Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The extensive literature review has helped to understand the work satisfaction and
social security awareness of the unorganised women workers of the country. The
literature review helps understand the topic by examining the previous works of various
authors concerning the research topic undertaken. It also helps in arriving at a research
gap and how your findings differ from previous ones. The literature study is meant to
build a theoretical framework supporting the data gathering and results. The literature
topic of research is divided into four different sub-points relevant to the main topic of
research.

1. The perception of women workers on support from the government.

2. Factors determining work satisfaction of women workers in unorganised
sector
3. Work satisfaction and their awareness of the safety net.
4. Socio-economic status of the women workers.

2.2 REVIEW RELATED TO SUPPORT FROM GOVERNMENT /

ASSOCIATION

The unorganised sector is the significant population of the country. Work for them
works satisfaction and the betterment of their livelihood. Support from the
government/association by implementing various schemes for the benefits of the
unorganised sector workers. In his study, Kannan (2007), the unorganised sector work
- guarantee expectation of the workers is a form of social security to the informal
working workers by enabling them to access additional income via government support
concerning a safety net. Every individual dreams for the future as well as family
protection. It is part of our life. When it comes to working satisfaction and government
support, there will be discrimination. Below are the reviews regarding the support from
the Government / Associations.

26
Kalyani (2015) has examined the condition of the unorganised workers. They, for the
most part, considered the core strength of the Indian labour force. As indicated by an
overview completed by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) in 2009– 10,
the total employment in the nation was 46.5 crore involving around 2.8 crores in the
organised and the staying 43.7 crore workers in the unorganised sector. It has been
distinguished that the majority of informal employment has been one of the focal
highlights of the labour market situation in India nowadays. While the sector
contributes around half of the region's GDP, it is incredible that the employment front
has the end goal that over 90% of the complete workforce has been engaged in the
informal economy. It is generally recognised that the informal sector in India
experiences a low-efficiency issue, contrasted with the formal sector. Creator has
proposed improving the security needs of the unorganised sector like Food, Nutrition,
Health, Housing, Employment, Income, Life and mishap, and seniority. Still, the
exclamation of the unorganised sector drives unattended with the governments.
Rodrigo Ceni (2017) analysed the participation way of informal sectors throughout
their lives. The study found that low-educated workers have difficulties obtaining a
pension by 65 and even by age 70. Their pension eligibilities and the social security
scheme can change based on the workers' participation path.

Alagumalai (2016) Social Security is progressively more an essential part of the

development process in the country. Social security has a powerful force at all levels of
society. It safeguards workers and their families with health security and protection on
the loss of income, either for short periods of unemployment or sickness or maternity or
for a more extended period due to invalidity or employment grievance. The paper also
intimated that 1/5th of the people in the world has adequate social security coverage.
The rest of the population lacks social security protection, considered the worst in India
for the Unorganised sector. Lack of social security coverage is fundamentally
concentrated in the informal economies of the developing world, which are generally a
more prominent source of employment for women than for men. Also, the study
concludes that the government proposing too many innovative ideas on unorganised
sector workers like to issue a smart card, "U-WIN," Unorganised Sector Identification
Number with a unique number workers can access social schemes. However, nothing is
happening; still, unorganised sector workers remain unaware of their benefits. The
critical aspect of this study is that it did not reach them.

27
Rajendran and Hema (2015) concluded that they are the most powerless and denied
section of the society in need of protection, security, advantages and help. According to
NCEUS subtleties, the unorganised workers by gender over the states in 2013-2014.
The male workers are 90.7 and female workers are 95.9% in the unorganised
workforce. The female workers are more than male workers in the unorganised sector,
just as unorganised workers. As Muna Kalyani (2015) indicated, the security needs of
the unorganised sector, such as Food, Nutrition, Health, Housing, Employment,
Income, Life and mishap, and old age, remain a fantasy in India.

Krishna (2013) divides unorganised women workers into three categories: Security:
every woman in the unorganised sector faced a lack of security. In reality, still, the
existing laws for women protection are inadequate and not been satisfactory. Restricted
Mobility: The effect of women's perceived insecurity on location, less access to
information. Lead to unaware of social security benefits and their legal rights.
Education is the essential source to empower women, and illiteracy has an ill effect on
women's ability. Unorganised workers associations create systematic, people-oriented
and officially binding through welfare measures. Workers facilitation association
creates to educate their rights, duties and availability government welfare schemes.

Liu Kai (2013) contended that the low-income households in developing nations face
high quirky income hazards and, in the meantime, have restricted access to credits and
traditional insurance markets. The creator utilised data from the China Health and
Nutrition Survey dependent on a multistage, random bunch process that yields a sample
of around 4,400 households. Superior level data contains information on health,
education, health insurance, food consumption and statistic subtleties. The study found
that the introduction of public health insurance plans causes households to guarantee
against 31 extreme health shocks. The evidence proposes that the advantage of social
insurance for low-income households could likewise originate from diminishing the
utilisation of costly smoothing mechanisms.

Wagstaff Adam (2012), in their research paper, contended that universal health
coverage might coincidentally result in distorted labour market decisions, with workers
preferring informal employment over formal employment, prompting negative
consequences for investment and development, just as decreased protection against
non-health dangers and the income dangers related with ill health. The analysis finds

28
that universal coverage seems to have encouraged informal-sector employment,
particularly among married women.

Joglekar (2008), in his article "Would insurance be able to Reduce Catastrophic Out-
Of-Pocket Health Expenditure?" found that in India, out-of-stash health use by
households represents around 70 per cent of the absolute consumption on health. Large
out-of-stash payments may decrease consumption use on other products and ventures
and push households into poverty. As of late, health insurance has been considered one
of the conceivable instruments in lessening the devastating impacts of extensive out-of-
take health use. In the paper, the creator contends that any use on health is catastrophic
for households underneath the neediness line as they cannot accomplish the subsistence
level of consumption.

In their research paper, Wagstaff An and Lindelow (2007) contended that stretching
out excellent health care to the poorest people is fundamental if health results are
improved. Even though poor people experience ill health effects more frequently, they
are prevented from securing excellent health care as it is not accessible or costly. When
governments have lesser money to finance health care, people need to spend a large add
up to get excellent health care. Health insurance is one method for lessening out-of-
stash payments and improving poor people's entrance to health care. The authors
recommend that health insurance could be given either through formal government
programs or informal community-based plans, including miniaturised scale insurance
plans, community health funds, shared health organisations, etc

Meenakshi Gupta (2007), in her book entitled 'Labor Welfare and Social Security in
Unorganized Sector', attests that the unorganised sector is a vast and noteworthy
segment of the Indian economy as far as its economic worth their financial contribution
and the developing number of the workers. This book uncovers that the life of
unorganised sector workers is exceptionally intense. They are misused from numerous
points of view; thus, robust protection and welfare for the unorganised sector are
increasingly troublesome and chaotic. An exertion is made here to assess the plans that
are in operation in India to recommend specific strategies to upgrade the social
protection for this sector.

29
In their study, Van Doorslaer (2006) show that high OOP health payments genuinely
influence health care utilisation. They can likewise have a disturbing impact on
household living standards. In the absence of adequate insurance coverage, treating
illness can prompt monetary catastrophes, pushing people or households into neediness
or deepening their current poverty.

