EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In this internship work We have presented the BER performance of MIMO communication
system . In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of
a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference,
distortion or bit synchronization errors. The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors
per unit time. The bit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total
number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unit less performance
measure, often expressed as a percentage.
 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

CHAPTER 1
ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE

Name Vidvek Infotech Private Limited

Registration Vidvek Infotech Private Limited

CIN NO U73200KA2018PTC117420

Company Logo

Tag line Quick and Reliable Solutions

Founder Vivekanand M Bonal & SUMAN

Registered Year 2018

Establishing Year 2012

Website www.vidvek.com

Email [email protected]

Products VLSI design, Web Development, Research Out-Sourcing, Digital

Marketing, Electronics & Control System Research Optimization,
Cloud Application Development, Research for IoT

Affiliations Karnataka, Telangana

Registered and Verifying Govt. of INDIA

Authority
OPP Poonam Store PDA Engg College Road Gulbarga – 02
Branches Address Sreemaan Rama Towers, Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad - 60,

1.2 ABOUT COMPANY

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Vidvek Infotech Private Limited is company specializing in customized software product and
IT services. We provide "Cutting- Edge" solutions that deliver competitive advantage to our
valued clients. Our disciplined management techniques, domain knowledge and holistic
approach constantly develop ways to enhance value to our clients. Focus on quality at every
step coupled with skilled resource management ensures that development remains always on
track. Our products are aimed at bringing the best practices in pedagogy together with the
latest technology to achieve excellence and to provide "the best in class"

Also, they providers Training and Projects in Embedded systems, Power systems, Power
Electronics, Electronic Drivers, Machines, DSP/DIP, VLSI, Data warehousing, .Net, C#,
Java/J2EE and Linux as well as develops its own range of quality Embedded products.
Vidvek InfoTech has successfully power itself in training thousands of students and
professionals. The teaching philosophy deployed, tries to create in-depth knowledge about
the subject at hand. We believe that depth is an essential ingredient to achieve heights in
training and development

 MISSION AND VISION

The Main Mission of Vidvek InfoTech is "To be a key player in deployment of Knowledge a
Technology, By Producing and Providing Versatile and Resourceful Professionals to the
growing Industries".

The vision of Vidvek InfoTech is to involve its students in never-ending Engineering

Research and make them excel in Quality Education. In the years to come its vision is to keep
its students in the forefront in Engineering and Technological Education. Moreover, it should
remain forever a world class institution for technological education and scientific research for
public good.

1.3 ACCREDITATIONS

NSDC ACCREDITATION NO: TP097994

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National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) is a not-for-profit public limited company

incorporated on July 31, 2008 under section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 (corresponding
to section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013). NSDC was set up by Ministry of Finance as Public
Private Partnership (PPP) model. The Government of India through Ministry of Skill
Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) holds 49% of the share capital of NSDC, while
the private sector has the balance 51% of the share capital.

NSDC aims to promote skill development by catalyzing creation of large, quality and for-
profit vocational institutions. Further, the organisation provides funding to build scalable and
profitable vocational training initiatives. Its mandate is also to enable support system which
focuses on quality assurance, information systems and train the trainer academies either
directly or through partnerships. NSDC acts as a catalyst in skill development by providing
funding to enterprises, companies and organizations that provide skill training. It also
develops appropriate models to enhance, support and coordinate private sector initiatives.
The differentiated focus on 37 sectors under NSDC’s purview and its understanding of their
viability will make every sector attractive to private investment.

 Accreditation No: VTP0003630

 The scheme namely Kaushalya Karnataka Scheme is launched in Karnataka by the Chief
Minister Siddharamaiah in 15th of May 2017. The scheme is for the job opportunity.
 Under the scheme youths of the state will be able to enhance their skill and knowledge
about the real life. Through which the chances of getting jobs will be wider for the
unemployed people. This scheme will be helpful to make them more skilled.
 The main aim of the scheme is to make entrepreneurs. It is not a conventional scheme that
creates jobs for the youths. But it is a skill enhancing scheme that will help the people to
become an entrepreneur and create own jobs.
 There will be two departments in this scheme. These departments will be called Vahini 1
and Vahini 2. The first one will be for the skill development and livelihood while the
other one is for the creation of jobs. These two departments are governed by the state
government of Karnataka.

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 There were nearly 800 youth were present. Unfortunately, because of the poor network
and server not all of them could register. However, many of them have already registered
with the scheme through online process.
 There are many categories like illiterates and literates under the scheme. Youths will have
to register according to their status and age group. Also they have to make provide proper
information while filling up the form
1.4 CLIENTS AND PARTNERSHIPS

 LAVISH CONSULTANCY PRIVATE LIMITED

 Lavish Consultancy Pvt Ltd situated at 60FT ROAD J C NAGAR, Bangalore, Karnataka,
is a leading placement agency that delivers the best opportunities to each individual. We
churn out the real talent and place them to the positions and companies they are best
suitable for. We are a vigilant placement consultancy, aiming to fulfil every individual’s
employment needs. We guide you in your journey to achieve your desired job.
 DELTA SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGIES

Delta Semiconductor Technologies Pvt.Ltd is a Bangalore start-up company which provides

cutting edge solutions with persuasion of "Service with Leadership" in VLSI and Embedded
Systems Design.

The company strongly believes on customer success through cooperation, unity and service.
We are specialized in providing services in Custom IC development which includes
Analog/Mixed Signal Design, Foundation IP Development viz. Memory Compilers, IOs and
Standard Cells, IBIS, VerilogA Modelling. The team has extensive experience in Circuit
Design, Characterization and Layout up to 20nm/ 22nm process nodes.

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 TANNA EDUCATION

Tanna Educational Services is located in the heart of the city of Rajkot which is one of fastest
developing educational and industrial center in Gujarat. They have another branch in Santa
Clara, CA, USA which is a hub of world-wide semiconductor and software development
known as Silicon Valley.

It is the leading educational institute. They are specialized in the field of Embedded Systems,
VLSI and Database Management. They are overwhelmed with highly trained staff with many
years of experience working in multinational companies. They offer variety of teaching and
training programs to help engineers sharpen their skills and broaden their knowledge. Please
go to our "Services" section for detailed information about our various Tech services.

