Jurnal Biolocus:

p-ISSN: 2621-3702
Journal of Biology and Biology Education Research
e-ISSN: 2621-7538
Vvolume xx, Number xx, 20xx

STUDY OF AMPHIBI DIVERSITY IN BONDOWOSO FALLS BASED ON

RESEARCH OF ANURA ORDER DIVERSITY IN TANCAK KEMBAR FALLS

ABSTRACT
Indonesia is recorded as a country with the most diversity of amphibians. Indonesia is recorded
as having two of the three amphibian orders in the world, namely Gymnophiona and Anura. The
Anura order can easily be found in Indonesia, reaching around 450 species or about 11% of all
Anura species in the world. Anura has 2 phases of life and its existence cannot be separated from
terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Anura can be used as a natural bio-indicator of environmental
pollution because it has a high sensitivity to environmental changes. The purpose of compiling
this article is to further study the diversity of amphibians in the waterfall area of Bondowoso
Regency. The method used is the study of literature from previous studies to be further studied
and developed and linked to theoretical concepts. Based on the results of existing research, it can
be concluded that at the Bondowoso twin tancak waterfall, amphibians were obtained, namely
the order of Anura. Ten species were obtained from the Anura Order, namely Chalcorana
chalconota, Odorrana hosii, Hylarana erythraea, Huia masonii, Phrynoidis asper, Leptobrachium
hasseltii, Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla achatina, Polypedates leucomystax and Rhacophorus
reinwardtii. Diversity of the Anura order is also determined by the conditions of the place, namely
the indicators of place temperature, humidity, water temperature, soil pH, and water pH and the
potential use of the place. Phrynoidis asper, Leptobrachium hasseltii, Fejervarya limnocharis,
Microhyla achatina, Polypedates leucomystax and Rhacophorus reinwardtii. Diversity of the
Anura order is also determined by the conditions of the place, namely the indicators of place
temperature, humidity, water temperature, soil pH, and water pH and the potential use of the
place. Phrynoidis asper, Leptobrachium hasseltii, Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla achatina,
Polypedates leucomystax and Rhacophorus reinwardtii. Diversity of the Anura order is also
determined by the conditions of the place, namely the indicators of place temperature, humidity,
water temperature, soil pH, and water pH and the potential use of the place.
cata Lock: amphibians, anura, waterfalls, Bondowoso

ABSTRACT
Indonesia is recorded as a country with the most diversity of amphibians. Indonesia is recorded
as having two of the three amphibious orders in the world, namely Gymnophiona and Anura. The
Anura order can easily be found in Indonesia, reaching around 450 species or about 11% of all
Anura species in the world. Anura has 2 phases of life and its existence cannot be separated from
terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Anura can be used as a natural bio-indicator of environmental
pollution because it has a high sensitivity to environmental changes. The purpose of compiling
this article is to further study the diversity of amphibians in the waterfall area of Bondowoso
Regency. The method used is the study of literature from previous studies to be further studied
and developed and linked to theoretical concepts. Based on the results of existing research, it can
be concluded that at the Bondowoso twin tancak waterfall, amphibians were obtained, namely
the order of Anura. Ten species were obtained from the Anura Order, namely Chalcorana
chalconota, Odorrana hosii, Hylarana erythraea, Huia masonii, Phrynoidis asper, Leptobrachium
hasseltii, Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla achatina, Polypedates leucomystax and Rhacophorus
reinwardtii. The diversity of the Anura order is also determined by the conditions of the place,
namely the indicators of place temperature, humidity, water temperature, soil pH, and water pH
and the potential use of the place. Leptobrachium hasseltii, Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla
achatina, Polypedates leucomystax and Rhacophorus reinwardtii. The diversity of the Anura
order is also determined by the conditions of the place, namely the indicators of place
temperature, humidity, water temperature, soil pH, and water pH and the potential use of the
place. Leptobrachium hasseltii, Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla achatina, Polypedates
leucomystax and Rhacophorus reinwardtii. The diversity of the Anura order is also determined by
Jurnal Biolocus:
p-ISSN: 2621-3702
Journal of Biology and Biology Education Research
e-ISSN: 2621-7538
Vvolume xx, Number xx, 20xx

the conditions of the place, namely the indicators of place temperature, humidity, water
temperature, soil pH, and water pH and the potential use of the place.