Kannan and Srivastava (2006) outlined a comprehensive social security plot for the
unorganised sector proposed without precedent for India. According to the proposition
by the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS), the
plan was planned to cover infection, maternity, old age and demise and proposed a
participatory framework with some contribution from the workers.

Santosh Mehrotra (2009), in his work entitled 'The Impact of Economic Crisis on the
Informal Sector and Poverty in East Asia', analyses the status of employment in the
informal sector, where the vulnerabilities of the poor are high. It likewise analyses the
degree to which those outside the formal sector do not approach state advantages of
social insurance or transfer. It concludes with recommendations on ensuring the poor,
including social insurance and social assistance mechanisms for workers in the informal
economy.

Kiwara (2007), in his research study on 'Gathering Premiums in Micro Health

Insurance Experiences from Tanzania', broke down that bunch premiums can help poor
people in the informal economy pre-pay for health care services. A comparative
methodology was adopted to study four gatherings of informal economy administrators
(shoemakers, welders, craftsmen and small scale market retailers), concentrating on a
strategy for prepayment which could assist them with accessing health care services.

In his paper 'Health Insurance for the Poor in Informal Sector', Siddhartha Sarkar
(2007) contended that the presence of good health care offices does not imply that they
are promptly open to the poorest section of the informal economy. This paper inspects a
few health insurance plans considering the informal coverage just as some fundamental
issues concerning stretching out health insurance coverage to poor households by and
extensive and those working in the informal sector specifically.
Till Barnighausen (2007), in their research study on 'Willingness to compensate for
social health insurance amid Informal Sector Workers in Wuhan, China, a deputation

30
valuation study examined that around 140 million informal sector workers in urban
China do not have health insurance.

Kannan and Srivastava (2006) outlined a comprehensive social security plot for the
unorganised sector proposed without precedent for India. According to the proposition
by the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS), the
plan was planned to cover infection, maternity, old age and demise and proposed a
participatory framework with some contribution from the workers.

Lucien (2005) presented an accurate analysis of the connection between health

insurance coverage and health care use. They utilised data for more than 60,000 grown-
up people secured by a noteworthy Swiss Health Insurance Fund, pursued for a long
time. In this framework, every individual can pick between five plans corresponding to
various annual subscription levels. The data demonstrates a strong positive correlation
between insurance coverage and consumption. The standard insurance hypothesis
predicts that use and coverage ought to be positively related for two primary reasons. In
the first place, people who expect high healthcare costs may pick a progressively broad
coverage. Second, a progressively broad coverage may expand health costs by
expanding the likelihood of encountering infection or expanding consumption for given
health status.

Jaime Galvez Tan (2003), in his article 'Health and Social Protection of the Informal
Sector, says that the market vendors, street sellers, tricycle drivers, construction
workers, home-based industry workers, ranchers, fisher people, woodworkers,
handymen, beauticians, manicurists, massage specialists, and so on constitute 70 per
cent of the labour force. They are known as the informal sector workers of the informal
economy, which face serious physical and money related problems.

Naidu (2003), in his paper' Social Security of Labor in India and Economic Reforms',
clarified that social security measures for labour have become pertinent in India after
the implementation of economic changes. There is a decrease in the allocation of sum
made for social security when all is said in done and labour specifically. The article
adequately expresses the evacuation of labourers' deprivation and vulnerability to
empower a peaceful existence with guaranteed security.

31
In their research study, Alexander Preker (2002) states, 'Adequacy of Community
Health Financing in meeting the cost of ailment's present their principle discoveries
from a broad survey of the community financing arrangements. Small scale household
data analysis shows that community financing improves access by rural and informal
sector workers who require health care and some financial protection against the cost of
disease. Through this paper, the authors called attention to some key policies accessible
to the government to improve the viability and maintainability of existing community
financing plans, for example, (an) expanded and all around focused sponsorships on
paying for the premium's of low-income populations (b) protection to ensure against
consumption fluctuations and re-protection to enlarge the total size of small hazard
pools and so on.

Based on the above reviews, the researchers/authors are most concerned about the
government measures given to the unorganised sector workers, which relates to creating
education, Health insurance, Maternity, Nutritious food, nursing homes, and so on.
They have not checked whether these measures were effectively communicated to the
unorganised sector workers, especially women. Communication plays an essential role
in creating awareness among the women workers to learn social security schemes and
use them.

2.3 REVIEW RELATED TO FACTORS DETERMINING SATISFACTION OF

WORK

Work satisfaction is considered as the level of satisfaction attains towards their work. It
is an essential aspect of every individual. Only through work satisfaction, they succeed.
In an organized sector, the level of satisfaction towards work can be analysed by the
management and address their requirement. Is there any possibility for unorganized
sector women workers? Here work satisfaction is determined based on the following:
working conditions, work stress, regular job opportunity, attitude towards work,
supervisors approach.

Devi (2015) attempted to judge the satisfaction of the working conditions of the people
working in different organizations. Under the current globalized working environment,
it is essential to make representatives. The present study is a basic examination of the
chosen cases in writing on the musculoskeletal issue among the workers performing
comparable sorts of works in various industries and answer whether types and levels of

32
the musculoskeletal issue among the workers engaged in these businesses are the same
or not.

Archana Shukla (2015) says that the unorganized sector women workers are often
subject to harassment. The government has to put strict laws for these crimes against
women workers. It is a myth that men are at work and females in the household, but
financial demand increases the unorganized women workers' financial support.

In his paper, Kapur (2014) attempts to comprehend workers' working and living
conditions in the unorganized sector and distinguish between organized and
unorganized sectors. Unorganized sectors are portrayed via seasonal employment and
contractual work situation. There is no social security and welfare legislation. In this
sector, people face weak conditions, unacceptable working life, harassment at work,
insufficient and unequal compensation structure, long working hours, inferior lodging
offices, absence of wellbeing measures, and no legitimate education for workers'
children. To improve the circumstances of the workers in this sector, the government
ought to meddle and make fundamental moves.

India Labor and Employment Report (2014) demonstrated the labour market and
employment conditions in India. It has given the analyses of the labour market and
employment adjustments since the inception of economic change. It has investigated
these changes' elements by seeing labour-market institutions, distinctive sorts of
employment, and labour market policies. A devastatingly extensive level of workers
(around 92 per cent) are engaged in informal employment, and a vast majority of them
have low earnings with constrained or zero social protection. It is valid for a
considerable proportion of workers in the organized sector also. Dimensions of
education and professional and vocational abilities are shallow. There is considerable
regional separation in access to the remarkable nature of employment. An underlying
Employment Situation Index (ESI) has been set up for this report which demonstrates
that by and large, workers in the southern and western conditions of India have much
better access to great nature of employment than focal and eastern regions. The report
has expressed that administrative interventions in informal ventures ought to guarantee
that a base nature of employment is kept up and the fundamental rights of workers are
regarded. Appropriate policies and measures to address the issue of education and
aptitudes acquisition should be earnestly set up.

33
Sadodas Kumar Vijya (2011) conducted a study on stone quarry workers' working and
living conditions. This study inspected the enlisting rehearses, compensating the
government and worker's guilds in this sector. In such a manner, very little help was
given by the government and legal framework of the nation. It was social survey
research that utilized the arbitrary examining technique. The discoveries uncovered that
no clear employment relationship with either boss or contractor and workers
dependably stay revealed by any labour legislation that directs the term and conditions
of employment or social security plot. Thus the required implementation of a far-
reaching law becomes basic to give a superior way of life and manage their working
conditions.

