Chapter 1. Time - Domain Analysis of Electric Circuits PDF
Chapter 1. Time - Domain Analysis of Electric Circuits PDF
1
References
[1]. PT Cư, LM Cường, TTT Mỹ, Mạch điện II, 7th ed, ĐHQG Tp. HCM, 2016
[2]. Dương Hoài Nghĩa, Mạch điện, Trường Đại học Quốc tế Miền Đông, 2018
[3]. C. Alexander, M. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 7th ed, McGraw Hill,
2020
2
Chapter Outline
3. Laplace transform
3
1. Time – Domain Analysis of Electric Circuits
4
1.1 Time – Domain Analysis of Electric Circuits
• The steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit a long time after
an external excitation is applied.
• The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response right after
an external excitation is applied. It will die out with time.
𝐸 𝑢𝐶 𝐸 𝑢𝐶 𝐸 𝑢𝐶
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2. Canonical Method
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2.1 Canonical Method
𝐸 𝑢𝐶
𝑢𝐶 0 = 0V
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2.1 Canonical Method
• So 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑢𝐶𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑢𝐶𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐾𝑒 −𝑡 + 10
𝑑𝑢𝐶 (𝑡) 𝑖𝐶
𝑖𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐶 = −0.1𝐾𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐸 𝑢𝐶
𝑢𝐶 0 = 𝐾 + 10 = 0 ⇒ 𝐾 = −10
֍ Solution: 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 = 10(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝑖𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡
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2.2 Disadvantages
• The transient part and steady – state part are not simultaneously solved
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3. Laplace Transform
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3.1 Introduction
֍ Idea:
Analysis
Circuit
Time – Domain Inverse Laplace Frequency – Domain
Solution Transform Solution
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3.1 Introduction
֍ Advantages
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3.2 Definition
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3.2 Definition
𝜎1 +𝑗∞
1
𝑓 𝑡 = ℒ −1 𝐹(𝑠) = න 𝐹 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑗2𝜋
𝜎1 −𝑗∞
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3.2 Definition
֍ Examples
∞ 𝑡=0
• The Dirac delta function 𝛿 𝑡 = ቊ
0 o. w
∞
ℒ 𝛿(𝑡) = න 𝛿(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 0 = 1
0
1 𝑡>0
• The Heaviside/unit step function 𝟏 𝑡 = ቊ 𝟏(𝑡)
0 𝑡<0
∞
−𝑠𝑡
1 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 1
ℒ 𝟏(𝑡) = න 1𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑒 ቤ =
0 𝑠 0 𝑠
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3.2 Definition
֍ Examples
1
• 𝑓 𝑡 =𝑒 −𝛼𝑡
𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠+𝛼
1
• 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠
𝜔
• 𝑓 𝑡 = sin(𝜔𝑡)𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 + 𝜔2
𝑠
• 𝑓 𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑡 𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 + 𝜔2
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3.3 Properties of Laplace transform
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3.4 Laplace transform pairs
֍ Examples
2 4
• 𝑓 𝑡 = (2te −t
+ 4)𝟏 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
+
𝑠+1 𝑠
8𝑠 + 18
• 𝑓 𝑡 = 6 sin 3𝑡 + 8cos(3𝑡) ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 +9
1 1
• 𝑓 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 cosh 3𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 2
+ 2
𝑠−2 𝑠+4
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3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform
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3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform
֍ Simple poles
𝑁(𝑠)
𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠 − 𝑝1 𝑠 − 𝑝2 … (𝑠 − 𝑝𝑛 )
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾𝑛
𝐹 𝑠 = + + ⋯+
𝑠 − 𝑝1 𝑠 − 𝑝2 𝑠 − 𝑝𝑛
.
