This document summarizes a lab experiment on testing beams. The experiment used a beam apparatus to test different beam configurations by applying various loads and measuring the beam deflections. Beams were tested as simply supported beams, overhanging beams, and cantilever beams. Load cells measured the support reactions at different load points on the beams. Graphs of support reaction versus applied load were plotted from the experimental data. The results and graphs were then analyzed to determine properties like the beam's Young's modulus and understand how beams resist bending forces from applied loads.
This document summarizes a lab experiment on testing beams. The experiment used a beam apparatus to test different beam configurations by applying various loads and measuring the beam deflections. Beams were tested as simply supported beams, overhanging beams, and cantilever beams. Load cells measured the support reactions at different load points on the beams. Graphs of support reaction versus applied load were plotted from the experimental data. The results and graphs were then analyzed to determine properties like the beam's Young's modulus and understand how beams resist bending forces from applied loads.
This document summarizes a lab experiment on testing beams. The experiment used a beam apparatus to test different beam configurations by applying various loads and measuring the beam deflections. Beams were tested as simply supported beams, overhanging beams, and cantilever beams. Load cells measured the support reactions at different load points on the beams. Graphs of support reaction versus applied load were plotted from the experimental data. The results and graphs were then analyzed to determine properties like the beam's Young's modulus and understand how beams resist bending forces from applied loads.
This document summarizes a lab experiment on testing beams. The experiment used a beam apparatus to test different beam configurations by applying various loads and measuring the beam deflections. Beams were tested as simply supported beams, overhanging beams, and cantilever beams. Load cells measured the support reactions at different load points on the beams. Graphs of support reaction versus applied load were plotted from the experimental data. The results and graphs were then analyzed to determine properties like the beam's Young's modulus and understand how beams resist bending forces from applied loads.
Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra
Malaysia
EMM3806 Mechanical Engineering
Laboratory I Semester 2 (2020/2021)
Lab Title : LAB 8: BEAM TEST
Group No. : E-1
Name Matrics No.
MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN JAMAL MOHAMED 206003
MUHAMMAD AZWAR BIN MOHAMMAD SHAM 206567
KHAIRUL NASHRAN BIN ANUAR 205951
MUHAMMAD IZZAT NAJMI BIN WAHAK 206870
ADAM MUHAMMAD BIN WIZMANIDZAL 205481
Lecturer Name: Dr. Mohd Zuhri bin Mohamed Yusoff
NO. CONTENTS PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK/METHODOLOGY 2
3. RESULTS 3
4. DISCUSSION 6
5. CONCLUSION 8
6. REFERENCES 9 INTRODUCTION A beam is a structural element that primarily carries weight in bending directions (flexure). Beams are commonly employed to transport vertical gravitational forces, but they can also transport horizontal loads. The profile (the shape of the cross-section) of a beam, as well as its length and material, define it. The ability of a beam to resist a load is determined by the type, material, and shape of the beam. It is vital to be clear about the pressures that can be resisted at each support in order to be able to examine a construction. The first is a simply supported beam with supports at both ends, the second is an overhanging beam with a length that extends beyond its supports, the third is an overhanging beam with more than two supports, and the fourth is a cantilever beam with only one end fixed and the other end free. Fixed ends support, pined connection support, and roller end support are the three fundamental forms of beam supports offered. Any two of these three varieties can be utilised to support a single beam. A simple support will cause a reaction normal to the beam, but no moment will be produced at the reaction.
In this experiment, the deflection method will be used to determine Young's modulus, also known as tensile modulus or elastic modulus, in this experiment. Beam deflection is the movement of a point on a beam's neutral surface from its initial location due to applied loads. The moment of inertia, modulus of elasticity, and other section parameters that vary based on the condition acting on the beam can be used to calculate the deflection. A beam's moment of inertia is a shape-dependent parameter that reflects how well the beam can tolerate bending forces. Another factor that helps the beam resist bending is its modulus of elasticity. The strain produced when a certain load is given to a beam is determined by the material property of the beam. Another factor that affects how a beam functions is its length. Greater the length of beam greater will be the bending moment produce due to external load. Last but not least , any beam must be built to endure internal shear stresses as well as bending moments. Another key consideration when building a beam is the maximum load it can support, as well as the internal shear forces and bending moment distribution along the beam in order to create it for maximum performance. Drawing a shear and bending moment diagram and computing the bending moment in a section achieves this.