Bora (2014) has analyzed the exercises of the secondary and tertiary sectors
concentrated generally in extensive towns and urban communities and pull in interior
migration. The information has been gathered from slum family units in three states: the
National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi and two towns of the National Capital
Region (NCR) of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh states, India. This paper endeavours to
assess whether development has improved workers' employment conditions or not. It is
well discovered that the workers are far behind in well-being, medical provisions, and
social security for self and wards. The Creator has proposed that policy ought to
consider authorities that settling these issues would complement neediness alleviation.
In this way, assets ought to be made accessible. It will improve the conditions of
vagrant informal workers. Policies and programs that diminish movement towards
critical urban areas are relied upon to improve the development procedure in the
retrogressive regions, just as in the littler towns. Madhu Sudan Dash (2015) states that
the impact of technology has a drastically negative impact on unorganized women
workers. Women workers are underestimated and displaced by men. Economic
necessity forces women to work for a meagre wage and without social security.

Ministry of Labor and Employment Government of India report (2008) aims to

study the working and living Conditions of Unorganized workers engaged in the
Leather Industry, including Footwear and other Art Works in India. This survey studied
workers' working and living conditions in assembling Footwear and other Art workers
in the unorganized sector. The workers in the calfskin industry are arranged to different
health perils and dangers on the off chance that precautionary advances are not assumed
at their work position. It has been informed that most workers are utilized on

34
impermanent or on easygoing premises in the unorganised sector. The pay period,
Wage rate all are dissatisfactory, and the work environment's condition is also the same.
Certain factors can decide the working conditions of a unit. The information on such
qualities of the unit, similar to cleanliness, ventilation, lighting arrangement, is likewise
estimated in the survey. The living condition is additionally deplorable.

Bharati (2014) have analyzed the condition of child labour in construction workers,
agriculture labourers and household partners working in the unorganized sector in
India. An endeavour has been made in this paper to comprehend the socioeconomic
condition of child labourers families. This sector is described via seasonal employment
(in the horticultural sector), contractual work, no social security and welfare legislation,
no rights and least wages. They face issues like weak conditions, unacceptable working
life, harassment at work, insufficient and unequal compensation structure, long working
hours, inferior lodging offices, absence of security measures, and no appropriate
education for workers. Child labour is in this manner expanding from time to time in
the unorganized sector in India. The interest in child labour, identified with mechanical
change in the present creating economies, has not gotten much attention. The current
study was conducted to establish the impacts of mechanical change and industry
rebuilding on the presence of child labour.

Mohanraj (2013) gave a point by point analysis of the Indian unorganized sector with
the assistance of an introductory study. The study uncovers that around 85% of the
workforce is in the unorganized sector. The more significant part is engaged in the
farming sector. This sector has seen the nonstop addition of both days by day wage
labourers just as family workers. The more significant part of the workers goes under
the class of day by day wage labourers, just as the family unit workers originate from
the women segment. Like the agricultural sector, these workforces are working in other
sectors also. A joint unorganized sector neither offers any security benefits nor gives
any appropriate working environment. Besides, the wage contrasts are additionally
immense among the organized and unorganized sectors. The policy intervention is
expected to recognize the holes. Along with the government, the manufacturing body
should likewise assume the liability to change the situation.

35
Beevi (2014) The authors conduct a study on women workers in the textile sector.
Habitually women workers are habituated to work in an unorganized working
environment satisfaction and more often than not, they are come up short. Being in the
profitable income generation field for an extended period, they are denied their rights to
procure more and appropriate to participate in the talented workforce of the
organization. The situation is not distinctive in the textile sector also. Despite the fact
organized sector, however, it utilizes unorganized women workers generally in deals
work. It is progressively essential in the industry as they do not have much ability to
work in a factory. Neither the businesses are eager to put resources into human
resources preparation. Cost is likewise a vital factor. As the vast majority of the
unorganized workers are come up short on, that is included up to the organisation's
benefit. The study uncovers that the unorganized women workers are content with their
activity; however, they are come up short. It is a direct result of the offices that the
organization is giving other than the standard wages.

According to the IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (2013), gender
bias is critical for discrimination in the labour force. In India, a large gathering of
incompetent female workers works in the rural zone as agriculture labourers. Their
activity is not simple, inside the industry as they need to confront a few unfriendly
situations such like lewd behaviour, wages discriminations injuries and expires the
primary considerations because of which women‟s even though works hard, however
slack behinds the men and stays untalented even after hardship a ton of years. When the
season closes, they move to the construction industry, which builds their employment
level satisfaction in the industry by doing as such they backing to their significant other
in income generation, for meeting their home hold consumption.

A study by Harvard (2013) researchers saw that Construction workers are much of the
time worried about work-related injuries and torment and frequently neglect to look for
help, putting themselves in danger for more injury and psychological health issues,
including depression, tension, and even suicide, as indicated by another study by
researchers at Harvard School of Public Health. According to the Journal of
Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2013), the high pervasiveness of significant
psychological distress in the U.S. construction worker population is strongly identified
with torment and injuries.

36
Kathuria (2010) have broken down the efficient execution of the organized and
unorganized units of the Indian assembling sector at the state level from 1994-95 to
2004-05. They have analyzed the effect of changes on their execution. The efficiency
levels and development rates, both fractional and complete factor profitability
techniques, are considered for computing. In the wake of dissecting the production
function, they demonstrated that capital instead of labour assumed an impressive job in
the organised and unorganised assembly sector. The relative job of labour in the
production forms is minor in the unorganized sector. It has remained an essential
concern as this sector is a fundamentally more significant employment supplier. The
TFP has developed relentlessly in the organized assembling sector, while the equivalent
has declined in the unorganized assembling sector. The development in GVA is driven
for the most part by profitability and not by inputs in both sectors.

Brata Aloysius Gunadi (2008), in this study, concentrated on the vulnerability of

Street Vendors in Java since Java was hit seriously by the economic emergency in
1997/1998, which additionally had altered the course of economic formalization in
Indonesia. A survey was conducted in These examples consist of three gatherings of
Street Vendors: food dealer, non-food vendor, and services suppliers. In light of this
survey, the vulnerability guide of Street Vendors is estimated. The study found that the
more significant part of Street Vendors in Yogyakarta experience vulnerability at the
medium level. When all is said in the done vulnerability of food merchant vendors is
higher than other vendors. Vulnerability additionally fluctuates over the locations of
distribution.

Marjit and Beladi (2008) contended that globalization would expand the size of the
informal sector. It most likely occurs through the nearness of liberal exchange policy,
mainly through declining duty rates that would decrease open unemployment and
expand informal wage and informal employment if capital is progressively versatile
between the formal and informal sectors. In any case, Rani and Unni in 2004 found that
underlying economic change policies have unfavourably influenced employment in the
unorganized assembling sector, yet has improved in the ensuing years

Ministry of Labor and Employment Government of India report (2008) aims to

study the working and living Conditions of Unorganized workers engaged in the
Leather Industry, including Footwear and other Art Works in India. This survey studied

37
workers' working and living conditions in assembling Footwear and other Art workers
in the unorganized sector. The workers in the calfskin industry are arranged to different
health perils and dangers on the off chance that precautionary advances are not assumed
at their work position. It has been informed that most workers are utilized on
impermanent or on easygoing premises in the unorganised sector. The pay period,
Wage rate all are dissatisfactory, and the work environment's condition is also the same.
Certain factors can decide the working conditions of a unit.