 INNOVETECH

Innovetech Pro Solutions Pvt.Ltd.,

Linking Technologies to students

Innovetech Pro Solution Trainers Published Several Books By World Class Publishers Like
Phi India Pvt. Ltd. Innovetech Pro Solutions Trainers Were Recognized As The Best Trainers
By Top MNC Companies Like Wipro, TCS, Logical CMG, I flex, IGATE, L&T, Satyam
Etc.Innovetech Pro Solutions Involved In Training And Academic Projects Program In More
Than 100 Engineering Colleges From Tamil Nadu And Pondicherry.

 SOOXMA TECHNOLOGIES

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Sooxma Technologies is based in Hyderabad is a leading organization providing excellent

training in Robotics, Embedded Systems, Embedded Linux, Android and the latest innovative
technologies. Sooxma Technologies works round the clock to cater to the needs of the
equipment it has excellent record for the 9 years is a manifestation of the quality of
knowledge.

1.5 SERVICES OFFERED

1. Lab Equipment’s/ Educational Board

2. Software Services

3. Development Board

4. Academic Projects

5. Training and Placement

6. Research & Development

1.5.1 LAB EQUIPMENTS/ EDUCATIONAL BOARD

In the manufacture of Microprocessor Trainers and Interface Boards. With the efforts from
our Research and Development Team, the company has expanded its activities in various
areas as follows. Microcontroller, Process Control Instrumentation, Digital Signal Processing,
Power Electronics & Drives, Data Acquisition Systems, Personal Computer Trainer Systems,
VLSI & Embedded Systems etc.

At present, the company is concentrating in various new fields like Advanced Control
Systems, Solar Heat Pump Trainers, Advanced Process control, Chemical Reactors,
Distillation Column, Image Processing, Nuclear Electronics, Defense projects etc.

1.5.2 SOFTWARE SERVICES

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The provide a software service in the area of software development, mobile app development,
and digital marketing, in Electronics and communication, Computer Science, and Mechanical
with advance tools as required by the customer, college and industry needs.

1.5.3 DEVELOPMENT BOARDS

Development board is a printed circuit board containing controller and the minimal support
logic needed for an engineer to become acquainted with the microprocessor on the board and
to learn to program it. It also served users of the microprocessor as a method to prototype
applications in products. Like Microcontroller, FPGA and PCB.

Amazon: Vidvek Infotech TLP 250 IGBT/Mosfet Driver 2 in One Blue

1.5.4 ACADEMIC PROJECTS

 B.E/B.Tech – EEE, ECE, TCE, CSE, IT, MECH.

 M.E/M.Tech – P.E&D, Power Systems, VLSI Design, Embedded Systems, Digital

Signal Processing, Digital Electronics and Communications, Applied Electronics,
CSE & MCA, Diploma – DEEE, DECE, DCSE,

1.5.5 TRAINING AND PLACEMENT

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This Institute offers 24-Week Advanced Course in Embedded Systems. This course is
designed to offer application oriented training & real time exposure to students, there by
provides for bridging the gap between industry’s requirements and students’ academic skill
set. By pursuing the Institute’s Program in Embedded Systems the students gain ready
acceptance in the market.

Institute’s Advanced Course in Embedded systems serves the interests of practicing

embedded software engineers as well as those engineers planning to enter the embedded
field. The course content of this Program is approved by the industry and it,

 Presents practical lessons and techniques for use in Designing, Implementing,

Integrating and Testing software for Modern Embedded Systems
 Describes what an embedded system is, what makes them different, and what
embedded systems designers need to know to develop embedded systems
 Provides the student with a life cycle view for designing multi-objective, multi-
discipline embedded systems
 Imparts a solid understanding of the role of embedded systems and embedded systems
design and development in modern day’s technology-enabled society

1.5.6 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

(R&D) in Power Electronics, Communication, VLSI, Management, Image Processing,

Surveillance System, Computer Science, Information Technology, Bio-Medical and
Management. R&D unit is specially managed by most experience Doctorates
Dr.Vinyanadatta Kohir, Dr. TC Manjunath, and Dr.GK Guta (MBA)

1.6 OPERATION OF COMPANY

 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and

software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically
designed for a particular function. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical
equipment, cameras.

 WEB DESIGN& MAINTENANCE

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Web design is the process of creating  websites. It encompasses several different aspects,
including webpage layout, content production, and graphic design. While the terms web
design and web development are often used interchangeably,  web design is technically a
subset of the broader category of web

 DOMAIN REGISTER & HOSTING

A domain name registrar is an organization or commercial entity that manages the

reservation of internet domain names. A domain name registrar must be accredited by
ageneric top-level domain (gTLD) registry and/or a country code top-level domain (ccTLD)
registry. The management is done in accordance with the guidelines of the designateddomain
name registries.

 POWER SYSTEM & POWER ELECTRONICS

Electric power systems are comprised of components that produce electrical

energy and transmit this energy to consumers which lower the voltage to the
level needed for the consumer equipment. The production and transmission.

 MATLAB

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It

integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use
environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar
mathematical notation.

 VLSI

VLSI (very large-scale integration) is the current level of computer microchip

miniaturization and refers to microchips containing in the hundreds of thousands
of transistor s. LSI (large-scale integration) meant microchips containing
thousands of transistors.

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 MECHATRONICS

Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary area of engineering that combines

mechanical and electrical engineering and computer science. A typical
mechatronic system picks up signals from the environment, processes them to
generate output signals.

 CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing, also known as on-demand computing, is a kind of

internet-based computing, where shared resources and information
are provided to computers and other devices on-demand. It is a model
for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources.

 DATAMINING:

Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer

science involving processes of data set discovery utilizing
intersecting methodologies (artificial intelligence, machine
learning, statistics, and database system(s) etc. The overall goal of
the data mining process is transformative structural application(s).
Aside from the raw analysis step, it involves database and data
management aspects, data pre-processing, model and inference considerations,
interestingness metrics, complexity considerations, post-processing of discovered structures,
visualization, and online updating.

 BIG DATA

'Big data is a broad term for data sets so large or complex

that traditional data processing applications are inadequate.
Challenges include analysis, capture, data curation, search,
sharing, storage, transfer, visualization, and information
privacy. The term often refers simply to the use of
predictive analytics or other certain advanced methods to extract value from data, and seldom
to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision

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making. And better decisions can mean greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and
reduced risk.

 JAVA/.Net

Whereas .Net needs a very heavy framework to be installed which have higher
Hardware requirements too compared to Java. C# is the most popular language
of .Net and is used to create any kind of programming like Web Application.