𝐾𝑖 = 𝑠 − 𝑝𝑖 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ𝑠 = 𝑝𝑖
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐾1 𝑒 𝑝1 𝑡 + 𝐾2 𝑒 𝑝2 𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝐾𝑛 𝑒 𝑝𝑛 𝑡 𝟏(𝑡)
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3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾𝑟 𝐺1 𝐺𝑛−𝑟
𝐹 𝑠 = + 2
+ ⋯+ 𝑟
+ +⋯+
𝑠−𝑝 𝑠−𝑝 𝑠−𝑝 𝑠 − 𝑞1 𝑠 − 𝑞𝑛−𝑟
. 𝑑 .
𝐾𝑟 = 𝑠 − 𝑝 𝑟 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ𝑠 = 𝑝 𝐾𝑟−1 = 𝑠 − 𝑝 𝑟 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ𝑠 = 𝑝
𝑑𝑠
1 𝑑2 .
𝐾𝑟−2 = 2
𝑠 − 𝑝 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ𝑠 = 𝑝
2! 𝑑𝑠 2
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3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform
֍ Repeated poles:
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾𝑟 𝐺1 𝐺𝑛−𝑟
𝐹 𝑠 = + 2
+ ⋯+ 𝑟
+ +⋯+
𝑠−𝑝 𝑠−𝑝 𝑠−𝑝 𝑠 − 𝑞1 𝑠 − 𝑞𝑛−𝑟
1 𝑑𝑚 .
𝐾𝑟−𝑚 = 𝑠−𝑝 𝑚 𝐹(𝑠) ฬ 𝑚 = 1,2, … , 𝑟 − 1
𝑚! 𝑑𝑠 𝑚 𝑠=𝑝
𝐾3 2 𝑝𝑡 𝐾𝑟
𝑓 𝑡 = ቆ𝐾1 𝑒 𝑝𝑡
+ 𝐾2 𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑡
+ 𝑡 𝑒 + ⋯+ 𝑡 𝑟−1 𝑒 𝑝𝑡
2! 𝑟−1 !
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3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform
֍ Complex poles
𝑁(𝑠)
𝐹 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑝 𝑟 (𝑠 − 𝑞1 ) … (𝑠 − 𝑝𝑛 )
𝐴1 𝑠 + 𝐴2 𝐴1 (𝑠 + 𝛼) 𝐵1 𝛽
𝐹 𝑠 = 2 + 𝐹1 𝑠 = 2 2
+ 2 2
+ 𝐹1 (𝑠)
𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 𝑠+𝛼 +𝛽 𝑠+𝛼 +𝛽
𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 = 𝑠 2 + 2𝛼𝑠 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 𝑠 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2
𝐴1 𝑠 + 𝐴2 = 𝐴1 𝑠 + 𝛼 + 𝐵1 𝛽
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3.5 Inverse Laplace Transform
֍ Examples
6𝑠 2 − 22𝑠 + 18
• 𝐹 𝑠 = ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 3𝑒 3𝑡
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 3)
3𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1
• 𝐹 𝑠 = ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑡
𝑠 2 (𝑠 − 1)
2𝑠 − 6
• 𝐹 𝑠 = 2 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 2 cos 2𝑡 − 3sin 2𝑡
𝑠 +4
3𝑠 − 5
• 𝐹 𝑠 = 2 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 (3 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡)
𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5
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3.6 Circuit Element Models
֍ Resistor
𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖(𝑡)
ℒ
𝑈 𝑠 = 𝑅𝐼(𝑠) 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑈(𝑠)
Impedance: 𝐙 𝒔 = 𝑹
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3.6 Circuit Element Models
֍ Inductor
𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
𝑢 𝑡 =𝐿
𝑑𝑡
ℒ
𝑈 𝑠 = 𝑠𝐿𝐼 𝑠 − 𝐿𝑖(0) 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑈(𝑠)
𝐿𝑖(0)
Impedance: 𝐙 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑳
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3.6 Circuit Element Models
֍ Capacitor
𝑑𝑢(𝑡)
𝑖 𝑡 =𝐶
𝑑𝑡
ℒ
𝑢(𝑡) 𝑈(𝑠)
1 𝑢(0) 𝑢(0)
𝑈 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 +
𝑠𝐶 𝑠 𝑠
𝟏
Impedance: 𝐙 𝒔 =
𝒔𝑪
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3.6 Circuit Element Models
֍ Source
𝑒 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐸(𝑠) ℒ
𝑒(𝑡) 𝐸(𝑠)
𝐸0
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝐸0 ⇒ 𝐸 𝑠 =
𝑠
𝜔
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝑡) ⇒ 𝐸 𝑠 = 𝐸0 2
𝑠 + 𝜔2
𝑠
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝐸0 cos(𝜔𝑡) ⇒ 𝐸 𝑠 = 𝐸0 2
𝑠 + 𝜔2
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3.7 Circuit Analysis
All the circuit theorems and relationships in time domain still hold.