The information on such qualities of the unit, similar to cleanliness, ventilation, lighting
arrangement, is likewise estimated in the survey. The living condition is additionally
deplorable. Beevi (2014) The authors conduct a study on women workers in the textile
sector. By tradition, women workers are habituated to work in an unorganized working
environment. Being in the profitable income generation field for an extended period,
they are denied their rights to procure more and appropriate to participate in the talented
workforce of the organization. The situation is not distinctive in the textile sector also.
Despite the fact, the sector is organized however it utilizes unorganized women workers
generally in deals work. It is progressively essential in the industry as they do not have
much ability to work in a factory. Neither the businesses are eager to put resources into
human resources preparation. Cost is likewise a vital factor. As the vast majority of the
unorganized workers are come up short on, that is included up to the organisation's
benefit. The study uncovers that the unorganized women workers are content with their
activity; however, they are come up short. It is a direct result of the offices that the
organization is giving other than the average wages.

Garg and Karan (2006) have emphasized the need to sort the danger of health security
requirements based on illness, i.e., the minor illness that can be treated at home and
significant illness requiring hospitalization. The last is named a catastrophic hazard,
which can be additionally delegated to those wherein the household health use
surpasses a specific fraction of all-out household consumption or their capacity to pay.

Van Doorslaer (2006) show that high OOP health payments genuinely influence
health care utilization. They can likewise have a disturbing impact on household living
standards. In the absence of sufficient insurance coverage, treating illness can prompt
monetary catastrophes, pushing people or households into neediness or deepening their
current poverty.

38
Prakash and Meher (2006) investigated the data from four NSSO Surveys. They
analyzed the auxiliary change and profitability slants in the unorganized assembling
sector in 1985-2001. They noticed that after the mid-nineties (for example, 1995-2001),
employment in the unorganized assembling sector has become quicker than in the
previous decade.

Akash Acharya (2005) contended that health pointers in India showed remarkable
improvements in late decades; however, quality and moderate health care services
continue to escape the poor. The government gave health services only incompletely to
address the issues of the rural and urban poor in the informal sector, and making
impartial and moderate medical care available to this segment remains a test. In this
context, Community Based Health insurance conspire (CBHI) could give a reasonable
option.

Not with standing a government policy on health, the health sector is changing shape
generally because of market forces. Indrani Gupta and Mayur Trivedi (2005), in
their article 'Social Health Insurance Redefined-Health for all through coverage for all',
analyzed the concept of Social Health Insurance (SHI) and its issues and constraints. In
this setup, the authors stated the requirement for more prominent health coverage to
prevent the mind-boggling expense of treatment and achieve the goal of "Health for
all". As indicated by them, the health framework in India is ready for moving towards
the "Coverage though" framework, which would deal with the "health for all" target to
a more considerable degree.

In their article, Rajeev Ahuja and Narang (2005) gave a short diagram of the current
structure and developing pattern in health insurance for the low-income segment in
India. In the article, the authors plot three essential conditions in presenting health
insurance for low-income people. One, the provision of a specific most minor health
care services of reasonable quality, two, the likelihood of asset mobilization from the
focused on the segment with the goal that piece of the cost is recovered and third, the
presence of an implementing or a nodal agency which could be any public agency or
community-based organizations, women's gatherings, NGOs, microfinance institutions.

Further, urban units had enlisted higher development in employment than that of the
rural units. It had contributed to a relatively higher development of labour profitability
for rural units.

39
Jeemol Unni and Uma Rani (2003), in their work entitled 'Social Protection for
Informal Workers in India: Insecurities, Instruments and Institutional Mechanisms'
uncovered a comprehensive definition of social protection to incorporate basic
securities, for example, income, food, health and cover and economic securities
including income-creating good work. A conceptual framework is created to examine
the reasons for the instabilities of informal workers to recognize the necessities of social
protection and envision the institutional instrument to address their requirements.
Further, they presented the macro and micro evidence of these instabilities. They
examined the need for an institutional system for conveying social protection for the
workers. The creator states that the poor informal workers' vulnerability increases when
they need to pay entirely on their own for their medical care with no sponsorship or
backing. The workers endured lost income because of affliction or ill health and needed
to hold up under the whole cost weight of healthcare. It was discovered that only under
5 per cent of the workers had some medical insurance.

Dev and Mooiji (2002) have outlined the development driven and upheld social
security arrangement for the unorganized sector in India. It has endeavoured to cover
the zones like the issues in social security for the unorganized sector, accommodation
of the development elevating policies to the unorganized workers and backing drove
social security arrangements for them at the national and state level and strengthening
the adequacy of the current programs. In marketisation, significant sections of society
do not have the assets to enter the market operation. In this manner, the government is
responsible for giving social security to the unorganized sector. Sen, Iyer and George
(2002) contended that the macroeconomic adjustments of the 1990s provoked some
major policy moves in the health sector in India. It led to broad changes in the
organization, structure and conveyance of health care services and financing.

David Dror (2001), in his article 'Reinsurance of Health Insurance for the Informal
Sector', contended that insufficient financing of health services in low-income nations
and the nonattendance of all-inclusive protection coverage leaves the more significant
part of the informal sector workers in medical neediness since people cannot accept the
money related consequences of sickness. The article centres around hazard exchange
from miniaturized scale protection units to reinsurance. The fundamental understanding
of the study is that when the economic aftereffects of smaller scale protection units can
be assessed, they can go into reinsurance arrangements and be settled from the principal

40
year. The second knowledge is that the reinsurance pool may require quite a while
before achieving cost neutrality.

Sodani (2001) examined the community's preferences on different parts of health

insurance. The study uncovered that the nature of care and cost are the two critical
factors influencing the community's decision to buy any new health insurance plan. The
study proposed that an integrated supplier and safety net provider framework is
preferred independent of public or private-based management. There is an abnormal
state of willingness to join a health insurance plan in the future whenever structured
carefully for the informal sector.

Srinivasan (2000) looked into theoretical issues of the unorganized sector along with a
profile of women's employment and its patterns. It was seen that women workers move
to the sectors where they have no legal protection thus have small dealing strength.
Non-ranch employment hailed as the panacea for surplus labour in the agricultural
sector.

Gumber and Kulkarni (2000), in their study on "Health Insurance for Informal
Sector: Case Study of Gujarat", endeavoured to investigate some fundamental issues
identifying with the accessibility and requirements of health insurance coverage for the
poor, particularly women in the informal sector. They called attention to that coverage
of illnesses, coverage of services, the measure of the premium to be paid, just as
procedural perspectives, for example, recording claims are primary in the decision to
purchase insurance. The study emphasized the requirement for vital information,
education, and communication exercises to improve insurance comprehension by the
public and widen the market for health insurance.

In their study, Goldar and Mitra (1999) endeavoured to quantify the all-out factor
profitability development (TFPG) in the informal assembling sector in India. The slow
list of TFPG, estimated as the contrast between development rate in value-added and
the weighted entirety of development rate of capital and labour, is utilized.

Gender discrimination for work is progressively common in the unorganized sector

labour market. Papola and Sharma (1999) conducted a study showing the negligible
increment in women's labour force participation in the unorganized sector. They
proposed that non-government organizations, governmental organizations and women

41
activists for expanding opportunities and strengthening capacities will lessen awkward
nature and get gender equity employment.