 ANDROID

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google as an open source

Linux based platform for third party companies to build off. The open nature of
Android means developers and manufacturers can work with the platform for
free and change it.

 NS2

NS2 is an open-source simulation tool that runs on Linux. It is a discreet event

simulator targeted at networking research and provides substantial support for
simulation of routing, multicast protocols and IP protocols, such as UDP, TCP,
RTP and SRM.

CHAPTER 2

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ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

2.1 SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

2.1.1 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (DSP)

Digital signal processing (DSP) is the numerical manipulation of signals, usually with
the intention to measure, filter, produce or compress continuous analog signals. It is
characterized by the use of digital signals to represent these signals as discrete time, discrete
frequency, or other discrete domain signals in the form of a sequence of numbers or symbols
to permit the digital processing of these signals.

Theoretical analyses and derivations are typically performed on discrete-time signal

models, created by the abstract process of sampling. Numerical methods require a digital
signal, such as those produced by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The processed result
might be a frequency spectrum or a set of statistics. But often it is another digital signal that
is converted back to analog form by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Even if that whole
sequence is more complex than analog processing and has a discrete value range, the
application of computational power to signal processing allows for many advantages over
analog processing in many applications, such as error detection and correction in
transmission as well as data compression.

Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal
processing. DSP applications include audio and speech signal processing, sonar and radar
signal processing, sensor array processing, spectral estimation, statistical signal processing,
digital image processing, signal processing for communications, control of systems,
biomedical signal processing, seismic data processing, among others. DSP algorithms have

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long been run on standard computers, as well as on specialized processors called digital
signal processors, and on purpose-built hardware such as application-specific integrated
circuit (ASICs). Currently, there are additional technologies used for digital signal processing
including more powerful general purpose microprocessors, field-programmable gate arrays
(FPGAs), digital signal controllers (mostly for industrial applications such as motor control),
and stream processors, among others.

Digital signal processing can involve linear or nonlinear operations. Nonlinear signal
processing is closely related to nonlinear system identification and can be implemented in
the time, frequency, and spatio-temporal domains.

 APPLICATIONS OF DSP

The main applications of DSP are audio signal processing, audio compression, digital
image processing, video compression, speech processing, speech recognition, digital
communications, radar, sonar, financial signal processing, seismology and biomedicine.
Specific examples are speech compression and transmission in digital mobile phones, room
correction of sound in hi-fi and sound reinforcement applications, weather forecasting,
economic forecasting, seismic data processing, analysis and control of industrial processes,
medical imaging such as CAT scans and MRI, MP3 compression, computer graphics, image
manipulation, hi-fi loudspeaker crossovers and equalization, and audio effects for use with
electric guitar amplifiers.

2.1.2 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Digital image processing deals with manipulation of digital images through a digital
computer. It is a subfield of signals and systems but focus particularly on images. DIP
focuses on developing a computer system that is able to perform processing on an image. The

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input of that system is a digital image and the system process that image using efficient
algorithms, and gives an image as an output. The most common example is Adobe
Photoshop. It is one of the widely used application for processing digital images.

 APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Some of the major fields in which digital image processing is widely used are mentioned
below

 Image sharpening and restoration

 Medical field

 Remote sensing

 Transmission and encoding

 Machine/Robot vision

 Color processing

 Pattern recognition

 Video processing

 Microscopic Imaging

2.1.3 DIGITAL VIDEO PROCESSING

A video signal is the term used to describe any sequence of time varying images. A
still image is a spatial distribution of intensities that remain constant with time while a time
varying image has a spatial intensity distribution that varies with time. Movies (films) and
television are both examples of video signals as are the signals that drive computer monitor,
laptop and PDA displays. It is widely expected that video communications in particular will
be the next application driving the mobile and handheld device market. This course should
give you the tools to understand the components that are necessary for such systems to
operate effectively

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 APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL VIDEO PROCESSING

 Motion tracking

 HD videos

 Video Editing

 Surveillance cameras

 video compression

 Video coding

2.1.4 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger

mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints.It is embedded as
part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems
control many devices in common use today.

Examples of properties typical of embedded computers when compared with general-purpose

ones are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low per-unit cost.
This comes at the price of limited processing resources, which make them significantly more
difficult to program and to interface with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on
the top of the hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a
network of embedded units, one can both optimally manage available resources at the unit
and network levels as well as provide augmented functionalities, well beyond those available.

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For example, intelligent techniques can be designed to manage power consumption of

embedded systems.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs with
integrated memory or peripheral interfaces) but ordinary microprocessors (using external
chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also still common, especially in more
complex systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general
purpose to those specialised in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the
application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal
processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of
scale.

Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3
players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely
complex systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with
a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks
mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

2.1.5 ROBOTICS

Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic

engineering and computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and
application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and
information processing.

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These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans
in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance,
behavior, and/or cognition. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the
field of bio-inspired robotics.

The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously dates back to
classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow
substantially until the 20th century. Throughout history, it has been frequently assumed that
robots will one day be able to mimic human behavior and manage tasks in a human-like
fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue;
researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether
domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots do jobs that are hazardous to people
such as defusing bombs, mines and exploring shipwrecks.

 APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS

 Space Robotics

 Underwater Robotics

 Electric Mobility

 Logistics, Production and Consumer (LPC)

 Search and Rescue (SAR) & Security Robotics

 Assistance- and Rehabilitation Systems

 Agricultural Robotics
2.1.6 VLSI DESIGN

Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by

combining thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when
complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The

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microprocessor is a VLSI device. Before the introduction of VLSI technology most ICs had a
limited set of functions they could perform. An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU,
ROM, RAM and other glue logic. VLSI lets IC designers add all of these into one chip.

