COLORS WHITE – PRESENCE OF ALL

CYAN COLOR

YELLOW BLACK – ABSENCE OF ALL

COLORS
MAGENTA

MEDIUMS OF LIGHT
TRANSPARENT OBJECTS – mediums that
merely slow down the speed of light but allow to
pass freely in other respects, transmit 90% or
more of the incident light.

TRANSLUCENT OBJECTS – mediums that

allow light to pass through it in such a way that
the outline of the source of light is not clearly
visible, transmit 50% or less of the incident light.

OPAQUE OBJECTS – A medium that divert or

PAINTED OBJECTS do not produce their own light, they reflect light, when objects absorb light, but does not allow lights to pass
look red, because it is reflecting only red light to our eyes. To do this, it absorbed the other though, they absorb most of the light while
primary colors in the white light it is reflecting. It absorbed green and blue and reflects red. reflecting some of it
 Once light hits a certain medium, its action can be
characterized as either:
REFLECTED, TRANSMITTED OR ABSORBED
(RAT)

REFLECTED once the light hits a mirror and it

bounce back

ABSORBED when the light hits a dark colored object

and prevents it from either bouncing or passing
through.

TRANSMITTED when the light hits a transparent

glass which would allow the light to pass through its
medium

MANNER OF BENDING OF LIGHT

• REFLECTION – the rebounding or
the deflection of light as it hits the
surface

• REFRACTION – bending of light

when passing from one medium to
another

• DIFFRACTION – bending of light

when it strikes the edge of an opaque
object.

LIGHT SOURCE
BRIGHT SUNLIGHT
NATURAL LIGHT
Object in an open space casts a deep and uniform shadow and the object
Are those light which come to existence without the intervention of appears glossy.
man e.i. Sunlight, moonlight and starlight.

TYPES:

• BRIGHT SUNLIGHT
• HAZY SUNLIGHT
• DULL SUNLIGHT
 HAZY SUNLIGHT DULL SUNLIGHT
Object in an open space cast no shadow due to thick clouds
Object in an open space casts a transparent or bluish shadow. covering the sun.
This is due to thin clouds that cover the sun.
CLOUDY BRIGHT - objects in open space cast no shadow but objects at
far distance are clearly visible.
CLOUDY DULL - objects in open space cast not shadow and visibility of
distant objects are already limited.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
FLUORESCENT LAMP
Otherwise known as man-made light e.g. fluorescent bulb,
Are tube lamps in which the walls are
incandescent bulb and photoflood lamp. coated with fluorescent powders with both
ends is mounted with a holder that serves as
the reflector. This is commonly used by
CONTINUOUS RADIATION everybody more than it is used in
photographing.
PHOTOFLOOD LAMP
INCANDESCENT BULB
Is likewise known as Reflectorized light or Spot light. It is a
light with a reflector at the back which focus the light to the object Are bulb with a wire filament
the common wattages of this lamp is 500 watts. connecting two wires which sustain the
electrical charge that produces the light.
Everybody likewise commonly uses this
although it is more expensive in terms of
electrical consumptions.
INFRA-RED LAMP
ULTRA-VIOLET LAMP

SHORT DURATION TYPE

FLASH BULB
CONCURRENT LIGHT
Are chemical lamps, as it generate lights by Light that is scattered
the rapid combination of metal in oxygen. The bulb can
be used only once as the bulb is busted when fired
electrically. There are thin filaments inside the bulb with
two electrical contacts. When the current flows through COHERENT LIGHT
the filament, it becomes incandescent and ignites the Light that is aligned as LASER LIGHT
explosive primer that ignites the aluminum foil that
burns, giving flash of tense light. “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”
ELECTRONIC FLASH
Produces light by an instantaneous electrical in HOLOGRAM
charges between two electrodes in a gas filled glass
The formation of image through the use of laser light
bulbs. The electrical energy for the discharge is kept in
capacitor or condenser. It usually ranges from 1/300
second and 1/5000 second, and because of this, subject DENNIS GABOR - who invented the hologram, explained
in fast motion can be arrested or stopped in the
photographs. his discovery in simple terms in this article published in 1948
 ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
CAMERA 1. LIGHT TIGHT BOX – a box designed to keep light out and serve as a frame
to hold other parts.
Is a light tight box with light gathering device and a means of blocking 2. LENS – designed to collect or to focus the reflected light from an object to
unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized material form an image on the film.
Basically, camera can produce image with its four-(4) basic parts such: 3. SHUTTER – designed to control the time during which the light reaches the
film
• LIGHT TIGHT BOX 4. FILM HOLDER (HOLDER OF THE SENSITIZED MATERIAL) – located at
the opposite side of the lens designed to hold firmly the sensitized material to
• LENS prevent the formation of the multiple or blurred image
• FILM HOLDER (HOLDER OF SENSITIZED MATERIAL) 5. VIEW FINDER – designed to determine the field of view of the camera or the
• SHUTTER extent of the coverage of the given lens

*All other accessory of any camera merely makes picture taking easier, faster
and convenient for the operator and is called ACCESSORY.

SHUTTER SPEED
OTHER PARTS OF A CAMERA
Is that part of the camera which regulates the time exposure of the film
thus, affecting the amount of light reaching the sensitized material. It is
VIEWING SYSTEM usually expressed in a fraction of a second.
Is that part of the camera which provides the means of showing to 1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500
the photographer the entire scene coverage that can be recorded in etc.
the sensitized material.
• The speed number in the left is always two times powerful in terms of light
gathering than that of the right number
• Slow shutter speeds are basically used for low light while fast shutter speeds
are used in bright lighting conditions.
FILM ADVANCER (FILM ADVANCE LEVER OR KNOB) • You have to control both shutter speed and lens opening to achieve correct
Designed to transfer the exposed film to the other side or to the exposure.
take up spool and the unexposed film will be the opposite side of the lens
for another exposure.