Kkeywords: amphibians, anura, waterfalls, Bondowoso

 Author Name, Title of Manuscript
Biolocus Journal:Journal of Biology and Biology Education ResearchVol.xx (xx)

INTRODUCTION Province in the Roro Kuning Waterfall Area. This

Biological diversity includes flora and fauna, study used the direct survey method (VES)
fauna in Indonesia has a high diversity potential, modified with purposive sampling. The results of
because Indonesia is an archipelago country the study explained that Anura in the Roro
with a tropical climate. Heterogeneous forest Kuning Waterfall area obtained ten species from
composition supports high diversity index five families of Anura, namely Chalcorana
values (Qurniawan and Trijoko, 2012). chalconota, Odorrana hosii, Huia masonii,
Indonesia is the fifth most diverse country in Phyrnoidis asper, Duttaphrynus melanotictus,
terms of the number of amphibian species in the Leptobrachium hasseltii, Fejervarya limnocharis,
world. According to IUCN data in 2013, the Limnonectes microdiscus, Occidozyga lima,
number of amphibian species in Indonesia is Polypedates leucomystax.
known as many as 392 species and ranks second Amphibians in Indonesia are included in the
in endemic amphibian species in the Asian Anura order, namely frogs and toads which are
region (Pratihar et al., 2014). often found in large numbers in nature. Anura is
Indonesia is recorded as having two of the in a forested area habitat that has humid
three amphibian orders in the world, namely conditions. The percentage of body weight
Gymnophiona and Anura. The Anura order can composition in Anura is 70% to 80% water
easily be found in Indonesia, reaching around (Yanuarefa et al., 2012).
450 species or about 11% of all Anura species in Therefore, this article was compiled to
the world. Amphibians are one component of the examine the diversity of anura amphibians in the
ecosystem that has a very important role, both waterfall area in Bondowoso Regency from
ecologically and economically. Ecologically, theoretical concepts and results from previous
several types of amphibians are also sensitive to studies.
temperature, humidity and environmental
changes so that they can be used as bio- METHOD
indicators of environmental damage and act as This study uses the literature study method
predators of primary consumers such as insects in which the aim is to examine the results of
or other invertebrate animals (Kusrini, 2013). previous studies to discuss the diversity of
The Tancak Twin Waterfall area in amphibians in the waterfall area, especially
Bondowoso Regency is one of the tropical rain waterfalls in Bondowoso Regency to be studied
forest areas and an ideal habitat for Anura. further, developed with other studies and linked
Tancak Twin Waterfall is located on the slopes of with theoretical concepts. which exists.
the Argopuro Mountains which has a height of
nearly 1,300 meters above sea level. Twin RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tancak Waterfall is located in Andungsari Based on the results of Huda's research
Village, Pakem District, Bondowoso Regency. (2018) it was found that the average waterfall
The water flow of the Tancak Twin Waterfall has an air temperature of 25-31°C, air humidity
never experiences drought during the dry season of 69-84%, soil moisture of 50-100%, soil pH of
(Hidayatullah, 2015). The shape of the beautiful 5.8-6 .8 , the pH of the water is 6.6-6.8 and the
green land area in the Tancak Twin Waterfall water temperature is 25-30 °C which in these
area with unspoiled water sources so that it is conditions allows amphibians to live and
suitable for Anura habitat in nature. reproduce. However, in this study, several
Research on Anura diversity in Bondowoso species of amphibians from the Anura order
Regency, East Java has not been carried out. were found, while the apoda and urodela orders
Another study on Anura diversity was conducted were not found.
by Indra Fauzi (2017), that the research was According to Kusrini (2013), most Anura are
conducted in Nganjuk Regency, East Java found in aquatic habitats and vegetation around
 Author Name, Title of Manuscript
Biolocus Journal:Journal of Biology and Biology Education ResearchVol.xx (xx)