Ramaswamy (1999) believes that the absence of a strong complementary relationship

between the large and small firms is one of the fundamental limitations of developing a
small assembling sector in India. Generally, subcontracting and redistributing are rising
as imperative developments that connect small and miniaturized scale units with larger
units to the advantage. He brought up that the expanded development of the
unorganized sector as of late was an aftereffect of generous increment in re-
appropriating by the organized sector.

Chadha (1999) contemplated the development dynamics of India's informal assembly

sector segments between 1984-85 and 1994-95 separately for rural and urban regions. It
was discovered that OAMEs could economize their accessible capital and exploit
modest labour move towards a labour concentrated innovation. Consequently, its
capital-labour proportion is declining. Labour profitability is higher in the urban
assembling sector than that of its rural partners. His study also demonstrated that the
units with high profitability are not units with high development in employment or
endeavour.

Shah (1998), in her study, endeavoured to inspect the development linkages among
small and large scale sectors and the pattern of small enterprises group and the
implications of such linkages for efficiency and employment in the different segments
of the small scale sector. Her research demonstrated that the high occurrence of the
factory sector also has a high frequency of unorganized sector (comprising three scale-
based classes of OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs), which might be because of the size
impact. The study recommends that there is a clear pattern of upward move inside the
scalar chain of importance. The development of DMEs and the SSI at the expense of
lower classifications is considered an appreciated pattern since value-added and
emoluments per worker increase as we move upward along the scale classification. The
creator has underlined the cutting edge character of the DMEs and their rise as a
dynamic segment of the unorganized sector.

Sharma (1998) worked on linkages between the formal-informal sector and distinctive
production methods. The informal sector is not a free select circuit. It relies upon the
nature and sort of linkages. An assortment of linkages helps to support the development

42
of this sector. These linkages might be immediate as far as asset inputs, innovation or
market. Aberrant linkages allude to the interest for merchandise and enterprises
generated in the informal sector by a demographic drawn from the formal sector. The
informal sector, in this manner, becomes a security net for the poor and others, tossed
out of employments, particularly amid periods of prolonged recession and basic
adjustment programs.

Unni (1998) surveyed the concept of work, production limit, unorganized sector, and
certain classes of workers. She likewise examined different systems for estimation of
the labour force and contribution to total national output. It has been stated that the
unorganized sector and other covered up economic exercises have picked up
unmistakable quality in additional adjustments, globalization and other problems. Be
that as it may, accentuation is laid to recognize the work of unorganized sector workers,
uncommonly the women workers since their employment in this sector is enormous and
bear the most extreme brunt. Loayza (1997) opines that the informal sector's expansion
undermines development by lessening the accessibility of open services for all in the
economy and expanding the number of exercises that utilise existing open services
wastefully.

Bhagwat (1996) examined the procedure of gender construction analytically in urban

development, which varies for rank, class and religious foundations. This study chiefly
centres around the work circle. The extent of the sample for the analysis was 254, with
70 per cent from the unorganized sector, imperceptible labour and homemakers. The
majority of 22 women in the unorganized sector were, for the most part, migrants from
rural territories. They worked for 10-12 hours daily, earned low wages, experienced
inappropriate behaviour and physical exhaustion.

David (1996) talked about the structure and composition of the unorganized urban
sector. It was discovered that the unorganized sector confronted two significant
problems. Initially, this study found that a large segment of this sector inexorably
utilizes the work population forced to inhabit the edge of survival. Secondly, managers
will probably redirect exercises to the organised sector given the accessibility of shoddy
labour in the unorganized urban sector. The non-institutionalized unorganized sector
involves workers doing flexible work like the residential hirelings, sweepers,
scroungers, vendors, sellers, and independently employed individuals. The urban

43
women working here face weakness, no legal protection, long working hours, and paid
highly less.

Funkhouser (1996) endeavoured to inspect the employment patterns and structure of

procuring in the urban informal sector. His study was primarily founded on five Central
American nations like Guatemala, El-Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
He found that the extent of informal employment was between 60-75 per cent of the
labour force in the initial three nations, while in Costa Rica, it was around 30-33 per
cent. In Nicaragua, it changed from 45 to 63 per cent. There were considerable comes
back to human capital and involvement in the informal sector in every nation. Other
noteworthy discoveries were the negative relationship between education and informal
sector employment and a higher likelihood of low-income families being utilized in the
informal sectors.

Sundaram (1996) reached practically identical determinations concerning other

authors in this field. He anticipated that women workers in the unorganized sector were
commonly illiterate, had a high unemployment rate compared to men, and worked
under exploitative working conditions. Additionally, these women were sliding down to
low paying or unpaid work, which intensified their needs. The factors responsible for
women's standard requirements were poverty, unequal income distribution, ignorance,
dissimilarity, and male dominance.

Chandola (1995) examined the nature of garment fabricating units and women workers
in an unorganized segment of these units arranged in Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi and
Delhi. The accentuation was that the industry rehearsed wage exploitations. The
production procedure was fragmented and decentralized. The decentralization of the
unorganized sector was done to have shoddy labour and break government regulations.
The women worked as piece-rate workers; a simple section into the labour market
forced them to look for employment as unorganized labour promoting exploitation.

Balakrishanan and Pushpangandan (1994) contemplated all out factor profitability

development for Indian assembling from 1970-71 to 1988-89. The statistical analysis
confirms a turnaround if absolute factor efficiency gauges are gotten from the esteem
included single-deflation arrangement. The point is that if the all-out factor efficiency
file is determined by twofold deflation, there is a nonappearance of an expansion in the
development rate of all-out factor profitability.

44
Guhan (1994) stressed the significance of kind defensive programs (old-age pension,
maternity leave) for unorganized workers. The more significant part of the new
employment in the future will occur in the unorganised sector described by the poor
condition of work, low gaining and absence of any social security. Guaranteeing
essential, most minor social security measures in the unorganized sector should be a
vital concern of an open policy. A portion of the focus on hostile-to-number programs
has stayed fruitless on full methodology and survey framework problems. On the other
hand, the defensive kind programs, such as old-age pensions, widow pensions, survivor
benefits, give specific monetary help to needy persons. The other advantages of
defensive measures are their straightforwardness and generally low managerial
expense.

Mitra (1994) conducted a detailed study to evaluate the relationship between formal
and informal sector employment for different urban focuses in India. The research
depended on the secondary data for 1971. He found that the percentage of informal
sector employment in the all-out workforce varied 20 from as low as 21.3 per cent in
Chandigarh and 39.4 per cent in Howrah to as high as 96.85 in Shahjahanpur and 92 per
cent in Dumdum. This percentage was observed to be fundamentally contrarily
connected with the extent of the city as far as population. A significant unhelpful
relationship was found between the percentage of informal employment and the
allocation of organized modern employment. The relation between the actual work in
the informal sector and that of the formal sector was sure.

In his research, Shaw (1994) stressed looking into the assembling exercises in the
informal sector in India, especially concerning the development of these exercises from
1971 to 1991. As per the data gathered by her, the share of the informal sector in the
all-out assembling employment decreased from 82.5 per cent in 1961 to 69.3 per cent in
1981, yet after that, the pattern switched, and the advanced dynamic piece of the
informal sector extended gradually. On the other hand, there was a sharp decrease in the
traditional locally established ventures. She found that the states like Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh represented almost 58
per cent of the net esteem included from the enlisted minor scale businesses. The
significant contributors were Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Punjab, West Bengal and Karnataka. As far as employment, states like Tamil
Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Gujarat represented 54 per cent of

45
the aggregate. Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka turned out to be the
leading states regarding the fixed resources. The primary enterprises were synthetic
concoctions and substance products, essential metal industry, metal products, electric
apparatus and parts, elastic and plastic products and the food 21 products. She
concluded that the informal sector could grow more with the dynamic government
bolster by empowering investments and giving foundation offices.