Figure 1 : SM104 Beam apparatus
1 METHODOLOGY
Materials and Equipments
For this experiment, the beam apparatus named SM104 was used. The main frame of the apparatus consists of an upper cross member carrying graduated scales and two lower members bolted to tee-legs to form a rigid assembly. The load cells and cantilever support pillar slide along the lower members and can be clamped firmly in any position. The load cells are direct readings, and each is fitted with a hardened steel knife edge which can be adjusted by a thumb nut to set the initial level or to simulate a sinking support. A lead screw in the base of each load cell can be screwed upwards to support the knife edge and thus convert it to a rigid support when required. The cantilever support consists of a rigid pillar with a sturdy clamping arrangement to hold the beams when built-in end conditions are required. Weight hangers and a set of cast iron weights are supplied for applying static loads. All beam deflections are measured by dial gauge mounted on magnetic carriers which slide along the upper cross member. The dial gauge carriers, load cells and weight hangers are all fitted with cursors which register on the scale located on the upper cross member, thus ensuring easy, accurate positioning. In this experiment multiple weights were used weighing up to 6 kg and only one beam was used. Vernier caliper was used to measure the thickness and width of the beam and a measuring tape for the length of the beam.
Methodology
In order to begin the experiment, the thickness, width and length of the beam were measured. Then, the mid-span and at the 1/4-span points of the beam had been marked. Next, the load cells had been set up at the 1/4-span points and the knife edge had been locked. Later on, the beam had been positioned at the 1/4 –span overhang at either end. After that, two weight hangers equidistant from the mid-point of the beam had been positioned. Then, a dial gauge had been placed immediately on the upper cross-member so that the ball end rests on the center- line of the beam above the left-hand support. Right after, checking that the stem is vertical, and the bottom O-ring has been moved down the stem had been done and then the dial gauge had been adjusted to zero and then the bezel had been locked in position. After that, the dial gauge had been moved to a position above the right-hand support, then the beam had been checked if it is parallel to the cross-member, then the height of the knife edge had been adjusted so that the dial gauge reads zero. Next, the dial gauge had been removed and both knife edges had been unlocked. The load cell indicators are then adjusted to read zero. To take readings of the load cells, the loads were applied to the weight hangers in a systematic manner and the beam is tapped very gently. Finally, the readings were written down to process the results and to plot graphs.
This experiment used equation (3) and (4) to find the support reaction of the overhanging beams. The value of the support reaction can be obtained by using equations of force and moment equilibrium. By substituting the equation into the support reaction equation, it can be solved by using simultaneous equation method. The equation can be verified and used because the total support reaction will be equilibrium which is 0, that is mean the value will cancel each other to obtain balance.
There will be 3 graph that can be obtain from the experiment using the results that have been recorded. The first graph is R1&R2 against W1 where the weight will be put at one part on the right while the second graph is R1&R2 against W2. In the first graph, R1 has a higher value than R2 when W1 increases while graph2 is opposite than graph1. This is because when the weight is put at one side, the other side need to have higher support value to keep it balance. In graph3, the value of R1 and R2 is nearly same and they are directly proportional towards the weight.
The value between theoretical and experimental is very different because the measuring tools is very sensitive to the weight applied while the theory one is based on the value that we want to used. Using the tools will make the difference and can be taken measure of other force that interact with the beam.
The errors that might happen during the experiment is the weight error, some of the weight have been damage and might loss its original value. Due to that, the experimental value will be affected and the results will be different besides that, the dial gauge is not very accurate because one of the dial is clockwise while then other is anticlockwise. The reading will be difficult to recorded.
CONCLUSION From the experimental and theoretical calculation made above it can be concluded that theoretical values are always less than the experimental values. This is because theoretical values are made with ideal cases ignoring many facts of real life, like damaged apparatus, human error and human/machine limitations. The aim of this lab work to identify the supports reaction for simply supported and overhanging beams and to develop an understanding of beam apparatus, and to determine its sensitivity and accuracy has been achieved.
8 REFERENCE
1. Callister, W. D., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2012). Fundamentals of materials
science and engineering: An integrated approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 2. R. C. Hibbeler, (2013). Mechanics of Materials, 9thEdition. Pearson Education, Inc. page:139-144 3. Lab Manual for deflection of Beam Experiment Three Handout from http://web.eng.fiu.edu/munroen/Classes/1.%20LAb%20Manual%20for% 20deflection%20of%20Beam%20Experiment%20Three%20Handout.pdf
