Math 12/L

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2
MODULE 1: Integration Concept/Formulas
Lesson 2

Source: https://medium.com/left-right/when-will-we-ever-use-this-calculuss-surprising-uses-in-personal-and-professional-
development-256ca15d15b5

Prepared by:
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES CABAHUG
Faculty, ME Department
College of Engineering, Architecture &
Technology
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:

It shows the specific topic of

Title
the module.

The topics in this module are

Overview
included in this section.

A brief discussion on the

lectures is given in this section. It
Lesson Proper
helps you explore new ideas and
capabilities.

It involves questions or an
Practice Problems expression that sets out the
concepts and wordings that you
learned from real-life
circumstances.

Assessment It is a job aimed at evaluating

your mastery in acquiring learning
skills.
In this segment you will
Supplementary improve your awareness or
Knowledge experience through the lectures as
an additional practice.

Answer Key This contains answers to all

activities in the module.

This is a list of all sources that

References this module uses for creation.

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 1

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

CONTENTS:
OVERVIEW 2.1 Simple Trigonometric Functions
2.2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

COURSE DESCRIPTION: 2.3 Hyperbolic Functions

The course introduces the concept of integration and

its application to some physical problems such as evaluation
of areas, volumes of revolution, force, and work. The fundamental formulas and various techniques of
integration are taken up and applied to both single variable and multi-variable functions. The course
also includes tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation of the interpretation of the
double and triple integral as volume of a three-dimensional region bounded by two or more surfaces.

COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of this course, you must be able to use integration techniques on single and multi-
variable functions.

TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in two weeks.

INTRODUCTION
Good day future engineers! Welcome to Engineering Course.
This module will concentrate on integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions.
As you continue to do so in this module, you can learn about the various integration techniques in
various functions or problems which will be your foundation as we headed deeply into this course. You
can also see mathematics differently by understanding the integrations. Just like derivative, integrals is
another concept in the field of mathematics. Let’s start now!

Fun Fact:

“Did you know that Newton invented/discovered calculus in about the

same amount of time, the average student learns it.”

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 2

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Simple Trigonometric Functions
2.1
In this lesson we will learn the concept and formula’s in integrating of simple trigonometric
functions.

LESSON PROPER
The basic formulas for integration involving trigonometric functions are

∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.1

∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.2

∫ sec2 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.3

∫ csc2 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.4

∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.5

∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.6

Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas

Many trigonometric integrals can be evaluated after transformation of the integrand, requiring
only the most familiar trigonometric formulas. The following are the method in any given case.
Type 1. ∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where either m or n is positive odd integer.
For definiteness, let n be a positive odd integer. Writing the integral in the form ∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
and putting
cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥
we obtain a series of powers of sin 𝑥 each multiplied by cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. We proceed in a similar manner when
m is odd and positive.

Example 2.1
Evaluate ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
= ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin2 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥 ) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙 + 𝑪

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 3

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Type 2. ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or ∫ cot 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where n is an integer.

By use of the formula
tan2 𝑥 = sec2 𝑥 − 1, cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1,
These integrals reduce to form that can be evaluated.

Example 2.2
Evaluate ∫ tan4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
= ∫ tan2 𝑥 (sec2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 3 tan3 𝑥 − ∫(sec2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
𝟏
= 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑪

Type 3. ∫ tan𝑚 𝑥 sec𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; or ∫ cot 𝑚 𝑥 csc𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , where n is positive even integer.

Example 2.3
Evaluate ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
= ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan4 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟓 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟓 𝒙 + 𝑪

Type 4. ∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where both m and n are positive even integers.
When m and n are both even, it is easily seen that the method used for Type 1 is useless. Instead, we
use the formulas.
1 1
sin2 𝑥 = 2 (1 − cos 2𝑥), cos 2 𝑥 = 2 (1 + cos 2𝑥),
1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 2 sin 2𝑥,

Repeatedly if necessary.