Using a fast shutter speed the TYPES OF SHUTTER

photographer can stop or “freeze” the
action of a person provided that BETWEEN THE LENS OR CENTRAL SHUTTER
necessary adjustment on the lens A type of shutter that is usually located between the elements
opening be made in order to maintain of the lens made of metal leaves and its action starts from the
center toward the side, and then closes back to the center.
normal exposure
FOCAL PLANE SHUTTER
Located near the focal plane or the sensitized material, this
type of shutter is usually made of cloth curtain, its action starts on
one side and closes to the opposite side.

Camera shutters often include one or two other settings for

making very long exposures:
B (FOR BULB ) - keep the shutter open as long as the shutter
release is held.
T (FOR TIME) - keep the shutter open until the shutter release is
pressed again.
 LENS APERTURE
The ratio between the diameter of the whole lens in relation to the
focal length of the lens. It is the light gathering power of the lens.
Otherwise known as lens opening or relative aperture and it is
expressed in F-number.

f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16

The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening and the bigger the lens
Diaphragm - a device made of thin overlapping metal leaves within a opening the greater the volume of air that will passed through the lens and reach
lens or camera which can be adjusted to specific apertures of f-stops to the sensitized material.
control the amount of light that strikes the film. If the objective of a photographer is obtain the widest possible coverage of
the lens in which objects are all sharp, It will be advisable to used a smaller lens
opening.

Depth of Field – It is the remoteness or

distance measured from the nearest to the
farthest object in apparent sharp focus
when the lens set of focus is at a particular
distance.

Depth of Focus – It is the distance toward

and away from the film that the lens can be
moved at a given f-value and the object still
appears in focus

Hyperfocal Distance – The nearest

distance at which a lens is focused with a
given diaphragm opening, which will give
the maximum depth of field.

FOCUSING
Is that mechanism of a camera designed to control the degree of
sharpness of the object to be photograph. It is usually obtained by estimating
the distance from the camera and that of the object that will make a sharp or GROUND GLASS (e.g. twin-lens reflex camera and digital camera)
clear image. This is observed from the viewing system of the camera, once the
object is not in focused the object will be viewed to be blurred and will
TYPES OF FOCUSING DEVICE: turn sharp and clear once adjusted. It is focused directly observing the
image formed at the ground glass screen, placed behind the taking lens.
RANGE FINDER (e.g. viewfinder, instamatic camera and 35mm cameras)

COINCIDENCE otherwise known as superimposed image focusing. In this

type of focusing a single object will appeared double once the object is not in SCALE BED/FOCUSING SCALE (e.g. press and view camera, and
focus, but moving the focusing adjustment this double image will coincide or Polaroid Evidence
superimposed to form a single object. Camera)
Estimating the distance of the object and adjusting the camera
SPLIT IMAGE FOCUSING on the other hand will show an image in split or two control based on his estimation do this.
parts once the object in not in focus once the two parts of the image has been
united then the object is already focused
 LIGHT METER – a device used in
CAMERA ACCESSORIES determining the intensity of light that strikes
the subjects and affects the film
TRIPOD – a stand consisting three legs and EXTENSION TUBE – a tube inserted
mounting head for a camera; used to support between the lens and camera body to
and stabilize the camera provide increased magnification for
macrophotography.

CABLE-RELEASE – a cable with a button or CAMERA GRIP – a device used to hold the
plunger attached to a camera to prevent camera firmly so as to prevent vibration or
accidental movement and eliminate camera movement
shake.
LENS HOOD – a plastic, metal ir rubber
device that attaches to the front of a lens to
shield it from extraneous light and eliminate
FLASH UNIT – an artificial source reflection that might destroy the image cast
synchronized with the opening and closing of by objects especially when the light is
the shutter to emit a brief but very bright burst coming from the top or side portion of the
illumination to a scene camera.

TYPES OF THE CAMERA

SIMILARITY OF A CAMERA TO THE
VIEW FINDER TYPE – it is considered as the
HUMAN EYE smallest and the simplest type of camera. Its view
finder framed the objects that will be recorded on
the film.
SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA – it is a type of
camera best suited for police work due to its
• Eyeball- Camera body interchangeability of the lens. The best way to
determine the entire coverage of the camera is to
• Eyelid- Shutter look directly behind lens of the camera. These
types of camera will eliminate the parallax error.
• Lens – Camera lens
• Iris- Diaphragm TWIN LENS REFLEX CAMERA – A type of
• Pupil- Aperture camera with dual lens, one for focusing and the
other for forming the image.
• Retina- Film/film holder
VIEW OR PRESS TYPE – is considered the
biggest and expensive type of camera, used for
movie making. A large format camera. Sometimes
even called a “studio camera”

PINHOLE CAMERA DIGITAL CAMERA

Consist of a box with a small hole in one of A camera that takes video or still
its side. photographs, or both, digitally by recording
images on light sensitive sensor (not film). a
type of camera that is electronic and does not
require light sensitive materials (film) for
FIXED FOCUS CAMERA recording images, it either uses a memory card,
disc (hard disc, floppy or compact disc) as
The most basic of all camera, have a non-
storage.
adjustable lens. Most model have a single
diaphragm setting and only one or two shutter 35MM CAMERA
setting. Any class of cameras designed to use
35-mm film, the same film used in commercial
motion picture production.
POINT AND SHOOT CAMERA
FOLDING CAMERA
Have many automatic features that make
them easy to use. Electronic devices inside the Lens and shutter mounted to camera
camera automatically adjust the focus, set the light body by means of accordion-pleated bellows,
exposure and advance and rewind the film. which can be folded into camera for ease of
carrying.
 LENS CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
An essential part of the camera 1. ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF IMAGE TO BE PRODUCED
which is used to focus the light coming from • POSITIVE OR CONVEX LENS (CONVERGING LENS) Characterized
the subject, it is mainly responsible for the by the fact that it is thicker at the center and thinner at the side which is
sharpness of the image formed through capable of bending the light together and forms the image inversely.
which light passes during exposure. (ZOOM IN)

A medium or system which converge

or diverge light rays passing through it to
form an image.
• NEGATIVE OR CONCAVE LENS (DIVERGING LENS) Characterized
by the fact that it is thinner at the center and thicker at the side and
DANIEL BARBARO
forms the virtual image on the same side of the lens. (ZOOM OUT)
First to introduce the use of lens in
the camera

INHERRRENT LENS DEFECTS

ABERRATION
Is the failure of light rays to focus properly after they pass through a lens or reflect from a
mirror. Proper focus occurs when the light rays cross one another at single point.
ABERRATION also defined as an optical imperfection responsible for image distortion.