 APPLICATIONS OF VLSI DESIGN

 Application-specific integrated circuit

 Caltech Cosmic Cube

 Design rules checking

 Electronic design automation

 Poly silicon

 Mead & Conway revolution

2.2 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES ADOPTED

 SOFTWARE ADOPTED

 Mentor Graphics(Cadance Tool) – For Analog Desgin

 Mentor Graphics(ModelSim) – For Digital Design based on VHDL, Verilog and

System Verilog

 Quartus II 10.1 for VLSI Based Design and Development

 Spice Tools – NGSpice, H-Spice, PSpice and PSCAD

 Vivado Xilinx -2017

 Xilinx ISE Design Suite

 Matlab & Simulink

 Multi-Sim & NI Simulator

 DSCH & Mirowind – Analog Design

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 HFSS for Antenna Simulation

 Embedded Programming- Micro Keill, PIC Kit2, and MP Lab

 HARDWAR ADOPTED

 FPGA -Alter Cyclone II & IV, Spartan Kitsand Mojo FPGA

 Microcontroller - PIC, ARM, Raspberry Pi, AVR, 8051, Atmega, Cortex

 DSP - TMS320C6416

 Wireless Communication – IOT, WIFI, Bluetooth, Zigbee and GSM

2.3 ON GOING R& D PROJECTS

 Wireless Communication

 Internet of Things

 Security and Surveillance System

 GSM based remote control of Industrial process,

 Image compression/decompression, MP3 coding and decoding,

 Finger print classification, Hand tracking; Gesture recognition

 Embedded systems,

 ANN based alphanumeric classification,

 Face detection, Signature recognition, Speech recognition,

 Office/Library Automation, Device drivers (Linux/Windows),

 Simulation of power diodes, Radar Target detection, 3phase motor

performance

 Face Recognition Using DCT-HMM Approach

 MIMO Communication System

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 Critical Analysis of MIMO Communication System

CHAPTER 3

TASK PERFORMED

Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and

emotions through speech, signals, writing, or behavior. In communication process, a sender
(encoder) encodes a message and then using a medium/channel sends it to the receiver
(decoder) who decodes the message and after processing information, sends back appropriate
feedback/reply using a medium/channel.

3.1 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Figure 3.1 Overview of communication

A transmitter is a group of electronic circuits designed to convert the information into a

signal for transmission over a given communication medium.

A receiver is a group of electronic circuits designed to convert the signal back to the original
information.

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The communication channel is the medium which is designed to transmit the electronic signal
from one place to another.

3.1.1 ANALOG COMMUNICATION

In analog communication, the data is transferred from transmitter and receiver with the help
of analog signal. Analog signal possesses continuous varying amplitude with time. Any type
of data such as voice, sound etc. can be transferred through an analog signal. Firstly, the data
needs to be converted into electrical form. As voice, sound is non-electric in nature, it can be
converted into electric form with the help of transducer. Then this signal is passed through
the communication channel. Analog communication is appropriate for short distance
communication. Although, we can also use it for long distance communication with the help
of analog modulation technique such as amplitude modulation and angle modulation.

Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of Analog communication system

Modulation is the process of multiplying the low-frequency information signal with a high-
frequency carrier signal. Then, this signal is transmitted through the channel. Thus, one
modulator is required at the transmitter end, and one demodulator is connected at receiving
end for retrieving the original signal.

The major drawback of Analog Communication is that the strength of the signal starts
diminishing with the increase in the distance travelled. Thus, the signal to noise ratio starts
getting degrade. Moreover, noise affects the Analog signal more than digital signal because
analog signal is a continuous time-varying signal.

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3.1.1 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Digital Communication is the one which uses digital signals for transmitting information
between source and destination. Digital signals are represented by a square wave. This signal
consists of discrete values rather than continuous values.

The digital signal is formed by the sampling of the analog signal. The samples of Analog
signal are taken, and they are quantized. Digital signals usually consist of signals with two
states ON or OFF, After the sampling and quantization, the digital signal so obtained is
modulated by digital modulation techniques.

PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation), DPCM are some of the digital modulation techniques. The
digital communication system also consists of repeaters to intensify the signal which
undergoes attenuation due to travelling a particular distance. The repeaters intensify the
information signal and suppress the noise signal. Thus repeaters also maintain the SNR
effectively.

Figure 3.3 Block Diagram of Digital communication system

The significant advantage of using Digital Communication is that it is not deteriorated by

channel noise. This is because the digital signal is not a continuously varying signal. Thus, if
noise effects mix with the digital signal, the original signal can be retrieved from the distorted
signal. This is because if noise effects one of the points of the signal amplitude, we know the
range in which that point lies because digital signal consists of discrete values.

The demand of high data rate services has been increasing very rapidly and there is no
slowdown in sight. We know that the data transmission includes both wired and wireless
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medium. Often, these services require very reliable data transmission over very harsh
environment. Most of these transmission systems experience much degradation such as large
attenuation, noise, multipath, interference, time variance, nonlinearities and must meet the
finite constraints like power limitation and cost factor. One physical layer technique that has
gained a lot of popularities due to its robustness in dealing with these impairments is
multicarrier modulation technique.

In multi-carrier modulation, the most commonly used techniques Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing (OFDM); it has recently become very popular in wireless
communication. Unfortunately, the major drawback of OFDM transmission is its large
envelope fluctuation which is quantified as Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).

3.2 OFDM TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY

The OFDM is a Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) scheme used for the modulation of
multicarrier transmissions. The information data is divided in a set of parallel data streams
carried by closely spaced and orthogonal sub-carriers. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a
conventional modulation scheme like Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) or 16-
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM). The low symbol rate makes affordable the use
of guard interval between symbols which enables controlling of time-spreading and Inter-
Symbol Interference (ISI). The simplified channel equalization is only one of the reasons why
the OFDM was chosen as the multi-carrier transmission schemes by LTE and other
standardization bodies. Other advantages include high spectral efficiency, efficient
implementation via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), inherent bandwidth scalability, flexibility
of bandwidth allocation by varying the number of sub-carriers used for transmissions. The
OFDM also shows some disadvantages like sensitivity to frequency synchronization and
above all a high Peak-To-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). As the amplitude of the time-domain
signal is dependent on hundreds of sub-carriers, large signal peaks will occasionally reach the
amplifier saturation region, resulting in a non-linear distortion [9]. The last problem requires
high linearity power amplifiers which operate with a large backoff from their peak power
suffering from poor power efficiency

The increased popularity and usage of wireless multimedia applications has led to the
development of various multicarrier modulation techniques in order to meet high bit rate
demands; few among them being Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Orthogonal

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Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). OFDM is multicarrier technique that is based on

block modulation which provides high speed communication with the elimination of Inter
Symbol Interference (ISI) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) by inserting a Cyclic Prefix
(CP). At the same time it accommodates more number of users showing spectral efficiency. It
also supports various favorable features required for the fourth generation wireless
communication system.