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3.7 Circuit Analysis
𝑢𝐶 0 = 0V 𝐸 𝑢
1 𝑢𝐶 (0) 1 𝐸 1
𝑈𝐶 (𝑠)
• 𝑈𝐶 𝑠 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑠 + = 𝐼𝐶 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠𝐶
𝑠𝐶 𝑠 𝑠𝐶
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3.7 Circuit Analysis
1 𝐸 10 10 10
• 𝑈𝐶 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 = = = −
𝑠𝐶 𝑠(𝑅𝐶𝑠 + 1) 𝑠(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 𝑠+1
⇒ 𝑢𝐶 𝑡 = 10(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 ) (𝑉)
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3.8 Exercises
֍ Laplace transform
2 4 4
• 𝑓 𝑡 =𝑡 𝟏 𝑡−2 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑒
2 −2𝑠
3
+ 2+
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝑠 2 + 4 3𝑠 − 4
• 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡sin 2𝑡 + 𝜋/6 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑠 =
2 𝑠2 + 4 2
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3.8 Exercises
𝑠 3 + 4𝑠 2 + 7𝑠 + 9 ′ 𝑡 + 𝛿 𝑡 + 5𝑒 −𝑡 − 3𝑒 −2𝑡
• 𝐹 𝑠 = ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝛿
𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 2
* Hint: 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 2 = (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2)
4𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 − 1
• 𝐹 𝑠 = 3 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑒 𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑠 − 3𝑠 + 2
* Hint: 𝑠 3 − 3𝑠 + 2 = 𝑠 − 1 2 (𝑠 + 2)
𝑠 3 − 4𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 1
• 𝐹 𝑠 = ⇒ 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 2𝑡 + 3 + 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝑡 − 2)
𝑠 4 − 6𝑠 3 + 13𝑠 2 − 12𝑠 + 4
* Hint: 𝑠 4 − 6𝑠 3 + 13𝑠 2 − 12𝑠 + 4 = 𝑠 − 1 2
𝑠−2 2
𝑢 𝑡 = −50𝑒 −1000𝑡
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3.8 Exercises
֍ Circuit Analysis
𝑖
100V 𝑡<0
• 𝑅 = 100Ω, 𝐿 = 100mH, 𝐸 = ቐ−50V 0 < 𝑡 < 0.1
0V 0.1 < 𝑡
Find 𝑖(𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0
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3.8 Exercises
֍ Circuit Analysis
100
𝑢 𝑡 = 100 − 100𝑒 −500𝑡 cos 500 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
3
1
𝑖 𝑡 =1− 𝑒 −500𝑡 cos 500 3𝑡 + 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
3
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3.8 Exercises
֍ Circuit Analysis 1 2 𝑖
𝐾
• 𝐸 = 100V, 𝑟 = 𝑅 = 100Ω, 𝐿 = 100mH, 𝐶 =
10𝜇F. At 𝑡 = 0 the switch moves from 1 to 2. 𝑟 𝑅
Find 𝑖(𝑡) at 𝑡 > 0 +
𝑢
𝐶
−
𝐸 𝐿
2
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
3
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3.8 Exercises
֍ Circuit Analysis
−500𝑡
50
𝑢 𝑡 = 100cos(1000𝑡) − 50𝑒 cos 500 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
3
1
𝑖 𝑡 = 0.5𝑒 −500𝑡 cos 500 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −500𝑡 sin(500 3𝑡)
2 3
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