SPHERICAL ABERRATION
Inability of the lens to focus light passing the side of the lens producing an image that is
sharp in the center and blurred at the side.

COMA (Also known as lateral aberration) CURVATURE OF FIELD

Inability of the lens to focus light that travels straight or lateral, thus making it blurred The relation of the images of the different point are incorrect with respect to one
while the light reaching the lens oblique is the one the is transmitted sharp. it is a lens another. (Circular dome like image)
defect in which the rays enter the lens obliquely
POSITIVE COMA – A kind of lens coma results in a star image near the outer edges DISTORTION
of the viewing filed seeming to have comet – style tail scattering radially towards its optical
axis (center) Is a defect in shape not in sharpness. It can either be Pincushion or Barrel
Distortion
NEGATIVE COMA – Scattering radially away from its optical axis
PINCUSHION – there is straight lines near the edges of the frame bow toward
The term Coma was coined 1733 by French mathematician Alexis Clairaut ( 1713 the center of frame. The curving is inward
– 1765 ).
BARREL – straight lines near the edges of the frame bow outward from the
center. The curving is outward
 CHROMATIC ABERRATION
Inability of the lens to bring
photographic rays of different wave lengths ASTIGMATISM
to the same focus.
Is a form of lens defects in which the horizontal and vertical
Is the failure of different colored light axis are not equally magnified. Inability of the lens to focus both
rays to focus after passing through a lens, horizontal and vertical lines.
focusing of light of different colors at different
points resulting in a blurred image. This is
the most difficult lens aberration to correct. CHROMATIC DIFFERENCE OF MAGNIFICATION
The inability of the lens to produce images sizes of object
FLARES with different color.
Condition of the lens producing
multiple images. Flare is non-image forming
light. Reduces contrast and color saturation.
Flare is caused by very bright subject areas
and produces internal reflections in the lens.

CLASSIFICATION OF LENS ACCORDING TO

DEGREE OF CORRECTIONS FOCAL LENGTH
MENISCUS LENS
The distance between the lens and the film plane when the lens is
Lens that has no correction. focused on infinity.
RAPID RECTILINEAR LENS(AKA APLANAT)
Focal length controls magnification (the size of the image formed by the
Lens corrected of distortion. It was introduced by John Henry Dallmeyer in 1866 lens). A lens is also described in terms of its view angle, the mount of the image
ANASTIGMAT/ANASTIGMATIC LENS shown on the film.
Correcting astigmatism Focal lengths are usually specified in millimeters (mm), but older lenses
ACHROMATIC/ACHROMAT LENS marked in centimeter (cm) and inches are still to be found.
Correcting chromatic aberration
APOCHROMATIC/APOCHROMAT LENS
Correcting both astigmatism and chromatic aberration
PROCESS LENS
A super-corrected lens for astigmatism. It has a better color correction and has the ability to
produce the best definition of image in the photographs.

FIXED FOCUS LENS

A lens use in all fixed focus camera. Basically, it has a short focal length and greater depth
of field.

CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES ACCORDING TO

LONG OR TELEPHOTO LENS
ITS FOCAL LENGTH With focal length longer than twice the
diagonal half of the negative. Best used in long
WIDE ANGLE OR SHORT FOCUS distance photographing but with narrow area
With focal length not longer than the diagonal coverage.
half of the negative. Useful in taking photograph at
short distance with wider area coverage.

MACRO LENS
NORMAL OR MEDIUM FOCUS
Lens with the ability to focus from infinity to
With focal length approximately equal but not
longer than twice the diagonal half of the negative. extremely closely, allowing it to capture images of
tiny objects in frame-filling, larger than life sizes.
Sometimes called “Close-up” lenses.
FISHEYE LENS – Describes an extreme wide-
angle lens that has an angle of view exceeding
FILTERS
100° - sometimes more than 180° - and that
renders a scene as highly distorted. Homogeneous medium (plastic or glass) which absorbs and transmits different light
rays passing through it. Its basic purpose is to subtract (control) light rays of varying
wavelengths.
TYPES OF FILTERS
CORRECTION FILTERS – used to change the response of the film so that all colors are
recorded at approximately the relative brightness values by the eye.
CONTRAST FILTERS – used to change the relative brightness so that two colors which
would otherwise be recorded as nearly the same will have decidedly different brightness
in the picture.
HAZE FILTER – used to eliminate or reduce the effect of serial haze.
VARIABLE FOCUS LENS – A zoom lens – one in NEUTRAL DENSITY FILTER – used for recording the amount of light transmitted without
which focal length is variable. Elements inside a changing the color value.
variable focus lens shift their positions, enabling POLARIZING FILTER – used to reduce or eliminate too much reflections on highly
the lens to change its focal length – in effect, reflective surfaces such as newly painted object which has high glossiness.
providing one lens that has many focal lengths

PARTS OF FILM
STRUCTURE OF WHITE AND BLACK FILM
SENSITIZED MATERIAL
TOP COATING (TOP LAYER) – scratch resistant coating also called gelatin coating, an
over coating composed of a thin transparent layer of a hard gelatin which help protect the
It refers to the film and photographic paper that basically composed of emulsion silver halide emulsion from scratches and abrasions. The hard gelatin, which is derived
containing Silver Halides suspended in gelatin and coated on a transparent or reflective from cows, contains SULFUR. The SULFUR is very much compatible with silver halides.
support.
EMULSION LAYER – SILVER SALT + GELATIN – A layer composed of silver compounds
which are light sensitive and halogens (such as bromide, chloride and iodide bromide in
fast film emulsion). A silver compound when combined with a halogen becomes SILVER
HALIDE. Silver Halides are rare compound that are responsible in forming the so called
the LATENT IMAGE in the photographic film.