OFDM provides high spectral efficiency, low implementation complexity, less

vulnerability to echoes and non linear distortion. Due to these advantages of the OFDM
system, it is vastly used in various communication systems. But the major problem is the high
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of this system. A large PAPR increases the complexity
of the analog to digital and digital to analog converter and reduces the efficiency of the
radiofrequency (RF) power amplifier. Regulatory and application constraints can be
implemented to reduce the peak transmitted power which in turn reduces the range of multi
carrier transmission. This leads to the prevention of spectral growth and the transmitter power
amplifier is no longer confined to linear region in which it should operate. This has a harmful
effect on the battery lifetime.

There are a various techniques to deal with the problem of PAPR like “clipping and
filtering‟, “coding‟, “partial transmit sequence (PTS)‟, “selected mapping (SLM)‟ ,

“Interleaving‟ and “precoding”, etc.

3.3 NON ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS (NOMA)

The Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has become one of the desired
candidates for the upcoming 5G Cellular Networks due to massive connectivity, higher data
rate and low latency. NOMA is a new signal design multiple access schemes where users will
share time and frequency. Hence, more than one user can share the same frequency band
simultaneously. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based NOMA is
expected to provide the higher spectral effciency, better cell coverage, massive connectivity
and low latency. At the transmitter side, NOMA employs Superposition-Coding (SC) to send
independent packets (signals) to several receivers simultaneously, and on the other hand,
Successive-Interference-Cancellation (SIC) is employed to separate the signals of different
users.

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

SIC is used at the cell center user (i.e., low power signal) to decode and cancel all the
high power signals of paired users. SIC also introduce additional complexity and delay. Base
on Shannon's theory, more complexity and delay will provide a better system. Direct
demodulation will result in error propagation, and errors will occur in pairs in both signals. If
SIC is employed, there is sufficient CNR to decode the less robust signal, and the robust
signal should have no error at all. So error propagation will not occur. The requirements of
mobile users are increasing day-by- day, and the industry is trying to satisfy all the demands.
The researchers are trying to do their best to full the customer demands. The old mobile
communication standards like 1G, 2G, and 3G were focused on providing best voice services.
When demand for data services increased the 3.5G (HSPA) and the 4G (LTE) was
introduced, but still high data rate is required with the best quality of service. The upcoming
new 5G mobile communication standard is expected to increase capacity 1000 times.

We consider orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as the modulation scheme

and NOMA as the multiple access scheme. In conventional 4G networks, as natural extension
of OFDM, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is used where
information for each user is assigned to a subset of subcarriers. In NOMA, on the other hand,
all of the subcarriers can be used by each user. Figure 1 illustrates the spectrum sharing for
OFDMA and NOMA for two users. The concept applies both uplink and downlink
transmission.

Figure 3.4.Spectrum sharing for OFDMA and NOMA for two users.
3.3.1 SUCCESSIVE INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION (SIC)
Superposition coding at the transmitter and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the
receiver makes it possible to utilize the same spectrum for all users. At the transmitter site, all
the individual information signals are superimposed into a single waveform, while at the

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receiver, SIC decodes the signals one by one until it finds the desired signal. Figure
3.5 illustrates the concept. In the illustration, the three information signals indicated with
different colors are superimposed at the transmitter. The received signal at the SIC receiver
includes all these three signals. The first signal that SIC decodes is the strongest one while
others as interference. The first decoded signal is then subtracted from the received signal and
if the decoding is perfect, the waveform with the rest of the signals is accurately obtained.
SIC iterates the process until it finds the desired signal.

Figure 3.5 . Successive interference cancellation.

The success of SIC depends on the perfect cancellation of the signals in the iteration steps.
The transmitter should accurately split the power between the user information waveforms
and superimpose them. The methodology for power split differs for uplink and downlink
channels

3.3.2 NOMA FOR DOWNLINK

In NOMA downlink, the base station superimposes the information waveforms for its
serviced users. Each user equipment (UE) employs SIC to detect their own signals. Figure 3.6
shows a BS and K number of UEs with SIC receivers. In the network, it is assumed that the
UE1 is the closest to the base station (BS), and UEK is the farthest.

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

Figure 3.6 Downlink NOMA for K users

The challenge for BS is to decide how to allocate the power among the individual
information waveforms, which is critical for SIC. In NOMA downlink, more power is
allocated to UE located farther from the BS and the least power to the UE closest to the BS.
In the network, all UEs receive the same signal that contains the information for all users.
Each UE decodes the strongest signal first, and then subtracts the decoded signal from the
received signal. SIC receiver iterates the subtraction until it finds its own signal. UE located
close to the BS can cancel the signals of the farther UEs. Since the signal of the farthest UE
contributes the most to the received signal, it will decode its own signal first.

3.3.3 2. NOMA FOR UPLINK

Uplink implementation of NOMA is slightly different than the downlink. Figure 3.7 depicts a
network that multiplexes K UEs in the uplink using NOMA. This time, BS employs SIC in
order to distinguish the user signals.

Figure 3.7 .Uplink NOMA for K users.

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3.4 TECHNICAL PAPER REFFERD

[1] K. Arsla and S. Soo Young, “Linear precoding techniques for OFDM based NOMA
over frequency-selective fading channels''

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has become one of the desirable schemes for the
5G cellular network standard due to its better cell coverage capability, higher data rate, and
massive connectivity. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be combined
with NOMA to get the higher spectral efficiency. The main drawback of OFDM-based
NOMA (OFDM-NOMA) scheme is high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Therefore,
this paper presents a new discrete-cosine transform matrix precoding based uplink OFDM-
NOMA scheme for PAPR reduction. Additionally, the proposed precoding-based uplink
multicarrier NOMA scheme takes advantage of information spreading over the entire signal
spectrum; thus, bit-error rate is also reduced. Simulation results show that the proposed
precoding- based NOMA scheme outperforms as compared with the non-precoding-based
NOMA schemes available in the literature.

[2] Zhiqiang Wei, Jinhong Yuan, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, Maged Elkashlan, Zhiguo

Ding, “A survey of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access for 5G wireless communication
networks.''

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been recognized as a promising multiple access
technique for the next generation cellular communication networks. In this paper, we first
discuss a simple NOMA model with two users served by a single-carrier simultaneously to
illustrate its basic principles. Then, a more general model with multicarrier serving an
arbitrary number of users on each subcarrier is also discussed. An overview of existing works
on performance analysis, resource allocation, and multiple-input multiple-output NOMA are
summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the key features of NOMA and its
potential research challenges.  

