DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILDENVIRONMENT

LAB 2A and 2B

SURNAME : Thobejane

INITIALS : LK

STUDENT NO : 222231672

COURSE : Mechanical Engineering

MODULE : Manufacturing & Material Technology

DATE : 31 March 2023

I confirm that this assignment is my own work, is not copied from any other person's work,
and has not previously submitted for assessment either at University of Johannesburg or
elsewhere.

Signed………………………………………. Date ………………………………………….

Contents
INTRODUCTION

The force that results when a liquid under pressure acts on surfaces that are submerged is
known as a hydrostatic force. Fundamental concepts in fluid mechanics include the
calculation of the hydrostatic force and the location of the center of pressure. A location on
the submerged surface where the hydrostatic pressure force acts is known as the center of
pressure. The structural design of water-control structures like dams, levees, and gates is
heavily influenced by the location and strength of the water pressure force acting on those
structures. Many components of hydraulic equipment must be designed in accordance with
the principles of hydrostatic force and its line of action.

OBJECTIVE

To measure the hydrostatic force that water exerts on a surface that is partially or completely
submerged.

ASSUMPTIONS

The following assumptions were considered when generating this theory:

 Density of water was considered to be 1000 kg/m3

 In terms of gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s2

APPARATUS

 A Jug
 Callipers
 Hydrostatic pressure apparatus
 Rulers
PROCEDURE

1. The weight hanger was added to complete the set up.

2. The drain at the bottom of the tank was shut, then it was slowly filled with water.
3. The balance arm was waited for to rise after half of the water has been added to the
floating tank.
4. The amount of moisture applied to the balance arm or the tank's upper quadrant was
reduced.
5. After the tank was filled, very slight adjustments to the water level were made with a
jug so that the water can settle before taking readings.
6. Water was added before the balance arm became horizontal due to the hydrostatic
force that acted on the quadrant's end face by lining up the flat of the balance arm
with the level indicator's center mark.
7. Whilst the arm was horizontal, the scale was read on the quadrant's face to determine
the level of immersion.
8. The meniscus was ignored by raising and lowering the head until the eye was parallel
to the actual water's surface.
9. The process was repeated with additional weights attached to the weight hanger to
accommodate various load increments.
10. Till the water level reached the uppermost portion of the scale, the procedure was kept
going.
11. The procedure was repeated, with the weights extracted one at a time in the opposite
direction.

RESULTS

Table 1: Pure data table

Constants Dimensions (m)

High of End Face (D) 0.1
Width of End Face (B) 0.075
Length of Arm (L) 0.275
Height to Pivot (H) 0.2
 Partially Submerged Body
Hydrostatic Thrust Bd
2
F=ρg
2
Experimental Centre of Pressure '' mgL
h =
F
Theoretical Centre of Pressure d
h' ' =H−
3
Fully Submerged Body
Hydrostatic Thrust D
F=ρgBD (d− )
2
Experimental Centre of Pressure '' mL
h =
D
ρBD(d− )
2
Theoretical Centre of Pressure D2 D 2
+( d− )
'' 12 2
h = + H−d
D
d−
2

Table 2: Pure data table

Mass (g) Depth of Immersion

50 51
100 71
150 86
200 101
250 113
300 126
250 114
200 110
150 86
100 70
50 50
Analysis of Results

Mass (g) Depth of Hydrostatic Theoretical Experimental Error (%)

Immersed Force (N) centre of centre of
(m) pressure (m) pressure (m)
0.050 0.051 0.957 0.183 0.141
0.100 0.071 1.854 0.176 0.146
0.150 0.086 2.126 0.171 0.190
0.200 0.101 4.303 0.166 0.125
0.250 0.113 5.386 0.162 0.125
0.300 0.126 6.697 0.158 0.121
0.250 0.114 5.482 0,162 0.123
0.200 0.110 5.104 0.163 0.106
0.150 0.086 3.120 0.171 0.130
0.100 0.070 2.067 0.177 0.131
0.050 0.050 1.055 0.183 0.128

Calculation Sample

First Test

 Hydrostatic Thrust (N)

B d2
F=ρg
2

( 0.075 ) (0.051)2
=(1000)(9.81)
2

= 0.957 N
 Theoretical Centre of Pressure (m)

h =H- {d} over {3

0.051
=( 0.2 )−
3

= 0.183 m

 Experimental Centre of Pressure (m)

'' mgL
h =
F

(0.050)(9.81)(0.275)
=
0.957

=0.141 m

Hydrostatic Thrust vs Depth of Immerson

8

6
Hydrostattic Thrust (N)

0
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
Depth of Immersion(m)

Figure 1: Relationship between Depth of immersion and Hydrostatic force:

The graph above indicates that as the height of the water in the pressure system chamber
increases, the hydrostatic force on the quadrant's vertical, rectangular surface also increase. A
power model is used to illustrate the connection between hydrostatic force and measured
height. Equation 1 also backs the claim that the hydrostatic force will increase as the
measured height does.