FILM BASE – commonly made of cellulose or other material such as paper, plastic, or glass,
which supports the emulsion layer and is coated with a non-curling antihalation backing.

ANTIHALATION BACKING – a black dye applied on the rare surface of the film. Its function
is to absorb light that may penetrate the emulsion thus making the image sharper
since it suppresses double image. It prevents halo formation in the photograph. The black
dye is removed during processing by one of the chemicals in the developer. Its second
function is to control the film from curling inwards. (Towards the emulsion surface).

STRUCTURE OF COLOR FILM

TOP LAYER – sensitive to blue light only, green and red light passes through it without
exposing the color halide.
EMULSION LAYER

BLUE FILTER
YELLOW FILTER – CAREY LEA silver suspended in gelatin, it is coated between the top
and second layer to absorb any penetrating blue light but allowing green and red light to
pass through.
GREEN FILTER – a layer that is orthochromatic, the layer sensitive to blue light (which can
not reach it) and green, but not to red light pass on to the bottom of the emulsion layer.
RED FILTER – a panchromatic layer, sensitive to blue (which can’t reach it) and red. It is
also sensitive to green light but to a slight degree that is insignificant.

FILM BASE – Plastic film base

ANTIHALATION BACKING / COATING

 TYPES OF FILM
ACCORDING TO USE
BLACK AND WHITE FILM
Usually represented by a prefix or a suffix
“Pan” or “Ortho” and generally used in black and white
photography.
EXAMPLE : Ortholith film, Tri X-Pan and Pan X-plus.

COLORED FILM
Can be divided into two:
Negative type - having names ending in color
reversal type - having names ending in chrome

X – RAY FILM – films that are sensitive to X- radiations

ACCORDING TO SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY

is the responsiveness of the film emulsion to the
different wavelength of the light course.

ACCORDING TO LIGHT SENSITIVITY

BLUE – SENSITIVE FILM
Sensitive to U.V. light and Blue Color.
FAST FILM – contains numerous number of large grains of silver halides that usually
develop in groups; film that are very sensitive to light.
ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM
Sensitive to U.V. Light up to the green. ( popular in the
marker as KODALITH FILM)

PANCHROMATIC FILM
SLOW FILM – film that require longer period to completely expose their emulsion to light; Sensitive to U.V. Light up to red (sensitive to all colors
film with fine grains of silver halides. of the visible light)

INFRA-RED FILM
Sensitive to all colors and to infra-red light.

FILM SPEED (EMULSION SPEED)

ISO (INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ORGANIZATION)
This refers to the degree of sensitivity of the film to light. Expressed as combination of ASA and DIN rating.
ASA (AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION)
This is expressed in arithmetic value system. The bigger the number the more
sensitive the film is. 1. ISO – 25 – slowest speed that natural condition will permit, for best color and sharpness.
ASA 10, 20 , 30 , 40,50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000 2. ISO – 100 to ISO – 200 – for general purpose
3. ISO – 100 – slow speed film; needs sufficient light and low shutter speed; has fine grains
Note: A film with an arithmetical value of 400 is four times as fast as one with a speed
of silver halides; produce sharp image.
of 100
4. ISO – 200 – twice as fast and as sensitive as ISO – 100; has large grains; produce large
sharp image.
DIN ( DEUTCHE INDUSTRE NORMEN) 5. ISO – 400 – for dim light or with moving subject
6. ISO – 1000 and up – for extremely low light conditions or for fast moving objects
Expressed in Logarithmic value system. The bigger the number the more sensitive
the film is.
Din 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33 etc.

Note: In this system, an increase of 3 degree doubles the sensitivity of the film.
 PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER

It is that sensitized material that will record the visible image in the final development and
become the photograph.

TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS

ACCORDING TO EMULSION USED (SILVER HALIDES CONTENT)
ADVANTAGES OF PROJECTION PRINTING
The main advantage of enlarging over contact printing is that large
prints can be made, but there are several other important advantages.
SILVER CHLORIDE PAPER
Used for contact printing, the size of the positive print is the same as the size of the
THE ADVANTAGES OF PROJECTION PRINTING ARE AS FOLLOWS:
negative used. Sensitivity to light is low and give blue-black tones when properly developed.

DODGING = is the process of eliminating unwanted portion of the

SILVER BROMIDE PAPER negative during enlarging.
Used projection, printing and enlarging process. This is one of the most ideal photo
paper used for police photography. Will give a black tone when properly developed.
CROPPING = is the process of omitting an object during the process of
enlarging and printing.
SILVER CHLOROBROMIDE PAPER
VIGNETTING = is the gradual fading of the image towards the side
through skillful adjustment on the dodging board.
Used both for projection and contact printing. Slow emulsion
DYE TONING = is the process designed in changing the color tone of the
photograph.
VARIABLE CONTRACT PAPER
Combines the contrast range in one paper it uses a special chlorobromide emulsion BURNING-IN = refers to additional exposure on a desired portion of the
that produces varying contrast responses upon exposure to different colors of light. negative used for purposes of making a balance exposure.

SURFACE TEXTURE
ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. GLOSSY PAPER =designed for fine details and brilliant image formation.

