Lecture Guide others to be more aggressive.
A cross-cultural
What is an Indigenous Psychology? psychologist takes a deeper look into the phenomena
Filipino Psychology is an Indigenous by investigating how traditional Asian women, in
Psychology. The scientific study of the ethnicity, general, are more submissive than modern American
society and culture of a people and the application to women. The cross-cultural psychologist researches the
psychological practice of indigenous knowledge rooted patterns (i.e. similarities and differences) between the
in the people’s ethnic heritage and consciousness. two cultures (i.e., personalities, behaviors, thought
processes, beliefs, feelings, opinions, traditions, etc.)
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Virgilio G. Enriquez in an effort to better understand the human race.
(1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous
Psychology & Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Moreover, these psychologists invest large
Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod ng Quezon. amounts of time and effort into learning cultural and
societal norms, so that they can better communicate
Understanding each culture from its own with different cultural groups. The hope is that
frame of reference, including its own ecological, learning about various cultures will help the human
historical, philosophical, and religious or spiritual race better understand each other.
context; based on knowledge which emerges from the
target culture rather than either directly or indirectly Cultural Psychology
from another location; an underlying premise which Cultural psychologists explore the general
suggests psychological principles cannot be assumed relationship between thought processes, behaviors, and
to be universally similar- this knowledge stems from cultures. These psychologists investigate how cultural
scholars located in the specific culture, has meaning influences affect the mind, and how the mind helps
within the specific culture, and is for the individuals create cultural influences. According to cultural
within that culture; advocates examining knowledge, psychologists, it is a cyclic process, in which the mind
skills, and beliefs individuals have about themselves contributes to cultural behaviors, traditions, beliefs,
and how they function in their cultural context, which and those influences affect the mind.
is not restricted to the study of indigenous individuals
or even the use of a particular method, rather Cultural psychology is the study of identity,
indigenous psychology is, in fact, necessary for all child development, emotions, social
cultural, indigenous, and ethnic groups, including behavior/interactions, friendships/romantic
economically developed countries. relationships, and family dynamics. Cultural
psychologists believe that
Cross-Cultural Psychology psychological disorders and behavioral tendencies
What is cross-cultural psychology? Well, originate, and are influenced by cultural factors.
cross-cultural psychology is a branch of psychology
that also examines cultural influences that affect The most significant difference between
thought processes and behavior. However, this branch cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology is
of psychology explores patterns between various the specificity of detail in both branches of
cultures. It is more specific in nature then cultural psychology. In other words, cultural psychology takes
psychology. a more general approach to culture, the mind, and the
body. Cultural psychologists study patterns in
Cross-cultural psychology was first introduced behaviors, and how culture, in general, influences
during the 1970s, but remains a force in modern those behaviors, while cross-cultural psychologists
psychology. The main function of a cross-cultural study the patterns (i.e. similarities and differences)
psychologist is to determine how various cultures amongst various cultural groups, and how those
affect human behaviors. These psychologists examine patterns affect behaviors.
universal and “unique” characteristics and traits, in an
effort to identify patterns amongst cultural groups. The Ethnopsychology
goal is to identify how culture impacts thought A discipline that studies the psychology and
processes, behaviors, goals, social experiences, behavior of the people of a particular ethnic
educational and career aspirations, self-esteem/self- community.
confidence, and relationships. Cross-cultural The principal objects of study of
psychologists are most concerned with how culture ethnopsychology are tribes, peoples, and nations, as
impacts individual personalities and social behaviors. well as specific population groups that are ethnically
related, such as groups of immigrants.
In a sense, cross-cultural psychology is a more Ethnopsychological research attempts to establish the
in-depth analysis of patterns and behaviors, than relation between the characteristics of the psyche of
cultural psychology. For example, a cultural members of the communities being studied, on the one
psychologist examines how culture, in general, causes hand, and the type of economic activity engaged in
some people to be submissive, while it encourages under specific natural conditions and the character of
nonmaterial culture (for example, traditions and is similar to it. The derivative Volk, a German word,
religious beliefs), on the other. For the most part, such refers to “people, nation, tribe, or race”. Wundt simply
research takes the form of empirical studies and wanted to create a new way to complete research
comparative descriptions. without the use of experiments. This led him to
discover a new type of psychology that dealt with the
Ethnopsychology, whose emergence was communal and cultural products of human nature,
associated with the development of ethnography and which includes religions, languages, and mythologies.
anthropology, initially turned to the reports of
missionaries and travelers for its data. W. Wundt, in Global Indigenous Psychology
his works on the psychology of peoples, made the first Indigenous Psychology is an intellectual
attempt at a genuine psychological analysis of this movement across the globe, based on the following
material. Although he relied on the incorrect, idealist factors:
premise that people has a special substantive soul, he 1. A reaction against the colonization/hegemony
established the general cultural historical orientation of of Western psychology.
research in the field of ethnopsychology. 2. The need for non-Western cultures to solve
their local problems through indigenous
In many countries, particularly the USA, practices and applications.
Freudian and neo-Freudian approaches to 3. The need for a non-Western culture to
ethnopsychology have gained currency. The recognize itself in the constructs and practices
development of ethnopsychology has been influenced of psychology.
by research in related fields, especially linguistics and 4. The need to use indigenous philosophies and
sociology. Linguists have investigated the mode of concepts to generate theories of global
thought of peoples who belong to different language discourse.
groups. Sociology has provided ethnopsychology with
various research techniques in particular, techniques Psychology, like any other language game, is a
for studying small groups. living conversation, for which translation is the key to
the perpetuation and permutation of the discourse. As
Ethnopsychology, which has not established Western psychology is translated into other cultures,
the existence of any special characteristics or features the more we make sure that the influence is going both
that allow one to speak of the superiority of some ways, and the more we allow conflicting voices to
peoples to others, has fostered criticism of nationalist inhabit the terms we use in psychology, the more
and racist theories. likely it is that alternative ways of doing psychological
science will emerge.