Example 2.4
Evaluate ∫ sin4 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Solution:
= ∫(sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃) sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ∫(sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)2 sin2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 4

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

1 1
= ∫(2 sin 2𝜃)2 (2)(1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1 1
= ∫(4 sin2 2𝜃)(2)(1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1
= 8 ∫(sin2 2𝜃)(1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1 1
= ∫ sin2 2𝜃 − ∫ sin2 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8
1 1 1 1
= 16 ∫(1 − cos 4𝜃)𝑑𝜃 − (8)(3)(2)(sin3 2 𝜃)
1 1 1 1
= 16 𝑥 − (16)(4) sin 4𝜃 − 48 sin3 2𝜃 + 𝐶
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟔 𝒙 − 𝟔𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 − 𝟒𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝟐𝜽 + 𝑪

2.1 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.

1. ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ cos 2 2𝜃 sin2 2𝜃𝑑𝜃

3. ∫ cos 4 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ sin2 𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4-5 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 5

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2.2
In this lesson we will learn the concept and formula’s in integrating of inverse trigonometric
functions.

LESSON PROPER
The following are the formula’s use in integrating Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
A. ∫ = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.7
√𝑎2 −𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
B. ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.8
𝑑𝑢 1 |𝑢|
C. ∫ = 𝑎 sec −1 +𝐶 Eq. 2.9
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 𝑎

There are six inverse trigonometric functions. However, only three integration formulas are noted
in the rule on integration formulas resulting in inverse trigonometric functions because the remaining
three are negative versions of the ones we use. The only difference is whether the integrand is positive
or negative. Rather than memorizing three more formulas, if the integrand is negative, simply factor out
−1 and evaluate the integral using one of the formulas already provided.
To close this section, we examine more example: the integral resulting in the inverse
trigonometric functions.

Example 2.5
𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫
√9−4𝑥 2
Solution:
Use equation 2.7,
𝑑𝑥
=∫ , let 𝑢 = 2𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
√(3)2 −(2𝑥)2

1 2𝑑𝑥
= 2∫
√(3)2−(2𝑥)2

1 2𝑥
=2 sin−1 +𝐶
3

Example 2.6
𝑑𝑦
Evaluate ∫ 9𝑦2 +6𝑦+5
Solution:
By perfecting the square, we get the form;
𝑑𝑦
= ∫ (3𝑦+1)2 +4, let 𝑢 = 3𝑦 + 1; 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑦

Use equation 2.8,

1 3𝑑𝑦
= 3 ∫ (3𝑦+1)2 +22

1 1 3𝑦+1
= 3 (2) tan−1 +𝐶
2

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 6

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

𝟏 𝟑𝒚+𝟏
= 𝟔 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 +𝑪
𝟐

Example 2.8
𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫
𝑥√1−4 𝑙𝑛2 𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
=∫ , let 𝑢 = 2 ln 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 =
√12 −(2 ln 𝑥)2 𝑥

Use equation 2.7

2𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= 2∫
√12 −(2 ln 𝑥)2

𝟏
= 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) + 𝑪

Example 2.9
𝑑𝑡
Evaluate ∫ 2 2
𝑡√𝑡 −𝑎
Solution:
𝑑𝑡
=∫ , let 𝑢 = 𝑡;𝑑𝑢 = 1𝑑𝑡
𝑡√𝑡 2 −𝑎2

Use equation 2.9,

𝟏 𝒕
= 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒂 + 𝑪

1.1 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 16+𝑥2
𝑑𝑡
2. ∫
√5−16𝑡 2

𝑦𝑑𝑦
3. ∫
√25−16𝑦4

𝑑𝑧
4. ∫ 𝑧 2 +6𝑧+10

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 7

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Hyperbolic Functions
2.3
In this lesson you will learn the concept and formula in integrating the hyperbolic functions.