2. SEMI-MATE PAPER = obscure the fine details

WEIGHT
3. ROUGH PAPERS = used for large prints or where breath rather than detail is
necessary.
1. LIGHT WEIGHT = designed for high flexibility and when paper
thickness is not of consideration. Intended for purposes, which involves
folding. COLOR
2. SINGLE WEIGHT = papers used for small prints or which are need to
be mounted on solid and fine details necessary in the production. Used 1. WHITE = better used in police photography.
in ordinary photographic purposes.
2. CREAM = preferred for pictorial effect, portraits, landscape or when warmth
3. DOUBLE WEIGHT = generally used for large prints because they effect is desired.
stand up under rough treatment.
3. BUFF PAPERS = prepare for tone prints
 ACCORDING TO CONTRAST (GRADE) CHEMICAL PROCESS
The process of making the latent image visible and
1. VELOX NO. 0 = used for printing extremely contrast negative or extremely exposed permanent.
film.
FILM
2. VELOX NO. 1 = used for high contrast negative (over exposed film)
1. DEVELOPMENT
3. VELOX NO. 2 = used for normal exposed film Is the process necessary for reducing
the silver halides to form the image.
4. VELOX NO. 3 = used for negative with weak contrast (under exposed)
ELON, HYDROQUINONE = used as main
developing agents
5. VELOX NO. 4 = used to provide sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or
weak negatives. It is useful imprinting which high contrast is desired. DEKTOL (1-1/2 min.)
D 76 (5 to 6 min.) Ideal
6. VELOX NO. 5 = for flat negative that are unprintable. UNIVERSAL (1 to 2 min)
FIXING (20 TO 30 min)

2. STOP BATH
Normally composed of water with little amount of dilute acetic acid that serves as a
means to prevent contamination between the developer and the acid fixer

CHEMICALS: 3. FIXATION (20 to 30 min)

REDUCERS Is the process by which all unexposed silver halides are dissolved or removed from
the emulsion surface and making the image more permanent.
PRESERVATIVE (SODIUM SULFITE)
DISSOLVING AGENT (HYPO/SODIUM THIOSULFATE) – main fixing agent
ACCELERATOR (SODIUM CARBONATE)
NEURTRALIZER – ACETIC/BORIC ACID
RESTRAINERS (POTASSIUM BROMIDE) PRESERVATIVE – SODIUM SULPHATE
HARDENER – POTASSIUM ALUM

4. WASHING
RUNNING WATER

ENLARGING
• Focus the lens of the enlarger
• Switch off the light of the enlarger
• The following are the steps in enlarging: • Insert the photographic paper in the easel the
shiny side facing up
• Preparation of the darkroom, chemicals and the
enlarger • Make the exposure
• Put off white light , switch on red light • Immerse the exposed photographic paper in the
developer. The usual developing time for normally
• Place the negative in the negative holder with the exposed paper is about 1 to ½ min.
dull side of the negative facing down
• Transfer the developed print in the stop bath for
• Insert the negative holder intro enlarger about 30 seconds
• Switch on the enlarger’ light • Place the prints in the acid fixer. The fixing time is
• Adjust the easel to the desired size of the about to 30 min.
photograph • Wash the print in running water for about 20 to 30
min
• Drying
• Mounting
 DIGITAL CAMERA TWO TYPES OF DIGITAL CAMERA

The principal attraction with the digital cameras is the immediacy of the results. THOSE WITH FIXED MEMORY
As soon as the image is taken, the shot can be viewed instantly on screen as well - has a limited number of image it can capture.
as on the computer or TV screen. - the use will be forced the image or transfer it to the computer.
There is no processing stage, the image can be printed at home using a standard
desktop printer or professionally using photographic paper and the memory can be re-used.
Digital cameras can vary in terms of the number of pixels or the individual elements
used by the imaging sensor. THOSE WITH REMOVABLE MEMORY
More pixels mean higher resolution. The higher the resolution, the bigger the file - it allows the user to load or replace a variety of storage cards in much the
size. same fashion as film is exposed and replaced.

OTHER FEATURES OF A DIGITAL CAMERA CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

A photograph of the crime scene is a factual reproduction and accurate
record of the crime scene because it captures TIME, SPACE AND EVENT. A
• Images taken can be viewed in the computer and can easily be printed photograph is capable of catching and preserving the:
for hard copies. SPACE - the WHERE of the crime (Locus Criminis)
TIME – the WHEN of the crime
• A Liquid Crystal Device (LCD) monitor EVENT – the WHAT of the crime – what is the nature or character of the
• Flash unit crime?
• Zoom lens capability
• Sound Recording
• Removable lens

POLICE PHOTOGRAPHER PURPOSE OF CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

Is the one who is tasked to take photographs of crime scene, • To record the original scene and areas;
suspects, witnesses or any physical evidence found at the crime scene, • To record the initial appearance of physical evidence;
bring them to the laboratory for processing, recording and filing. • Provide investigators the permanent record of the scene for future use;
• Used for court trials and hearings.

Two general classifications of crime scene photography:

• OUTDOOR PHOTOGRAPHY
• INDOOR PHOTOGRAPHY
 DIFFERENT VIEWS IN PHOTOGRAPHING THE
CRIME SCENE CLOSE-UP VIEW
GENERAL/LONG RANGE VIEW • Is the taking of individual photograph of the evidence at the scene
• Taking an over-all view of the scene of the crime. It shows direction and location of of the crime. It is design to show the details of the crime.
the crime scene.

MEDIUM VIEW
• Is the taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing it into section.
Showing the 4 angles of the crime scene including the possible entrance and exit EXTREME CLOSE-UP VIEW
point of the suspect. • Used to show the extent damage on the subject.
• Pinpointing a specific object of evidence or significant segment of the crime scene • Commonly designed in laboratory photographing using some
• This view will best view the nature of the crime. magnification such as Photomacrography and photomicrography.
• Used to show the extent damage on the subject.