Volker Psychology
Völkerpsychologie is a method of psychology Thus, inherent in the Indigenous Psychology
that was discovered in the nineteenth century by the movement is a global surge of the creative energy and
famous psychologist, Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt is potential in psychology, a movement that, if nurtured,
widely known for his work with experimental will lead to a very different psychology of tomorrow.
psychology. Up until this time in history, psychologists The Division 32 Task Force on Indigenous Psychology
were using experiments as a source of researching is established to facilitate this process of growth and
information. Wilhelm thought that there must be a transformation in psychology at the global level. In
different method for particular, it reiterates the need to recognize the
research and came up with the idea of legitimacy of all indigenous forms of knowledge and
Völkerpsychologie. the ultimate benefit of global sharing and
collaboration.
Experimentation was too limited for studying Dedicated to the promotion and advocacy of
individual consciousness, especially with the indigenous psychologies across the globe, the task
application to mental processes, such as language. force will implement the following goals:
Wundt’s idea was that language was distinguished
among the collective human processes and since it 1. Making a mission statement or manifesto for
seemed to be crucial to the entire upper mental indigenous psychology that is congenial to the
functions, those functions were concluded as exempt indigenous psychologies across the globe.
to experimental research. All of this led to the design 2. Dissemination of knowledge concerning
of Völkerpsychologie, which Wundt created as a indigenous psychology through conferences,
branch of psychology that would work best for the use journals, and edited volumes.
of historical and comparative methods instead of 3. Promoting online debates and exchanges
experiments alone. across the globe on issues concerning
indigenous psychology.
Völkerpsychologie comes from the German
culture. To this day, there is no clear English word that
4. Serving as resources, via our website, for the those that were being taken in. They also argue that
global community of indigenous Western cultures seem to exaggerate the similarities
psychologists. and differences between Western and foreign cultures.
Types and Level of Indigenization 4. Indigenization and Empowerment Act
The Indigenization and Economic
1. Linguistic Empowerment Act was passed by Zimbabwe
In this context, indigenization is used to refer Parliament in 2008. It is a set of regulations meant to
to how a language is adopted in a certain area such as regulate businesses, compelling foreign-owned firms
French in Africa. The term is used to describe the to sell 51-percent of their business to blacks over the
process of conveying a certain region’s culture and following years. Five-year jail terms are assigned to
concepts in terms of the language that is being foreigners who do not submit an indigenization plan or
introduced. A common case where a language needed use locals as fronts for their businesses.
to be indigenized was in Africa where the ex-
colonizer's language required some references to The intent of the law is to ensure the country’s
African religion and culture, even though in the black members fulfill a more prominent role in the
original language there was no vocabulary for this. economy. Controversy rose over this intent, with
opponents stating that the law will scare away foreign
As this process is being carried out, there is investors. Indigenous Zimbabweans are defined as
usually a metalanguage created that is some "any person who, before the 18th April, 1980 [when
combination of the original language and the Zimbabwe gained independence from Britain], was
introduced language. This language shares cultural disadvantaged by unfair discrimination on the grounds
aspects from both cultures, making it distinct and of his or her race, and any descendant of such person,
usually done in order to understand the foreign and includes any company, association, syndicate or
language in the context of the local region. Sometimes partnership of which indigenous Zimbabweans form
the term indigenization is preferred over other terms the majority of the members or hold the controlling
such as Africanization because it carries no negative interest".
connotations and does not imply any underlying
meaning. Level of Indigenization Current Trends and
Directions
2. Economic Nowadays people are using technologies
Indigenization is seen as the process of mostly in all chores as it’s a part of their daily lives.
changing someone to a person of more corroboration Even you using your cellular phones whenever you go.
towards their surroundings. A large part of that process You cannot leave your house without these
is the economy of said surroundings. Indigenization technologies. As we as technologies does affects our
has played an important part in the economic roles of daily living and as we are human beings. As trends and
society. Thanks to the Indigenization and Economic directions of people nowadays into what extent its
level. I have a list of the current trends and direction:
Empowerment Act, black people were offered
a more distinguished position in the economy, with 1. Bullying Awareness and Prevention
foreigners having to give up 51% of their business to Bullying is an age-old problem that probably
black people. (Republic Act 7042, also known as the isn’t going away anytime soon. Until we eliminate it
“Foreign Investments Act of 1991, entirely, how can we make others aware of the
problem and come up with new and inventive ways to
3. Social work prevent it? How are today’s mental health
Another big part of indigenization is social professionals addressing bullying at school, in the
work, although it is unknown what the actual process workplace and online?
is when social forces come into place. Indigenization is
seen by some as less of a process of naturalization and 2. Healthy Intimate Relationship in College
more of a process of culturally relevant social work. College students are at a time in their lives
While indigenization wasn’t the standard, it was a way when they are experiencing great transition and may
to not only accustom others to a surrounding point of be making more decisions for themselves than they
view, but also ever have before. Sexually active college students may
helping understand both where these people came from feel prepared to deal with intimate relationships, but
and also their heritage. chances are many aren’t.
However, some argue that while the 3. Violence Awareness and Prevention
indigenization of social work may work when it comes Violence comes in many different forms.
to foreigners being brought into Western cultures, it While violence is as old as humankind, in modern
would not work as well non-Western cultures were times we have seen a rise in some specific kinds of
violence. What are we doing to combat violence in
today’s society, and how can mental health
professionals continue to advocate for violence
awareness and prevention?