river streams. Many Anura are found in aquatic not far from rivers, classified as terrestrial
habitat types, because Anura are never far from Anura. According to Kusrini (2013), Fejervarya
water during their lives, from mating, laying limnocharis can be found in paddy fields, large
eggs to becoming adults. In addition, fields, grassy fields, dry fields, teak forests,
observations were made during the rainy closed canopy forests as well as plantations
season, which is the season for Anura most along streams or ponds.
breeding along rivers and puddles. Based on Idris' research (2020), the results
Based on Idris' research (2020), the results show that Huia masonii are more commonly
obtained were 10 species from the Anura Order, found in the Tancak Twin Waterfall Area,
namely Chalcorana chalconota, Odorrana hosii, because the Tancak Twin Waterfall Area has
Hylarana erythraea, Huia masonii, Phrynoidis clear water conditions and the river water flow
asper, Leptobrachium hasseltii, Fejervarya is quite heavy, so the habitat conditions of the
limnocharis, Microhyla achatina, Polypedates Tancak Twin Waterfall are suitable for survival
leucomystax and Rhacophorus reinwardtii. Huia masonii from egg to adult. The habitat
The timing of research on Anura diversity condition of the vegetation around the Tancak
was also based on Nasir et al., (2013), which Twin Waterfall is in the form of lush trees
stated that Anura mated during the new moon measuring 5-10 meters long and not enough
or before the rainy season and during the rainy grass measuring less than 1 meter long that
season. Anura males will make sounds calling grows around the cliffs of the Tancak Twin
for females from the edge of the waters, both Waterfall. According to Iskandar (1998), that the
abundant waters and pools of water. So that the habitat of Huia masonii is always associated with
statement is in accordance with the Tancak fast-flowing rivers, although some individuals
Kembar Waterfall Area which has abundant are found in medium-flowing rivers.
river water, so Anura can survive and The index results in the Tancak Kembar
reproduce. Waterfall area show that Anura diversity is
Behavior in Anura is of the aquatic habitat neither too complex nor too low. Anura diversity
type, including being on large rocks along river values that are not too complex and not too low
streams, puddles around streams and in calm or can occur due to the conditions of the location of
swift river currents. Anura found in aquatic the observation area. According to Subeno
areas include Huia masonii , Hylarana (2018), it is the condition of the location of the
erythraea , Odorrana hosii and Phrynoidis observation area that can determine the number
asper . According to Iskandar (1998), that the of individuals in a species in the area, if the
habitat of Huia masonii, Hylarana erythraea, location of the area is in an area that has been
Odorrana hosii and Phrynoidis asper is always converted into plantations, agriculture and
associated with rivers with fairly fast currents, settlements, it will affect drastic changes in
although some individuals are found in rivers Anura diversity. Drastic changes in Anura
with calm currents and stagnant water. The diversity are caused by several Anura species
river water that is the habitat is a stream of that are sensitive to changes in environmental
water that is quite clear with rocky rivers that conditions or cannot adapt to the area.
are located in the forest. According to Priambodo et al., (2019), if an
Anura that are in the vegetation around the area has more heterogeneous vegetation, the
river flow, namely Leptobrachium hasseltii, more complex the diversity in that region. The
Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla achatina, cause of the non-heterogeneous vegetation in
Polypedates leucomystax, while the the Tancak Twin Waterfall Area is because some
Rhacophorus reinwardtii species are in trees of the land has been converted into plantation
near the Tancak Kembar river water. and agricultural land.
Leptobrachium hasseltii can be found in forests
 Author Name, Title of Manuscript
Biolocus Journal:Journal of Biology and Biology Education ResearchVol.xx (xx)