PHOTOGRAPHING EVIDENCE
• For firearms identification, conduct macrophotography on the serial
numbers, nomenclature and other small part of the firearm/s
• For foot or shoe impression, the imprints of shoes, foot, slippers or sandals submitted as evidence before the actual examination of the firearm
are often found at or near crime scenes. Before and after reproductions are examiner.
made by plasters cast or dental stone, the impressions should be • For fingerprint identification, fine grain panchromatic fil of medium
photographed. contrast, along with some high contrast panchromatic film, may be
• In murder and homicide cases, it is necessary to photograph in detail the used to photograph latent prints.
pattern and color of bloodstains. The location area and tapering of the stains • When photographing black powdered latent prints in colored objects,
may indicate the positions and action of the assailant or the victim the photographer must take the colored background appear as light
as possible in order to provide the greatest possible contrast with the
• Conduct mug-shot photography to the victim/s and suspects while undergoing black fingerprint
paraffin casting.
• When photographing visible latent print found on glass, it must be
• Photograph other physical evidence submitted to the laboratory before photographed before and after applying powder on it.
examination such as suspected drugs, chemicals, explosive substances and
others.

LEGAL FOUNDATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC

• Dusted and lifted latent prints have been lifted should be
EVIDENCE:
photographed as soon as possible. FOR BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY
• To photograph the cadaver from head to foot, stand as high as
you can on it, then shoot straight down on the subject and try to 1859 – Daguerreotype was use in civil case, LUEO VS US (regarding the
avoid shooting from any angle other than vertical. authenticity of photographs in comparing signatures)
• Conduct close-up photographs on the entrance and exit wounds
as well as other external wound inflicted on or suffered by the
victims 1874 – In criminal case introducing photograph as identification evidence,
• Genital organ should be covered before taking photographs UNDERZOOK VS. COMMONWEALTH
during post-mortem examination
 FOR COLORED PHOTOGRAPHS THE BEST EVIDENCE RULE AND PHOTOGRAPH
1943 – CIVIL LITIGATIONS GREEN VS. CITY COUNTY OF DENVER
COLORADO, involving spoiled meat in violation of health ordinance prohibiting Photograph is not a legal substitute for the object or article itself, as
the sale of putrid meat to the public. Evidence. Nevertheless, all physical evidence should be photographed.
A photograph of revolver will not be accepted as evidence in court. The
1960 – In criminal case, STATE VS. CONTE, showing the graphic wound of the weapon itself must be brought to court – this is an essence of the BEST
victim EVIDENCE RULE.

ADMISSIBILITY OF PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE

The court recognizes that certain evidence cannot be brought to ELEMENTS OF A PHOTOGRAPH TO BE ADMISSIBLE IN COURT
the court. Building or roads are examples. Other evidence change
quickly. Vehicles using passing on it will quickly destroy skid marks on the 1. FAITHFUL REPRESENTATION OR ACCURATE REPRESENTATION OF THE ORIGINAL
OBJECT OR SUBJECT
highway. Wounds and bruises as evidence of injury will heal and The photograph must be free from distortion and must not misrepresent the scene or
disappear before the case comes to trial. object. Faithful representation means the same likeness as the original or as seen by the naked
eye. What is required by law is the likeness of the original. (In the case of the City of Manila
vs. Cabangis, 10 Phil, 151)

Such nature or kind of evidence can be preserved by 2. RELEVANCE

PHOTOGRAPHY and introduced in court as EVIDENCE.
3. MATERIAL

4. COMPETENT

5. NO INFLAMMATORY CONTENT/UNBIASED

CATEGORIZING PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE THE PHOTOGRAPHER IN COURT

The following information should be recorded in the photographer's note:

• In testifying, his purpose should be to EXPLAIN not to defend his
Location's address, date and time
PHOTOGRAPH. His replies to queries should be directly responsive at all
Type of incident & objects photographed times.
Type of film used and number of • If he does not understand the question, he should request for
Type of camera used clarification.
exposure • When the nature of the question requires that he consult his notes, he
should request permission from the judge.
Name of investigator on-case/photographer
Names of victims and witnesses
Chain of custody
Weather condition
 WHO MAY VERIFY PHOTOGRAPH HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1700
Camera Obscura
• The better practice is to show the accuracy of the photograph by ➢ The forerunner of modern camera.
photographer who took them.

1782
• Any person having sufficient knowledge of the subject to say that the Johann Schulze
photograph is faithful representation thereof. ➢ A German Doctor, made the discovery that sunlight would blacken chalk that has
been treated with a solution of silver nitrate.
➢ His discovery led to the development of film and become a basis of modern
photography that lights affect certain silver compounds.

1800
William Herschel
➢ Most encyclopedias and physics books credit the great British astronomer Sir William
Herschel with the discovery of infrared radiation in 1800.

1826
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.
➢ French inventor
➢ He made the first successful invention of photograph by capturing an image in a metal
plate coated with an asphalt compound exposed with light and placed in a solution that 1839
brought out the picture and dissolved the unexposed portion thereby fixing the image. Louis Daguerre (Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre)
➢ Produce the first permanent photographic image on a summer day in 1826. ➢ He revealed a successful process of developing which gains wide acceptance.
➢ In 1829, he became partner of Louis Mande Daguerre, a French theatrical designer. ➢ Developed a more convenient and effective method of photography, naming it
But before they successfully finish a developing process, Niepce died. after himself the Daguerreotype
➢ The photographic image was with a camera obscura. ➢ The Daguerreotype was the first commercially successful photographic process.
➢ Daguerre was able to reduce exposure time to less than 30 minutes and keep the
image from disappearing afterwards
Daguerreotype created a lasting image, one that would not change if exposed to light
Alhazen (Ibn Al-Haytham)
➢ He invented the first pinhole camera, also known as the Camera Obscura.