[3] Y. Saito, Y. Kishiyama, A. Benjebbour, T. Nakamura, A. Li, andK. Higuchi, “Non-

orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for cellular future radio access”

A non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) concept for future radio access (FRA) towards
the 2020s information society. Different from the current LTE radio access scheme NOMA
superposes multiple users in the power domain although its basic signal waveform could be

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

based on the orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) or the discrete Fourier
transform (DFT)-spread OFDM the same as LTE baseline. In our concept, NOMA adopts a
successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver as the baseline receiver scheme for robust
multiple access, considering the expected evolution of device processing capabilities in the
future. Based on system-level evaluations, we show that the downlink NOMA with SIC
improves both the capacity and cell-edge user throughput performance irrespective of the
availability of the frequency-selective channel quality indicator (CQI) on the base station side

[4]Yuanwei Liu, Zhijin Qin, Maged Elkashlan, Zhiguo Ding, Arumugam Nallanathan,
“Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G and Beyond”

In this paper we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in power-domain

multiplexing aided NOMA, with a focus on the theoretical NOMA principles, multiple
antenna aided NOMA design, on the interplay between NOMA and cooperative
transmission, on the resource control of NOMA, on the co-existence of NOMA with other
emerging potential 5G techniques and on the comparison with other NOMA variants. We
highlight the main advantages of power-domain multiplexing NOMA compared to other
existing NOMA techniques. We summarize the challenges of existing research contributions
of NOMA and provide potential solutions. Finally, we offer some design guidelines for
NOMA systems and identify promising research opportunities for the future.

[5] Shizuoka Ryohei Iwasaki, Kouji Ohuchi Johoku, Naka-ku Hamamatsu-shi, “PAPR
Reduction in OFDM Signal by Combining Partial Transmit Sequences with
Precoding Matrix”

A low PAPR signal is generated through multiplication by a matrix generated from a certain
sequence and data symbol vector. The PAPR reduction achieved by this method is constant
even when we use another matrix generated by a different parameter. The partial transmit
sequences (PTS) method is another PAPR reduction method. In the PTS method, subcarriers
that constitute an OFDM signal are partitioned into clusters. Then, the time-domain signals of
each cluster are individually given phase rotations, and we select the OFDM signal with the
lowest PAPR. This method does not cause a non-linear distortion because of linear
processing. Numerous clusters and phase rotations are required, and the calculation burden
becomes enormous to increase the PAPR reduction. Inthis paper, we show how both methods
can be combined for the purpose of further reducing the PAPR. This paper shows that the

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

PAPR reduction of the proposed method is better than that of the PTS or precoding methods
separately. We also show that the proposed method can increase the PAPR reduction by
increasing the number of candidate signals, as in the PTS method.

[6] L. Dai, B. Wang, Y. Yuan, S. Han, I. Chih-Lin, and Z. Wang “Non-orthogonal

multiple access for 5G”

The increasing demand of mobile Internet and the Internet of Things poses challenging
requirements for 5G wireless communications, such as high spectral efficiency and massive
connectivity. In this article, a promising technology, non-orthogonal multiple access
(NOMA), is discussed, which can address some of these challenges for 5G. Different from
conventional orthogonal multiple access technologies, NOMA can accommodate much more
users via non orthogonal resource allocation. We divide existing dominant NOMA schemes
into two categories: power-domain multiplexing and code-domain multiplexing, and the
corresponding schemes include power-domain NOMA, multiple access with low-density
spreading, sparse code multiple access, multi-user shared access, pattern division multiple
access, and so on.

3.5 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Encoder S/P IFFT P/S

Channel

Decoder P/S FFT S/P

Figure 3.8 Design Overview

 SOURCE ENCODER

The source encoder efficiently converts the signal source into a sequence of binary digits
(message). One of the important objectives of source encoder is to represent the message by

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as few binary digits as possible, subject to the need to reconstruct the input adequately at the
output. Hence, source encoding is data compression procedure.

 SERIAL TO PARALLEL

The serial to parallel block deals with conversion for 3bit output of Data calculator.
Which includes the shift registers which used for both parallel and serial inputs and outputs
this configuration allows conversion from serial to parallel format. Data is input serially, once
the data has been inputted, it may be either read off at each output simultaneously, or it can
be shifted out and replaced.

Shift register is a cascade of flip flops, sharing the same clock, in which the output of
each flip-flop is connected to the "data" input of the next flip-flop in the chain, resulting in a
circuit that shifts by one position the "bit array" stored in it, shifting in the data present at its
input and shifting out the last bit in the array, at each transition of the clock input. More
generally, a shift register may be multidimensional, such that it’s "data in" and stage outputs
are themselves bit arrays: this is implemented simply by running several shift registers of the
same bit-length in parallel.

Figure 3.9 Functional diagram of Shift Register

This configuration has the data input on lines D1 through D4 in parallel format, being D1
the MSB. To write the data to the register, the Write/Shift control line must be held LOW. To
shift the data, the W/S control line is brought HIGH and the registers are clocked. The
arrangement now acts as a SISO shift register, with D1 as the Data Input. However, as long
as number of clock cycles is not more than the length of the data-string, the Data Output
which is of 8 bit original data out. It work as long as number of clock cycles is not more
than the length of the data-string, the Data Output which is of 8 bit original data out.

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

Figure 3.10 SIPO wave form of Shift Register

 INVERSE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (IFFT)

It is the one of the important module in the OFDM system. To compute IFFT first
exchange real and imaginary parts then perform FFT. After performing FFT then exchange
real and imaginary terms then it is the IFFT and finally divide the by N.

where N is the number of points, here we are using 8- point FFT so divide the results
by 8.The output of the IFFT is applied to the Digital to analog converter is used to convert the
digital data into OFDM signals and these symbols are transmitted through the transmitting
system.

 FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM

A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform
(DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse (IDFT). Fourier analysis converts a signal from its
original domain (often time or space) to a representation in the frequency domain and vice
versa. The DFT is obtained by decomposing a sequence of values into components of
different frequencies. This operation is useful in many fields, but computing it directly from
the definition is often too slow to be practical.

 PARALLEL-IN TO SERIAL-OUT

Parallel-in/ serial-out shift registers do everything that the previous serial-in/ serial-out shift
registers do plus input data to all stages simultaneously. The parallel-in/ serial-out shift
register stores data, shifts it on a clock by clock basis, and delays it by the number of stages
times the clock period. In addition, parallel-in/ serial-out really means that we can load data
in parallel into all stages before any shifting ever begins. This is a way to convert data from
a parallel format to a serial format. By parallel format we mean that the data bits are present

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

simultaneously on individual wires, one for each data bit as shown below. By serial format
we mean that the data bits are presented sequentially in time on a single wire or circuit as in
the case of the “data out” on the block diagram below

Figure 3.11 PISO wave form of Shift Register

Below we take a close look at the internal details of a 3-stage parallel-in/ serial-out shift
register. A stage consists of a type D Flip-Flop for storage, and an AND-OR selector to
determine whether data will load in parallel, or shift stored data to the right. In general, these
elements will be replicated for the number of stages required. We show three stages due to
space limitations. Four, eight or sixteen bits is normal for real parts.