LESSON PROPER
The hyperbolic functions have identities that are similar to those of trigonometric functions:

cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1 1 − tanh2 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥

coth2 𝑥 − 1 = csch2 𝑥 sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

cosh 2𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥

Since the hyperbolic functions are expressed in terms of 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 −𝑥 , we can easily derive rules for
their integration:

a. ∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.10

b. ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.11
c. ∫ sech2 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.12

d. ∫ csch2 𝑑𝑢 = − coth 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.13

e. ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − sech 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.14
f. ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csch 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 2.15

Example 2.10
Evaluate ∫ sinh 3𝜃𝑑𝜃
Solution
Use equation 2.11
= ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶
= ∫ sinh 3𝜃𝑑𝜃 where 𝑢 = 3𝜃; 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝜃
1
= 3 ∫ sinh 3𝜃(3)𝑑𝜃
𝟏
= 𝟑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟑𝜽) + 𝑪

Example 2.11
Evaluate ∫ sinh 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

sinh2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 1−cosh2 𝑥

= = 𝑑𝑥
cos ℎ cos 𝑥

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 8

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

= ∫ sech 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 + 𝑪

Example 2.12
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
Use equation 2.11
= ∫ 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ sinh 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝟏
= 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪

1.1 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.
1
1. ∫ cosh 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

2. sech2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ coth2 𝑦𝑑𝑦

4. ∫ csc2 2𝑡𝑑𝑡

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
Congratulation!
If you got 0 –You have
1, it is okay,finished the lesson
do not worry. 3.your
Compare Take a breather
answer beforegiven,
to the answer you proceed
then try to to the
answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.
lesson 4

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 9

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Assessment
This part is a graded assessment, I will assess if you have learned the whole module. Use pen
to write your answer. Write your answer in a long bond paper together with front page (must include
course code and the title, title of the lesson, title of activity, name of student and your block, date of
submission, name of your professor). Take note that all pages must have 0.5 inches’ border
including the front page. Copy the questions then answer. Once you’re done answering, send it to me
via Google Classroom in a single PDF file. Please avoid erasure. Good Luck
Problem Set No. 2:

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.

1.∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥

3. sin2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ cos 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos5 3𝑥
6. ∫ sin2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

7. sin4 3𝜃𝑑𝜃

8. ∫ cos 2 𝑡 sin5 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1−cos 2𝑦
9. ∫ 𝑑𝑦
1+cos 2𝑦

tan 𝜔 𝑑𝜔
10. ∫ 1−tan2 𝜔

sin2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
11.∫ 1+cos 𝜃
𝜋
12. ∫ tan(𝑦 − 6 )𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣
13. ∫ 9+4𝑣2
𝑑𝑦
14. ∫
√9−𝑦 2

𝑑𝑡
15. ∫
√5−16𝑡 2

𝑦𝑑𝑦
16. ∫
√25−16𝑦 2

sin 𝜑 cos 𝜑𝑑𝜑

17. ∫ 5+cos2 𝜑

𝑑𝑡
18. ∫
𝑡√𝑡 2 −𝑎2

𝑥𝑑𝑥
19. ∫
9+𝑥 4

𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
20. ∫
√9−4𝑒 4𝑥

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 10

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

sin 𝜑𝑑𝜑
21. ∫ 5+cos2 𝜑

𝑑𝜔
22. ∫ 6𝜔−2−9𝜔2

𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
23. ∫ 𝑥2 +1

24. ∫(cosh 𝐶 + 1)𝑑𝐶

1
25. ∫ coth (𝐶 + 4 𝜋) 𝑑𝐶

Answer Key
Answers for 2.1 Practice Problem:
cos3 𝑥
1. − cos 𝑥 − +𝐶
3

1 1
2. 8 𝜃 − 64 sin 8𝜃 + 𝐶
1 1 1
3. 16 𝑥 − 64 sin 4𝑥 + 48 sin3 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
4. sec2 𝑥 + 4 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶

5. ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + 𝐶

Answer for 2.2 Practice Problem:

1 𝑥
1. 4 tan−1 4 + 𝐶
1 4𝑡
2. 4 sin−1 +𝐶
√5

1 4𝑦 2
3. 8 sin−1 5
+𝐶

4. tan−1 (𝑧 + 3) + 𝐶

Answer for 2.3 Practice Problem:

1
1. 2 sinh 2 𝑦 + 𝐶
1
2. 4 tanh 4𝑥 + 𝐶

3. − coth 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝐶
1
4. 2 tanh 2𝑡 + 𝐶

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 11

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

References

1. Louis Leithold , The calculus 7 7th edition

2. Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and integral calculus 6th edition
3. Dit Gallesania, Engineering mathematics volume 2, Third Edition

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 12