1851
Henry Fox Talbot (William Henry Fox Talbot) Frederick Scott Archer
➢ The inventor of the first negative from which multiple positive prints ➢ An English Chemist, introduced the wet collodion process to hold the silver
➢ He perfected this paper-negative process and called it a Calotype, Greek for compounds on glass which results in a much faster reaction of light.
beautiful picture.
➢ He invented the Mouse Trap Camera. 1877
➢ The Author of Calo or Talo System William Abney
The calotype, introduced in 1841; a negative-positive process using a paper negative. ➢ An English photo-chemist, gave practical directions for manufacturing emulsions.
➢ Invented copper bromide-silver nitrate intensifications. In 1880, he introduced
Abel Niepce de Sain-Victor hydroquinone as a developer
➢ Cousin of Joseph Niepce, was originally famous in photography for having
developed photographic negatives made of albumen on glass.
1880`s
George Eastman
Louis Deserie Blanquart-Evart
➢ Founder of the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York.
➢ Introduced a printing paper coated with albumen (egg white) as binding medium.
➢ He introduced the flexible roll-up film and later a hand-held roll-up film camera. A camera
that is easy to carry and use. The company also offered service for processing of film which
makes it for amateur photographer not to think of how to process them. This marks the
popularity of photography as a hobby.
1947
➢ Edwin Howard Land, an American scientist developed the instant film and his
“Polaroid Land Camera”. In just a matter of second, image is readily formed in an
instant film after shoot has been made.

-END- PRACTICE QUIZ

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
FUTURE REGISTERED
CRIMINONLOGIST!

1. The word “Photo” is derived from what word? 2. What is considered as the utmost used of photography in police
work?
A. Phos A. For identification
B. Latin Word B. For preservation
C. Greek Word C. For record purpose
D. light D. For court presentation
3. In 1947 Edwin H. Land introduced the one step photography also 4. The science of obtaining photographic magnification of minute
known as polaroid. What will be produce by LASER? objects by using a camera attached to a compound microscope. The
A. Polaroid camera lens is removed because the microscope will serve as the lens
for the camera.
B. Holograms
A. macrophotography
C. Digital Camera
B. microphotography
D. DSLR
C. photomicrography
D. photomicrography

5. Objects that allow sufficient visible light to pass through them that 6. This part of a camera is used to allow light to enter through the lens
the object on the other side may be clearly seen. for a predetermined time interval.
A. Transparent A. shutter
B. Translucent B. holder of sensitized material
C. Opaque C. view finder
D. Filter D. lens

7. In the modernization of the photography, DSLR camera almost 8. It is an inherent lens aberration wherein the lens has an inability to
dominated the market because of its great features that are very useful focus light passing through it and producing an image that is sharp in
in commercial photo shoots. What do DSLR means? the center and blurred at the side.
A. Double system reflex camera A. Spherical Aberration
B. Dual Single reflex camera B. Coma
C. Digital System reflex camera C. Chromatic Aberration
D. Digital Single reflex camera D. Flare
9. What is the timing of the camera shutter and the flash so that when 10. The combination of Blue and Green color of light which produced
the shutter is fully opened, that’s the time that the flash will yield its what secondary color of light?
highest peaks of illumination called? A. Magenta
A. bounce flash B. Yellow
B. synx C. Cyan
C. on camera flash D. Orange
D. synchronization

11. What is the main purpose of the camera as an essential element of 12. What photographic rays have the longest wavelength?
photography? A. infrared
A. It is designed to collect or focus the reflected light from the object
to form image on the film.
B. visible rays
B. B. It is designed to block the unwanted or unnecessary light from C. Ultraviolet
reaching the sensitized material. D. x-rays
C. It is created to control the passage of light once it reaches the
sensitized material.
D. None of these.

13. Assuming all conditions will be the same, which film gives the 14. It is a type of film according to spectral sensitivity wherein the
finest of grains? film is sensitive to UV light up to the green light only.
A. ASA 1000 A. Blue-Sensitive Film
B. ASA 100 B. Orthochromatic Film
C. ASA 200 C. Panchromatic Film
D. ASA 400 D. Infra-red Film
15.What shutter speed will freeze a moving object? 16. It the time of developing in using D-76 solution?
A. B-shutter A. 1 minutes to 1 ½ minutes
B. Slow shutter B. 5 to 6 minutes
C. Fast shutter C. 20 to 30 minutes
D. moderate shutter D. 1 to 2 minutes

17. What photo paper is ideal to be used in a normal exposed film? 18. If the basic exposure for a given film in bright sunlight is l/125
A. Velox no. 0 Shutter speed and F11 lens opening, the exposure setting at Dull
sunlight would be?
B. Velox no. 5
A. 1/125 Shutter speed and F4 lens opening
C. Velox no. 2
B. 1/125 Shutter speed and F5.6 lens opening
D. Velox no. 26
C. 1/125 Shutter speed and F8 lens opening
D. 1/125 Shutter speed F16 lens opening

19. Light travels in a form of a wave according to wave theory Huygens. 20. Refers to the taking in of light by the material. Following the law of
What is that unit of light wavelength which is express in ten millionth conservation of energy, such light taken in is not lost but merely
part of a millimeter? transformed into heat.
A. Millimicron a. Diffraction
B. Angstrom b. somnambulism
C. Nanometer c. absorption
D. Noliemeter d. convection
21. This makes the developed image permanent when it is followed by 22. Depth of field or the range of sharpness in front of and behind the
a thorough washing. In this process the un exposed silver halide subject on which focus has been set is controlled by the lens or
crystals are dissolved and removed from the emulsion of the diaphragm opening. To get a wider depth of field use a:
photographic materials. a. smaller lens opening
a. fixation b. wider lens opening
b. development c. medium lens opening
c. stop bath d. none of these
d. none of these

23. Why must the taking of photographs from an unusual camera 24. The type of photographic paper used in enlarging or projecting
position in crime photography be avoided? printing is the ________.
a. it distorts the focus a. chloride paper
b. it distorts the magnification b. iodide paper
c. it distorts the perspective c. bromide paper
d. it distorts texture d. nitrate

25. The chief attribute of this camera is its ability to deliver a complete 26. He discovered the use of Hydroquinone as a developing agent.
processed print almost immediately after exposure. a. John Carbutt
a. View Finder Camera b. William Abney
b. SLR c. Vioglander
c. Polaroid d. JM Petzval
d. Press Type of Camera
27. The focal length determines the: 28. Light sensitivity of the film is also known as:
a. Depth of field a. Film Speed
b. Angle of view b. Film Grains
c. Color of the picture c. Film Emulsion
d. Maximum aperture d. Film Contrast

29. A lens defect which is the inability to focus both horizontal and 30. It refers to the inability to focus all the different colors of light on
vertical plane at the same time lines running different directions. film at the same time.
a. Chromatic Aberration a. Chromatic Aberration
b. Astigmatism b. Astigmatism
c. Coma c. Coma
d. Curvature of Field d. Curvature of field.