Figure 3.12 SIPO wave form of Shift Register Showing load path

Above we show the parallel load path when SHIFT/LD’ is logic low. The upper NAND gates
serving DA DB DC are enabled, passing data to the D inputs of type D Flip-Flops
QA QB DC respectively. At the next positive going clock edge, the data will be clocked from
D to Q of the three FFs. Three bits of data will load into Q A QB DC at the same time. The type
of parallel load just described, where the data loads on a clock pulse is known as synchronous
load because the loading of data is synchronized to the clock. This needs to be differentiated

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

from asynchronous load where loading is controlled by the preset and clear pins of the Flip-
Flops which does not require the clock. Only one of these load methods is used within an
individual device, the synchronous load being more common in newer devices.

Figure 3.13 SIPO wave form of Shift Register Shift path

The shift path is shown above when SHIFT/LD’ is logic high. The lower AND gates of the
pairs feeding the OR gate are enabled giving us a shift register connection of SI to D A , QA to
DB , QB to DC , QC to SO. Clock pulses will cause data to be right shifted out to SO on
successive pulses. The waveforms below show both parallel loading of three bits of data and
serial shifting of this data. Parallel data at DA DB DC is converted to serial data at SO.

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

Figure 3.14 PISO wave forms shift register

What we previously described with words for parallel loading and shifting is now set down as
waveforms above. As an example we present 101 to the parallel inputs DAA DBB DCC. Next,
the SHIFT/LD’ goes low enabling loading of data as opposed to shifting of data. It needs to
be low a short time before and after the clock pulse due to setup and hold requirements. It is
considerably wider than it has to be. Though, with synchronous logic it is convenient to make
it wide. We could have made the active low SHIFT/LD’ almost two clocks wide, low almost
a clock before t 1 and back high just before t 3. The important factor is that it needs to be low
around clock time t1 to enable parallel loading of the data by the clock. Note that at t 1 the
data 101 at DA DB DC is clocked from D to Q of the Flip-Flops as shown at Q A QB QC at time
t1. This is the parallel loading of the data synchronous with the clock.

Figure 3.15 PISO wave forms

Now that the data is loaded, we may shift it provided that SHIFT/LD’ is high to enable
shifting, which it is prior to t2. At t2 the data 0 at QC is shifted out of SO which is the same as
the QC waveform. It is either shifted into another integrated circuit, or lost if there is nothing
connected to SO. The data at Q B, a 0 is shifted to Q C. The 1 at QA is shifted into Q B. With
“data in” a 0, QA becomes 0. After t2, QA QB QC = 010. After t3, QA QB QC = 001.

This 1, which was originally present at Q A after t1, is now present at SO and Q C. The last data
bit is shifted out to an external integrated circuit if it exists. After t 4 all data from the parallel
load is gone. At clock t5 we show the shifting in of a data 1 present on the SI, serial input.

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

Why provide SI and SO pins on a shift register? These connections allow us to cascade shift
register stages to provide large shifters than available in a single IC (Integrated Circuit)
package. They also allow serial connections to and from other ICs like microprocessors. Let’s
take a closer look at parallel-in/ serial-out shift registers available as integrated circuits,
courtesy of Texas Instruments. For complete device data sheets follow these the links

 DECODING

Decoding is the process of converting code into plain text or any format that is useful for
subsequent processes. Decoding is the reverse of encoding. It converts encoded data
communication transmissions and files to their original states.

CHAPTER 4

SPECIFIC OUTCOME

4.1 RESULTS

Figure 4.1 Result of Even and Odd Separation

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

Figure 4.2 Sine wave

 Fs = 8000; % samples per second

 dt = 1/Fs; % seconds per sample

 StopTime = 0.25; % seconds

 t = (0:dt:StopTime-dt)'; % seconds

 %%Sine wave:

 Fc = 60; % hertz

 x = cos(2*pi*Fc*t); or x = sin(2*pi*Fc*t); % code based on sin wave or cos wave

 % Plot the signal versus time:

 figure;

 plot(t,x);

 xlabel('time (in seconds)');

 title('Signal versus Time');

 zoom xon;

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

Figure 4.3 Continues Sinewave & Cos wave

Figure 4.4 Input data of 96 data stream with binary data representation

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

Figure 4.5 Rate pairs with OFDMA and NOMA for downlink NOMA, SNR1=SNR2=10dB.

clear all;
clc;
%%% NOMA parameters
P = 1;
G1 = 10;
G2 = 10;
count = 1;
for alpha = 0:0.01:1 %power splitting factor
P1 = P*alpha;
P2 = P - P1;
R1(count) = log2(1 + P1*G1);
R2(count) = log2(1 + P2*G2/(P1*G2 + 1));
count = count + 1;
end
hold on;
plot (R1,R2,'r');
grid on;
count = 1;
for alpha = 0:0.01:1 %bandwidth splitting factor

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

P1 = P/2;
P2 = P/2;
R1(count) = alpha*log2(1 + P1*G1/alpha);
R2(count) = (1-alpha)*log2(1 + P2*G2/(1-alpha));
count = count + 1;
end
hold on;
plot(R1,R2,'k');
xlabel('Rate of user 1 (bps/Hz)');
ylabel('Rate of user 2 (bps/Hz)');
grid on;
box on;
legend('NOMA','OFDMA')

4.2 EXPERIENCE AND ASSESSMENT

Experience at the company satisfactory, the people works in co-ordination and the
company environment is very safe and studious. The reason to choose this company was that
it was offering internship in wireless which is my core specialization in PG degree and I
wanted to benefit from this experience, also I got to learn new tools like MATLAB

I used to spend nearly 5 to 6 hours daily in the company trying out with different
circuits and make their layout manually. I think my guide who was always there by my side
throughout my internship process giving me advice, feedback and tips on how the people
work in an industry environment.

On the whole, this internship was a useful experience. I have gained new knowledge,
skills and met many new people. Internships help us to learn more about our self.  Through
an internship, we come to know clarity on our strengths, weaknesses, and interests.