Sultania (1994) conducted a study at a trim scale level in the significant pieces of
Jaipur city on the women workers engaged as contract labourers. The principle analyses
depended on the reasons for the disparity of women as contract labourers and its effect.
The qualities, profile and recruitment, were additionally managed. The women workers
in the unorganized sector faced significant experience sexual and socio-economic
exploitation. They are illiterate, procure fewer wages, experience male predominance,
work for 10-12 hours every day, have no medical, or leave offices in an unfortunate
state of affairs.

Kundu (1993) discussed the problem of equivalence of secondary data identifying with
unorganized exercises in India. Utilizing distinctive sources, he endeavoured to get to
the large scale dimension of the urban informal sector both at the national just as state
level. Regardless of his specific limitations, his study demonstrates that the informal
sector in urban territories has developed quicker when contrasted with organised
ventures or unorganized rural enterprises. From 1961 to 1985, development has been
generally unique in states like West Bengal, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Kundu believes
that the development of the informal sector in the created zones is primarily a result of
the positive relationships among formal and informal exercises where the employments
are subcontracted by the previous to the last mentioned. The informal sector
development in 19 less created regions directly results from the survival strategy and
taking up the poor inhabitants' traditional and profitable exercises.

Papola and Mitra (1981 & 1990) have discovered the standard normal for informal
sector fabricating as; smallness of the size of the working units, insufficient level of
innovation, flawless competition winning in the factor and item market, absence of
protection by the government to the units/workers, absence of unionization of the
workforce, broad utilization of contract labour through labour agencies, re-
appropriating exercises by primary firms on piece rate premise lastly casualisation of

46
workforce. Some conceivable causal factors for the development of the informal sector
can likewise be found in the literature

Banerjee (1983) conducted a sample survey between 1975-1976 to test whether

informal sector employment is an impermanent staying post for the new migrants.
Proof demonstrated that the opportunities in this sector itself had pulled in 50% of the
migrants to Delhi, and they had moved to Delhi after pre masterminding their
occupations. Earnings were lower in the informal sector than in the formal.
Nevertheless, returns as education and experience were identical in both sectors.

Weeks (1975) utilized an input-output framework to investigate the informal sector's

output and employment development determinants, especially the less created nations.
His research concluded that total interest, technological changes, and consumer tastes
generally influence output and employment in the informal sector. To disentangle, he
partitioned the economy into informal, agricultural, private formal and government
sectors. As indicated by him, the informal sector is a dynamic and low wage sector
whose development requires concrete development policies finishing extraordinary
benefits to the formal sector and more prominent accentuation on the development of
the agricultural field and urging the standard units to give subcontracting to the
informal sector units. It would prompt strengthening the informal sector.

The above reviews conclude that the unorganized sector women worker faces issues
like weakness conditions, unacceptable working life, harassment at work, insufficient
and unequal compensation structure, long working hours, inferior lodging offices,
absence of security measures, and no appropriate education workers. Also requesting
special laws to prohibit harassment, illiteracy, lower wages, experience male
dominance, work for 10-12 hours every day, have no medical or leave. These are the
factors determining the work satisfaction of the women workers in the unorganized
sector. These are all the negative factors that make the researcher think. It insists on
studying the work satisfaction of the unorganized sector, again and again, to see
whether we had any improvement on their lives.

47
2.4 REVIEW RELATED TO SOCIAL-ECONOMIC STATUS

Women work primarily for monetary independence, for financial necessity, as some are
qualified an adequate amount to work, for a shared sense of achievement, recognition,
and maintain their family. Women work under monetary compulsion to provide for the
needs of their family Shivangi Singh (2018). The socio-economic condition of the
women workers in unorganized sector reviews collected based on the given factors they
are, Income, financial assistance, use of their income, the concentration of health,
welfare, recognition in the family, family acceptance towards work, importance on
monetary decisions in the family, the attitude of the society, individual image/ support.

Chitra (2015) endeavoured to distinguish the issues of women workers in the

construction industry at Tiruchirappalli. It was expected to discover the social-
economic conditions of the women constructions workers. It also endeavoured to learn
the association between women construction workers' social-economic, occupational,
personal, and family parts. Organized sector workers are famous for ordinary salaried
occupations with very much characterized terms and conditions of employment, clear-
cut rights and obligations and genuinely complete social security protection where the
unorganized sector workers, on the other hand, has no such clear-cut business
representative relationships and needs most types of social protection. This paper has
broken down the attributes of the women construction workers, for the most part,
vagrant workers, and the intervention procedures embraced to encourage the connect
administrations to these women workers and attention to their rights and utilization.

Srijana (2015) report says that The Indian economy has seen a combination of
organized just as unorganized sectors and connects with a considerable workforce. The
encompassing territory of Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, has an overflowing
number of craftsmen working in the unorganised sector. This study means
concentrating on artisans living in and around Lucknow. The vast majority of the
written works distinguished that the socio-economic conditions of the craftsmen are bad
subsequently need improvement. The study recommended that the women workers
ought to get sufficient training on ability enhancement. A legitimate certification
system may help in such a manner.

48
The funding organizations and the government should remain watchful while
implementing any training programs implied for the craftsman. Along with the training,
a certification course may become helpful. The innovation adaptation is another entire
region that may support the socio-economic conditions of the craftsmen. Even though it
is a study conducted in and around Lucknow, yet generalization of the discoveries
might be made as the nature of the problem stays common.

Patnaik (2014) talked about the different socio-economic issues looked at by the
people remaining in slums. In this quantitative study, three slums are thought-about to
study the effect. A large portion of the people are engaged in the informal sector and
have little earnings. The low dimension of procuring is making devastation sway on
their socio-economic status. The absence of income creating openings is an issue that
limits them to get to quality education and healthcare offices. The study concluded that
these are the fundamental issues regions in the more significant part of the slums.
Sufficient arrangements ought to be made to manage these difficulties.

CII Report (2014) has recognized the stressing pattern that the rate of informal
employment is likewise expanding even in the organized sector. It has been expressed
in this report that the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector
(NCEUS) has characterized the informal or unorganized sector as all autonomous
private undertakings claimed by people or families engaged in the deal and production
of merchandise and ventures worked on a restrictive or association premise and with
under ten workers. The present article utilizes the NCEUS definition to recognize the
spread of formal and informal employment crosswise over-organized and unorganized
sectors.

Report of Ministry of Labor and Employment (2014) The report is a study on the
socio-economic conditions of women workers in the industry. Conventionally, the
participation of women workers is more in the unorganized sector, and there exist
sexual orientation biases regarding wages. The expanding involvement of women
workers in the industry is a decent sign, and it prompts to improve the way of life as it
were. However, the industry's run-of-the-mill working conditions are not sufficient, and
more often than not, they are not being paid if they are taking week by week off. The
day by day wage concept is an issue, and this issue exists regardless of sex. The report
also uncovers that the women workers working in the match industry are paid much

49
lower wages than the other workers working in different units of a similar production
house. This sort of dissimilarity is an issue and influences the socio-economic
upliftment of the women individuals from the organization. Sufficient social safety
efforts ought to be thought about, which may convey measure up to weightage to every
one of the segments of the workers.