Theoretical Cente of Pressure vs Depth of Immersion

0.185

0.18
Theoretical Centre of Pressure (m)

0.175

0.17

0.165

0.16

0.155

0.15

0.145
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
Depth of Immersion (m)

Figure 2: Relationship between depth of immersion and theoretical depth of centre of pressure

Experimental Centre of Pressure vs Depth of Immersion

0.2
0.18
Experimental Centre of Pressure (m)

0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Depth of Immersion (m)

Figure 3: Relationship between depth of immersion and experimental depth of centre of Pressure
The experimental and recorded height results demonstrate an unevenly shaped straight-line
graph. This shows that there were some errors made mid the experiment. The graph
additionally indicates that a change in immersion depth leads to a reduction in the
experimental center of pressure.

Mass vs Theoretical Centre of Pressure

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
Mass (kg)

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0.155 0.16 0.165 0.17 0.175 0.18 0.185
Theoretical Centre of Pressure (m)

Figure 4: Relationship between the mass of the object and the theoretical centre of Pressure

Though the experiment's results are mostly aligning with our expectations, errors still
occurred. The percentage of error in the results analysis acts as an example of this. Some of
these errors are made by human mistakes. When the balance bridge arm is levelled, it may be
challenging to read it correctly, which may result in inaccurate results.
Other errors can be made mid experiments, just like spilling water onto the balance bridge
while pouring; this in addition will lead to inaccurate results. The equipment that
malfunctions is the main other source of error. Testing issues with the apparatus could also
influence the results that are recorded.

CONCUSION
In order to measure the hydrostatic thrust acting on the water, the height of the water in the
chamber must be correctly calculated by the hydrostatics pressure system. The graph of the
water's theoretical height versus actual height illustrates this.
In this case, the hydrostatic thrust acting on partially immersed vertical rectangular surfaces
rises as the height of the fluid (water) in the chamber rises. The graph of the mass v/s height
backs this hypothesis when the balance of moments about the pivot is considered. As a result,
the center of pressure moves closer to the centroid of the quadrant as the level of water in the
chamber rises.
INTRODUCTION
While analyzing the buoyancy of floating bodies, such as ships, both mid the stage of design
through theoretical calculations as well as after the ship has been built through inclining
experiments, it is always essential to calculate the metacentric height.
A force referred to as buoyant force, which acts vertically and forces an object upward when
it is partially or completely immersed in fluid. In accordance with the Archimedes principle,
the buoyant force moves vertically upward and has a magnitude that is equal to the weight
force of the fluid that the body has displaced. A body that is floating or immersed in a fluid
encounters a buoyant force, which is generated by differential pressures at the object's top
and bottom and acts through the centroid of the dispersed volume. (Wordpress, 2017)

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the experimentally determined stability of a floating body to the calculated
stability.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The total weight (W), that is acting through the center of gravity (G), and the buoyancy
force(F), that is acting through the centroid of the immersed cross-section (B,) must be equal
for the ponton to be in static equilibrium. The metacentre (M) is the location of intersection
between the buoyancy force’s line of action (always acts vertically) and the extended BG
when the pontoon tilts through a small angle. M must be higher than G for a stable
equilibrium. (Zuratie, 2020)

NOMENCLATURE
W +P
Depth of Immersion: di=
lb
2
b di
GM Theoretical: GM = ( y− )
12 di 2
Px
GM Experimental: GM = cotθ
w

APPARATUS

 Pontoon
 Hydraulic Bench
PROCEDURE
RESULTS
Given Data:

Pontoon length (l) 0.350 (m)

Pontoon width (b) 0,200 (m)
Pontoon height (d) 0.075 (m)
Pontoon weight (total) (W) 1305(gm)
Traversing weight only (P) 305 (gm)

Table 1: Experimental Readings

Centre Positio Centre Position Centre Centre

of n of θ of of mass θ of of θ
Gravity mass x Gravity x (mm) Gravit mass x
y (mm) (mm) y (mm) yy (mm)
(mm)
0 -2 0 0 0 -0.2
15 0.5 15 1.5 15 2.5
30 1.5 30 3.5 30 5
10 20 30
45 3.5 45 6 45 8
60 6 60 8 60 10.5
-15 -3 -15 -3 -15 -3
-30 -5 -30 -5 -30 -5.5
-45 -6.8 -45 -7.2 -45 -8.5
-60 -8.5 -60 -9 -60 -12
 Theoretical Analysis

Angle of Metacentric Angle of Metacentric Angle of Metacentric

heel (θ°) height GM heel (θ°) height GM heel (θ°) height GM
(m) (m) (m)
-2 -2 -2
0.5 0.5 0.5
1.5 1.5 1.5
3.5 3.5 3.5
-0.00506 -0.00501 -0.00497
6 6 6
-3 -3 -3
-5 -5 -5
-6.8 -6.8 -6.8
-8.5 -8.5 -8.5

Experimental Analysis

Angle of Positio Metacentric Angle Position Metacentri Angle Position Metacentric

heel (θ°) n of height GM of heel of mass c height of heel of mass height GM (m)
mass x (m) (θ°) x (mm) GM (m) (θ°) x (mm)
(mm)
-2 0 0 0 0 -0.2 0
0.5 15 0.4017 1.5 15 2.5 15
1.5 30 0.2678 3.5 30 5 30
3.5 45 0.1720 6 45 8 45
6 60 0.1334 8 60 10.5 60
-3 -15 0.0669 -3 -15 -3 -15
-5 -30 0.0801 -5 -30 -5.5 -30
-6.8 -45 0.0882 -7.2 -45 -8.5 -45
-8.5 -60 0.0938 -9 -60 -12 -60