Internships increase our professional confidence and also improve our communication
skills. Through an internship, we get a chance to learn what it is really like to work in a
company, in an industry, and in various job functions. Internships help us to develop better
work habits and learn how to manage tasks/projects and learn how to carry our self in a
professional environment. We can also learn from our colleagues by observing their positive
and negative work habits. 

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4.3 TECHNICAL OUTCOMES

We studied about basics MATLAB Fundamentals , Signal Processing with
MATLAB, and Signal Processing with Simulink, or working experience with MATLAB,
Simulink, and DSP System Toolbox, Matlab Programming, Working with M-Files,
Simulation Files, Functions and Scripts.

4.4 NON-TECHNICAL OUTCOMES

 Developed analytical skills
 Developed problem solving skills
 Improvement in verbal and written communication skills
 Effective utilization of resources
 Effective time management
 Loss of stage fear
 Learnt the methods of writing technical articles
 Improvement in presentation skills
 Personality development
 Learnt the importance of team work and group discussions
 Better coordination and interaction with people
 Stress management
 Exposure to innovative ideas.

4.5 NON-TECHNICAL SKILLS

 Procedure to be followed to apply technical papers for several conferences

 Method of preparing technical papers

 IEEE format for technical papers
 Improved oral and written communication
 How to face the crowd
 Overall personality development
 How to interact with people
 Improved level of confidence

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 BER Performance of MIMO Communication System

 Method of paper presentation

 Improved typing speed.

4.6 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

Interpersonal skills influence business cultures because they affect job performance,

which in turn helps to decide the outcome of a company's success. Interpersonal skills include
interaction with others, good communication skills, listening skills and attitude. Companies
should realize that interpersonal skills are not learned in a classroom; rather they are
characteristics that an individual may possess naturally.

Interpersonal skills allow people to communicate effectively, handle conflicts and

respond to others' needs accordingly. In an ever-changing job market, these skills teach
workers and business owners how to be agile, solve complex problems, perform critical
thinking on their feet and manage diverse relationships both internally and externally.
Measuring a potential employee's ability to interact with others in a respectful and
appropriate manner determines how we likely to thrive in a team-oriented environment.
Some of the major factors that make up a person's interpersonal skills are diplomacy,
helpfulness, optimism, influence and flexibility. Also vital arecollaboration skills, empathy,
tolerance and frankness. These characteristics often align with corporate culture as well as
small business culture.

Ways to improve interpersonal skills include touring different sites, managing by

walking around, arranging lunches and corresponding consistently via phone or email.
Having good interpersonal skills promotes approachability, likability and comfort. Managers
who possess strong interpersonal skills motivate their staff to challenge themselves and do a
better job. Most importantly, they make workers feel as if they can go to their bosses with
any problems or concerns.

Both verbal and non-verbal interpersonal skills are extremely important when it
comes to a company's success. When you can speak to people in an articulate manner, you
avoid communication errors and are more likely to have happy customers. It's just as
important to maintain the correct tone of voice as well. Non-verbal communication consists
of facial expressions, hand gestures and body language. It can also determine whether or not
your interaction results in a satisfied customer. When you combine both verbal and non-
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verbal skills, the result is a powerful demeanor that may help to determine the success of a
company.In addition, superb interpersonal skills encompass listening skills, problem-solving,
decision-making and negotiation skills. The ability to communicate internally with
employees and coworkers is just as important as building and maintaining solid relationships
with customers.

4.7 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Personality development grooms an individual and helps to make a mark of them

self’s in society. Individuals need to have a style of their own for others to follow them. Do
not blindly copy others. We need to set an example for people around. Personality
development not only looks us good and presentable but also helps us to face the world with
a smile.
Personality development goes a long way in reducing stress and conflicts. It
encourages individuals look at the brighter side of life Personality development helps us to
develop a positive attitude in life. An individual with a negative attitude finds a problem in
every situation. It is essential for individuals to behave well with people around. Being polite
with others will not only make an individual popular among other people, but also helps to
earn respect and pride.

Personality development helps us to differentiate our personal and professional life. It

is really essential to keep a balance between both the lives to lead a peaceful and stress free
life. Personality development helps an individual to inculcate positive qualities like
punctuality, flexible attitude, willingness to learn, friendly nature, eagerness to help others
and so on.

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REFERENCES

[1]. Y. Saito, Y. Kishiyama, A. Benjebbour, T. Nakamura, A. Li and K. Higuchi, “Non-

orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for cellular future radio access,” in proceedings of
IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), pp. 1-5, 2013.

[2]. H. Haci and H. Zhu, "Performance of non-orthogonal multiple access with a novel
interference cancellation method," 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Communications (ICC), London, pp. 2912-2917, 2015.

[3]. H. Haci, “Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) with Asynchronous Interference

Cancellation,” Ph.D dissertation, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of
Kent, 2015.

[4]. J. Tong, L. Ping & X. Ma, "Superposition coded modulation with peakpower
limitation," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 55, (6) pp. 2562-2576,
2009.

[5]. Z. Wei, J. Yuan, D. W. Ng, M. Elkashlan, Z. Ding, “A Survey of Downlink Non-

orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G Wireless Communication Networks”, arXiv preprint
arXiv:1609.01856, September 2016

[6]. Y. Tasi, G. Zhang, and X. Wang, “Orthogonal Polyphase Codes for Constant Envelope
OFDM-CDMA System,” IEEE, WCNC, pp. 1396 – 1401, 3-6 April 2006, Las Vegas,
NV.

[7]. M. Al-Imari, P. Xiao, M. A. Imran and R. Tafazolli, "Uplink nonorthogonal multiple

access for 5G wireless networks," 2014 11th International Symposium on Wireless
Communications Systems (ISWCS), Barcelona, pp. 781-785, 2014.

[8]. L. Dai, B. Wang, Y. Yuan, S. Han, C. l. I and Z. Wang, "Non-orthogonal multiple

access for 5G: solutions, challenges, opportunities, and future research trends," in IEEE
Communications Magazine, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 74-81, September 2015.

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[9]. V. Jeoti and I. Baig, “Zero PAPR Zadoff-Chu Precoder Based Technique for SC-
FDMA”, invited paper, Proceedings of 2009 IEEE International Conference on
Antennas, Propagation and Systems (INAS 2009), 3-5 Dec. 2009, Johor, Malaysia.

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