Wagstaff Adam (2012), in their research paper, contended that universal health
coverage might coincidentally result in distorted labour market decisions, with workers
preferring informal employment over formal employment, prompting negative
consequences for investment and development, just as decreased protection against
non-health dangers and the income dangers related with ill health. The analysis finds
that universal coverage seems to have encouraged informal-sector employment,
particularly among married women.

Dolas (2010) carried out a study on the socio-economic conditions of Bidi workers in
the Solapur locale. Socio-economic upliftment might be accomplished if the people
have sufficient income in their hands in the wake of meeting the critical consumption
for survival. Due to the seasonal nature of the works and agricultural vulnerability, it
becomes troublesome for the vast majority of the workers to win considerably. The
absence of accessibility of work in the present territory is another detrimental factor,
which frequently forces labourers to move out of the spot. A worker working in a
particular industry ought to get the primary offices and certain essential the lowest pay
permitted by law. However, the government has passed the Minimum Wage Act. Still,
it has been implemented in not many territories. This kind of pattern can likewise be
seen in the bidi industry all through the nation. As it may be seen, most workers are
women in nature, so the odds of deprivation become more. There is a need to change
the sector into an organized industry with the assistance of government organizations.
Now and then, regardless of whether there is an opportunity to change, advertisers are
not willing to do so due to tax liability and others. In this way, these problems ought to
be tended to at the soonest to determine it.

Agarwala (2009) illustrates how the economic sociology of work influenced the idea of
the informal economy and the social and political existences of its people under a
globalized working environment. The facts demonstrate that each nation is favouring
the free movement of the item and services. Specifically, the premises of economic

50
sociology offer an extensive definition of the informal economy that is named as,
''relational.'' In contrast to definitions dependent on modernization and neoliberal
assumptions of disconnected economies, relational purposes of the informal economy
uncover the structures, networks, and political institutions that interlace casual workers
with the formal economy, society, and the state. Operationalizing the relational
definition in labour surveys guarantees the inclusion of undetectable informal workers,
mainly those who operate at the intersection of the informal and formal economy.

Brata Aloysius Gunadi (2008), in this study, concentrated on the vulnerability of

Street Vendors in Java since Java was hit seriously by the economic emergency in
1997/1998, which additionally had altered the course of economic formalization in
Indonesia. A survey was conducted in Yogyakarta and Sleman locale in Yogyakarta
Special and 122 Street Vendors in a few streets in the two areas. These examples
consist of three street vendors: food dealers, non-food vendors, and services suppliers.
In light of this survey, the vulnerability guide of Street Vendors is estimated. The study
found that the more significant part of Street Vendors in Yogyakarta experience
vulnerability at the medium level. When all is said in done, the exposure of food
merchant vendors is higher than other vendors. Susceptibility additionally fluctuates
over the locations of distributing.

Datt (2007) studied the socio-economic parts of the workers working in organized and
unorganized sectors. The article examined the NSS information to recognize the
particular socio-economic part of the workers. Primarily among the all-out workforce,
roughly 92% work in the unorganized sector, while around 8% work in the organized
sector. The study is partitioned between rural industries and non-horticultural
industries. Organized and unorganized sectors where working conditions vary
fundamentally. The creator attempted to comprehend the situation as far as poverty as
the criteria. It is seen that both in the rural and non-agricultural sectors, the frequency of
neediness is more among the workers belonging to unorganized sectors. If there should
be an incidence of organized sector workers, the neediness rate is more in the rural
sector. The absence of innovation and market orientation is the essential driver of this
sort of phenomenon.

51
Sadodas Kumar Vijya (2011) conducted a study on stone quarry workers' working and
living conditions. This study inspected the enlisting rehearses, compensating the
government and worker's guilds in this sector. It was social survey research that utilized
the arbitrary examining technique. The discoveries uncovered that no clear employment
relationship with either boss or contractor and workers dependably stay revealed by any
labour legislation that directs the term and conditions of employment or social security
plot. Thus the required implementation of a far-reaching law becomes basic to give a
superior way of life and manage their working conditions. In such a manner, very little
help was given by the government and legal framework of the nation.

Report of Ministry of Labor and Employment (2010) The piece centres around the
rising pattern of contractual labourers in the petroleum industry. Since, liberalization
period, a critical improvement is seen in both changeless just as the contractual
workers. The territory of concern is that the expansion is seen more in the contractual
class. Organizations are additionally relying upon them as the measure of liability is
more diminutive. However, consequently, these workers are not sufficient offices when
contrasted with their perpetual partners. Although they were completing significant
work yet, they were not being reimbursed satisfactorily. The pattern is not only seen in
the petroleum industry yet in other enterprises too.

National Commission for Unorganized Sector Enterprises Report (2009) The report
recognized two gatherings of unorganized workforces essentially working in the
industry, wage labourers and independently employed. They have an alternate point of
view inside and out. The principal issue of wage labourers is to get themselves
employable consistently to have an enduring wellspring of income to keep up the job.
Along with the current employments, which are impermanent, some help activities
might be attempted, so they do not confront any budgetary deficiencies. The absence of
income now forced them to move from one spot to another, looking for better
employment opportunities. This stream can be limited given that enough opportunities
are made in their place and need government intervention.

On the other hand, there is a different gathering who goes under the classification of
independently employed. The independently employed people are most urgent;
however, they additionally need government backing and intervention toward the start
of their vocation. Without excellent money, fruitful implementation of empowered

52
services, and a gifted labour force, any business cannot run effectively. In this way, the
report recommends that both the gatherings similarly get the weightage to get the best
outcome.

Agarwala (2009) illustrates how the economic sociology of work influenced the idea of
the informal economy and the social and political existences of its people under a
globalized working environment. The facts demonstrate that each nation is favouring
the free movement of the item and services. Specifically, the premises of economic
sociology offer an extensive definition of the informal economy that is named as,
''relational.'' In contrast to definitions dependent on modernization and neoliberal
assumptions of disconnected economies, relational purposes of the informal economy
uncover the structures, networks, and political institutions that interlace informal
workers with the recognized wealth, society, and the state. Operationalizing the
relational definition in labour surveys guarantees the inclusion of undetectable informal
workers, particularly the individuals who operate at the connection of the informal and
formal economy.

René Loewenson (2007), in his article entitled 'Occupational Hazards in the Informal
Sector-A worldwide point of view' opined that informal sector workplaces are
portrayed as showing a broad scope of poorly controlled work dangers, especially
welfare and cleanliness, ergonomics and concoction risks declined by poor work
organization, poor community environment and social foundation. The by and large
covered up yet the considerable weight of ill health in informal sector work is depicted
in this article. His discoveries depend on the analysis of the data gathered from 1585
informal sector workers in Zimbabwe.

As indicated by Aditi Kapoor (2007), globalization has accelerated the development of

the informal sector worldwide. It currently includes the majority of workers in
numerous nations, particularly the developing scene. The trade union movement ought
to, in a perfect world, have approached arranging informal labour, both to legitimize
itself and assist the misused masses with uplifting themselves. The Self-Employment
Women's Association (SEWA), a trade union of about 7 00,000 poor women in the
informal sector in India, can be viewed as a pioneer of this pattern. Analyzing SEWA's
method for functioning, its all-encompassing methodology incorporating socio-
economic and political rights and its widespread effect offers lessons for arranging

53
informal labour to give these workers a more promising time to come. This paper
elaborates on these lessons dependent on the SEWA experience.