The value of Anura diversity can be used as Idrus,MR 2020. Diversity of the Anura Order in
a reference for environmental conditions and the Twin Tancak Waterfall Area, Bondowoso
the area of habitat it inhabits. This is based on Regency (Unpublished thesis). Sunan Ampel
State Islamic University Surabaya.
that Anura is a group of animals that can
Kusrini, Mirza. 2013. West Java Amphibian
function to know the condition and state of the Identification Guide. Faculty of Forestry IPB,
environment. Anura is an animal whose life Bogor.
cycle depends on environmental temperature, Nasir, MD, Priyono, A and Kusrini, MD 2013.
so it is classified as a poikilothermic animal, Amphibian Diversity (Anura Order) in the
where Anura's body temperature fluctuates Ciapus Leutik River, Bogor, West Java.
with ambient temperature (Kusrini, 2007). The Proceedings of the Seminar on the Results of
the Department of Forest Resources
temperature of an area changes drastically due
Conservation. Bogor Agricultural Institute.
to environmental damage, global warming, Pratihar, S., Jr., HOC, Dutta, S. Khan, MS, Patra, BC,
degradation of some forests and waste disposal, Ukuwela, KDB, Das, A., Li P., Jiang, J., Lewis, JP,
so it is certain that Anura's ecological life will be Pandey, BN, Razzaque, A ., Hassapakis, C.,
threatened with disappearance (Qurniawan, Deuti, K. and Das, S., 2014. Diversity and
2012). conservation of amphibians in South and
Southeast Asia. Sauria, 36(1), pp. 9–59.
Priambodo, B., H. Permana, F. Akhsani, SE
PCLOSE Indriwati, S. Wangkulangkul, SR Lestari, F.
Based on the study of the results of Rohman. Characteristics of Water Sources in
previous studies, at the Bondowoso twin tancak Malang, Based On The Diversity, Community
waterfall, amphibians were found, namely the Structure And The Role of Herpetofauna as
Anura order. Ten species were obtained from Bio Indicator. Euro Asian Journal of Bio
the Anura Order, namely Chalcorana Sciences. 13 : 2279-2283.
Qurniawan, TF, Trijoko. 2012. Species
chalconota, Odorrana hosii, Hylarana erythraea, Composition Of Amphibians In Gunungkelir
Huia masonii, Phrynoidis asper, Leptobrachium Stream, Jatimulyo Village, Kulon Progo.
hasseltii, Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla Techno Science Journal. Vol 2(1) : 15-74.
achatina, Polypedates leucomystax and Subeno. 2018. Distribution and Diversity of
Rhacophorus reinwardtii.Diversity of the Herpetofauna in the Upper Mount Sindoro
River, Central Java. Journal of Forestry
Anura order is also determined by the
Science. 12 : 40-51.
conditions of the place, namely from Yanuarefa, MF, G. Hariyanto, J. Utami. 2012. Field
indicators of place temperature, humidity, Guide to Herpetofauna (Amphibian and
water temperature, soil pH, water pH, as Reptile) Alas Purwo National Park. Alas
Purwo National Park Office, Banyuwangi.
well as the potential use of the place for
agriculture or plantations by humans.

REFERENCE
Fauzi, Indra. 2017. Diversity of Amphibian
Species (Anura Order) in the Roro Kuning
Waterfall Tourism Area, Loceret District,
Nganjuk Regency. Simki-Techsain. 1(2) : 2-11.
Hidayatullah, Agung F. 2015. Identification of
Ferns (Pteridophyta) in the Twin Tancak
Waterfall Area, Bondowoso Regency as a
Source of Learning Biology. Thesis. Malang
Muhammadiyah University, Malang.
Hoda, Nadya. 2018. Inventory of Amphibian
Diversity in the Bajuin Waterfall Tourism
Area, Tanah Laut Regency.