LET’S CHECK!
1. The word “Photo” is derived from what word?

A. Phos
B. Latin Word
C. Greek Word
D. light
2. What is considered as the utmost used of photography in police 3. In 1947 Edwin H. Land introduced the one step photography also
work? known as polaroid. What will be produce by LASER?
A. For identification A. Polaroid
B. For preservation B. Holograms
C. For record purpose C. Digital Camera
D. For court presentation D. DSLR

4. The science of obtaining photographic magnification of minute 5. Objects that allow sufficient visible light to pass through them that
objects by using a camera attached to a compound microscope. The the object on the other side may be clearly seen.
camera lens is removed because the microscope will serve as the lens A. Transparent
for the camera.
B. Translucent
A. macrophotography
C. Opaque
B. microphotography
D. Filter
C. photomicrography
D. photomicrography

6. This part of a camera is used to allow light to enter through the lens 7. In the modernization of the photography, DSLR camera almost
for a predetermined time interval. dominated the market because of its great features that are very useful
A. shutter in commercial photo shoots. What do DSLR means?
B. holder of sensitized material A. Double system reflex camera
C. view finder B. Dual Single reflex camera
D. lens C. Digital System reflex camera
D. Digital Single reflex camera
8. It is an inherent lens aberration wherein the lens has an inability to 9. What is the timing of the camera shutter and the flash so that when
focus light passing through it and producing an image that is sharp in the shutter is fully opened, that’s the time that the flash will yield its
the center and blurred at the side. highest peaks of illumination called?
A. Spherical Aberration A. bounce flash
B. Coma B. synx
C. Chromatic Aberration C. on camera flash
D. Flare D. synchronization

10. The combination of Blue and Green color of light which produced 11. What is the main purpose of the camera as an essential element of
what secondary color of light? photography?
A. Magenta A. It is designed to collect or focus the reflected light from the object
B. Yellow to form image on the film.
C. Cyan B. B. It is designed to block the unwanted or unnecessary light from
reaching the sensitized material.
D. Orange
C. It is created to control the passage of light once it reaches the
sensitized material.
D. None of these.

12. What photographic rays have the longest wavelength? 13. Assuming all conditions will be the same, which film gives the
A. infrared finest of grains?
B. visible rays A. ASA 1000
C. Ultraviolet B. ASA 100
D. x-rays C. ASA 200
D. ASA 400
14. It is a type of film according to spectral sensitivity wherein the 15.What shutter speed will freeze a moving object?
film is sensitive to UV light up to the green light only. A. B-shutter
A. Blue-Sensitive Film B. Slow shutter
B. Orthochromatic Film C. Fast shutter
C. Panchromatic Film D. moderate shutter
D. Infra-red Film

16. It the time of developing in using D-76 solution? 17. What photo paper is ideal to be used in a normal exposed film?
A. 1 minutes to 1 ½ minutes A. Velox no. 0
B. 5 to 6 minutes B. Velox no. 5
C. 20 to 30 minutes C. Velox no. 2
D. 1 to 2 minutes D. Velox no. 26

18. If the basic exposure for a given film in bright sunlight is l/125 19. Light travels in a form of a wave according to wave theory Huygens.
Shutter speed and F11 lens opening, the exposure setting at Dull What is that unit of light wavelength which is express in ten millionth
sunlight would be? part of a millimeter?
A. 1/125 Shutter speed and F4 lens opening A. Millimicron
B. 1/125 Shutter speed and F5.6 lens opening B. Angstrom
C. 1/125 Shutter speed and F8 lens opening C. Nanometer
D. 1/125 Shutter speed F16 lens opening D. Noliemeter
20. Refers to the taking in of light by the material. Following the law of 21. This makes the developed image permanent when it is followed by
conservation of energy, such light taken in is not lost but merely a thorough washing. In this process the un exposed silver halide
transformed into heat. crystals are dissolved and removed from the emulsion of the
a. Diffraction photographic materials.
b. somnambulism a. fixation
c. absorption b. development
d. convection c. stop bath
d. none of these

22. Depth of field or the range of sharpness in front of and behind the 23. Why must the taking of photographs from an unusual camera
subject on which focus has been set is controlled by the lens or position in crime photography be avoided?
diaphragm opening. To get a wider depth of field use a: a. it distorts the focus
a. smaller lens opening b. it distorts the magnification
b. wider lens opening c. it distorts the perspective
c. medium lens opening d. it distorts texture
d. none of these

24. The type of photographic paper used in enlarging or projecting 25. The chief attribute of this camera is its ability to deliver a complete
printing is the ________. processed print almost immediately after exposure.
a. chloride paper a. View Finder Camera
b. iodide paper b. SLR
c. bromide paper c. Polaroid
d. nitrate d. Press Type of Camera
26. He discovered the use of Hydroquinone as a developing agent. 27. The focal length determines the:
a. John Carbutt a. Depth of field
b. William Abney b. Angle of view
c. Vioglander c. Color of the picture
d. JM Petzval d. Maximum aperture

28. Light sensitivity of the film is also known as: 29. A lens defect which is the inability to focus both horizontal and
a. Film Speed vertical plane at the same time lines running different directions.
b. Film Grains a. Chromatic Aberration
c. Film Emulsion b. Astigmatism
d. Film Contrast c. Coma
d. Curvature of Field

WHAT’S YOUR SCORE?

30. It refers to the inability to focus all the different colors of light on
film at the same time.
a. Chromatic Aberration
b. Astigmatism
c. Coma
d. Curvature of field