Meenakshi Gupta (2007), in her book entitled 'Labor Welfare and Social Security in
Unorganized Sector', attests that the unorganized sector is a vast and noteworthy
segment of the Indian economy as far as its economic worth through their financial
contribution and the developing number of the workers. This book uncovers that the life
of unorganized sector workers is exceptionally intense. They are misused from
numerous points of view; thus, robust protection and welfare for the unorganized sector
are increasingly troublesome and chaotic. An exertion is made here to assess the plans
that are in operation in India to recommend specific strategies to upgrade the social
protection for this sector.

Datt (2007) studied the socio-economic parts of the workers working in organized and
unorganized sectors. The article examined the NSS information to recognize the
particular socio-economic part of the workers. Primarily among the all-out workforce,
roughly 92% work in the unorganized sector, while around 8% work in the organized
sector. The study is partitioned between rural industries and non-horticultural
industries. Organized and unorganized sectors working conditions vary fundamentally.
The creator attempted to comprehend the situation as far as the lack of the criteria. It is
seen that both in the rural and non-agricultural sectors, the frequency of neediness is
more among the workers belonging to unorganized sectors. If there should be organized
sector workers, the neediness rate is more in the rural sector. The absence of innovation
and market orientation is the essential driver of this sort of phenomenon.

Adam Wagstaff and Pradhan (2005) analyzed the impact of introducing Vietnam's
Health Insurance (VHI) program on health results, utilization, and non-medical
household consumption. The study found that the VHI program favourably affected
height for age and weight-for-age of younger students and body mass files among
grown-ups. The outcomes recommend that VHI causes a reduction in annual out-of-
take use on health and an expansion in non-medical household consumption, including
food consumption.

John (2004) arranged the report about craftsman of Kerala who relies upon the
traditional method for production procedures. The division of the workforce among
organized and unorganized sectors has influenced the craftsman. He has long been

54
updated with their beneficial exercises. As the idea of the work has changed, the need
emerges to overhaul production-related issues. Since the absence of work influenced
these sections, the government approached and made Welfare Fund Board. The primary
target is to put resources into innovation empowered profitable exercises which can
improve the socio-economic obligations of the people belong to the classification

DiptirekhaMohapatra (2015) Attitude of the society becomes difficult for further

employment opportunities and professional advancement of women in the unorganized
sector. Since women workers in the unorganized sector are considered to be Ignorance,
ritual bounce on attitudes, illiteracy, lack of skills towards their work, seasonal
employment, difficult physical work, no time-bound with limited payment,
discrimination in wage and work structures of men and women, lack of guarantee of
minimum wage, lack of work security, lack of legislation to cover, lack of minimum
facilities at the work-environment, ill-treatment by employer/supervisor, migration and
breakdown of families, burden and isolation.

Sticking (2003), in his paper 'Do community-based health Insurance plans improve
poor people's entrance to health Care?', inspects the significance of community-based
health insurance to confront the health care difficulties of poor people. He states that
health security is progressively being recognized as vital to any neediness reduction
strategy. Of the considerable number of dangers looked at by poor households, health
hazards most likely represent the best risk to their lives and employments. A health
shock prompts natural medicine, transport and treatment, and aberrant costs identified
with reduced labour supply and efficiency. The creator concludes that contracting
budgetary help for health care services, wastefulness in general health provision, an
inadmissible low nature of available health services and the resultant imposition of
client charges are intelligent of the state's powerlessness to meet the health care needs
of the poor.

Wagstaff and Doorslaer (2003), in their research study on 'Catastrophic and

Impoverishment in Paying for Health care: With applications to Vietnam 1993-1998'
contended that out of pocket (OOP) payments are the primary source 27 of health care
finance in most Asian nations and India is no exception. Medical spending is viewed as
catastrophic if it surpasses a predetermined share of household income or absolute use
in a given period. This reality has a necessary consequence for a household's living

55
standards. People fall beneath the destitution line when they pay for health care to the
detriment of meeting their basic needs.

In his article entitled Van Ginneken, Wouter (1999) states that 'Social Security is for
the Informal sector: another Challenge for the Developing Countries', stated that the
informal sector workers constitute a large and expanding segment of the labour force in
most developing nations. A large number of them are not capable or willing to
contribute a critical percentage of their income to finance social protection benefits.
Accordingly, informal sector workers need to set up health and other social protection
plots to address their issues and contributory limit. The myth is that men usually handle
any income generated from work. Prantika says Women workers are rarely recognized
for their work. Such incident reduces the women participation in the family finance
allocations.

Gajalakshmi (1998) exactly broke down women workers utilized in unregistered shoe
factories in Tamil Nadu. The women working here are from in reverse classes and
booked standings. They earn a low income, have low educational levels, live in
deprivation, and work long hours. These women principally work to supplement the
meagre family income to bring home the bacon.

Shivangi Singh (2018) Women workers in unorganized sector work mainly for
financial independence, for income necessity, as few are skilled enough to work under
this sector, only for self-achievement, recognition from the family as well as from
supervisors/employer and to support their family for the further development. Women
primarily work under the financial compulsion needs of their families. They earn to
improve the standard of living where recognition plays crucial importance. It needs
women participation has been a necessary aspect for the success of social and economic
development. The study further stated that women workers' unorganised sector is
overworked and remains unseen, unrecognised, and unremunerated.

Swarooparani and Galab (1998) conducted an introductory survey of shoemaking

exercises in the slums of Hyderabad city. This study breaks the shared conviction that
the guaranteed market cares for the informal sector's low efficiency and income. The
study depended on sample units which were separated into two classifications. The
main gathering includes those working as loosened units and doing free production.

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The second gathering incorporates the individuals who are working as tied production
units and completing contract production.

According to the System of National Accounts (1993), the informal sector consists of
units engaged in producing merchandise or services with the essential target of creating
employment and income for the persons concerned. These units commonly operate at a
low level of organization, with almost no division among labour and capital as
production and on a bit of scale. Labour relations - where they exist - depend for the
most part on easygoing employment, family relationship or personal and social
relations instead of contractual arrangements with formal certifications. The informal
sector shapes some portion of the family unit sector as family undertakings or,
proportionately, unincorporated endeavours claimed by families.

Importance of the socio-economic status much required for the unorganized sector
workers that too women workers. The sad thing about the unorganised sector is that
workers are running for their immediate needs and fulfilling their family needs for the
day. No future forecast can be seen among the unorganized sector workers. Self-
realisation is to educate the workers effectively, making them aware of their socio-
economic status and attaining maximum satisfaction to sustain the sector.

2.5 RESEARCH GAP

The study comprises many literature reviews, highlighting the work satisfaction and
awareness of unorganised social security schemes or the country's unprotected workers.
However, this study addressed a significant gap that previous works have failed to
throw light on it. The paper focused on the work satisfaction of the unorganized women
workers and the importance of social security and its awareness to protect the
unorganized women workers. They also emphasized how these workers are abused-
sexually, physically, emotionally and mentally, how unequally they get paid, and how
few laws protect them. The article also focused on women in particular. It stressed the
importance of factors determining work satisfaction, socio-economic status,
Government/association support protecting women workers by framing special laws.

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