Module 2 Lesson 1 Integration Techniques
Module 2 Lesson 1 Integration Techniques
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2
MODULE 2: Integration Techniques Lesson 1
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development-256ca15d15b5
Prepared by:
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES CABAHUG
Faculty, ME Department
College of Engineering, Architecture &
Technology
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]
It involves questions or an
Practice Problems expression that sets out the
concepts and wordings that you
learned from real-life
circumstances.
CONTENTS:
OVERVIEW 1.1 Integration by Parts
COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of this course, you must be able to use integration techniques on single and multi-
variable functions.
TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in 1 week.
INTRODUCTION
Good day future engineers! Welcome to Engineering Course.
This module will concentrate on integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions.
As you continue to do so in this module, you can learn about the various integration techniques in
various functions or problems which will be your foundation as we headed deeply into this course. You
can also see mathematics differently by understanding the integrations. Just like derivative, integrals is
another concept in the field of mathematics. Let’s start now!
Fun Fact:
Lesson
Integration by Parts
1.1
In this lesson we will learn the concept and formula’s use in integrating by parts.
LESSON PROPER
From the formula for the differential of a product,
𝑑 (𝑢𝑣 ) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
we find, integrating both sides,
𝑢𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
Transporting, we obtain the formula
∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖 Eq. 1.1
Integration by this formula is called integration by parts.
Example 1.1
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥.
Solution:
Let
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 cos 2𝑥
∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
1 1
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − (− 2) ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒
Example 1.2
Evaluate ∫ sec3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
Solution:
Can written in the form of ∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Let
𝑢 = sec 𝜃 𝑑𝑣 = sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑣 = ∫ sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = tan 𝜃
Example 1.3
Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Take
𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
By applying integration by parts,
∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 cos 2𝑥
Take
𝑢1 = cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑣1 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢1 = −2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣1 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
Example 1.4
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
Take
𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥
Take
𝑢1 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣1 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢1 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥
1 2 1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 3 (3 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
1 2 2 1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 9 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 3 (9) 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗 𝒙𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝟕 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
1. ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ csc3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.
Lesson
Integration by Partial Fractions
1.2
In this lesson we will learn the concept and formula’s in integrating by using partial fractions.
LESSON PROPER
Partial fractions can classify by following;
𝐴
a). A linear factor, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 in the denominator gives rise to a partial fraction of the form .
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝐴 𝐵
b). Repeated linear factors, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 give rise to partial fractions of the form 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
+ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2.
𝐴𝑥 +𝐵
c). A quadratic factor 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 gives rise to a partial fraction of the form .
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
Example 1.5
𝑥
Evaluate ∫ (2−𝑥)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
By partial fraction it can written as,
𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
(2−𝑥)(𝑥+3)
= (2−𝑥) + (𝑥+3) where A and B are constant
𝑥 𝐴(𝑥+3)+𝐵(2−𝑥)
(2−𝑥)(𝑥+3)
= (2−𝑥)(𝑥+3)
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(2 − 𝑥)
Then lets separately equate coefficients of constant terms, linear terms, quadratic terms etc.
Example 1.5
1
Evaluate ∫ (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
In this Example there is a repeated factor in the denominator. This is because the factor 𝑥 − 1 appears twice,
as in (𝑥 − 1)2 . We write
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2 + 𝑥+1
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1)
𝐴(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)+𝐵(𝑥+1)+𝐶(𝑥−1)2
= (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1)
Then lets separately equate coefficients of constant terms, linear terms, quadratic terms etc.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝟒 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏) + 𝟒 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝑪
Example 1.6
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥3 +2𝑥2 +5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Assume
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10 𝐴 𝐵(2𝑥+2) 𝐶
= + +
𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +5𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵𝑥 (2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶𝑥
Then lets separately equate coefficients of constant terms, linear terms, quadratic terms etc.
4 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶
For constant terms:
10 = 5𝐴
By equating all the equation we have, we get value of
1
𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = − 2, and 𝐶 = 1
Therefore, the integral becomes
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10 2 1 2𝑥+2 𝐶
∫ 𝑥3 +2𝑥2 +5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 2 (𝑥2 +2𝑥+5) + 𝑥2 +2𝑥+5) 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
= 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 +𝑪
𝟐
(2𝑥+11)𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 3 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice for
a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.
Lesson
Trigonometric Substitution
1.3
In this lesson you will learn the concept and formula in integrating by using trigonometric
substitution.
LESSON PROPER
Many integrals can be evaluated by substituting a trigonometric function for 𝑥. The following
substitution are especially promising:
1 − sin2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃
We thus replace (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) by a single term 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃. Furthermore, that single term is a perfect
square, which is particularly effective when the quantity (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) appears under a square root
symbol.
Example 1.7
𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 3
(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 )2
Solution:
1 cos 𝜃 1 1 1
= 𝑎2 ∫ cos3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎2 ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎2 ∫ sec2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1
= 𝑎2 tan 𝜃 + 𝐶
√𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2
whence
𝑑𝑥 𝒙
∫ 3 = +𝑪
(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 )2 𝒂𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
Example 1.8
√𝑥−𝑎
Evaluate ∫ 5
𝑥2
Solution:
Hence we try
√𝑥 = √𝑎 sec 𝜃
From which
2 tan2 𝜃 2
= 𝑎 ∫ sec3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 ∫ tan2 𝜃 cos 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2
= 𝑎 ∫ sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2
= 3𝑎 sin3 𝜃 + 𝐶
√𝑥
√𝑥 − 𝑎
√𝑎
√𝑥−𝑎 3
sin3 𝜃 = ( )
√𝑥
Therefore,
√𝑥−𝑎 𝟐 √𝒙−𝒂 𝟑
∫ 5 = 𝟑𝒂 ( ) +𝑪
𝑥2 √𝒙
𝑑𝑥
2.∫
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
√16−𝑥 2
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
√𝑥
4. ∫ (1+𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
Congratulation!
If you got 0 –You have
1, it is okay,finished the lesson
do not worry. 3.your
Compare Take a breather
answer beforegiven,
to the answer you proceed
then try to to the
answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.
lesson 4
Lesson
Algebraic Substitution
1.4
In this lesson you will learn the concept and formula in integrating by using algebraic substitution.
LESSON PROPER
Many integrals may be evaluated by introducing a new variable of integration, say 𝑢, in place of the
original variable 𝑥, the two variable being connected by some suitable formula. The change of variable is
usually brought by means of an explicit substitution
𝑥 = 𝜑(𝑢), 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜑 ′(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
Example 1.9
Solution:
Let
𝑢 =𝑥+4 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
Then
𝑢6
∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 = 6
+𝐶
We can revert to an expression involving the original variable 𝑥 by recalling that 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4, giving
(𝒙+𝟒)𝟔
∫(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟔
+𝑪
Example 1.9
√𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝟐√𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝑪
Example 1.10
Solution:
We write
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟕 𝒙
= − +𝑪
𝟓 𝟕
2. ∫(𝑥 + 5)4 𝑑𝑥
12𝑥+1
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 1+
√𝑥
Assessment
This part is a graded assessment, I will assess if you have learned the whole module. Use pen
to write your answer. Write your answer in a long bond paper together with front page (must include
course code and the title, title of the lesson, title of activity, name of student and your block, date of
submission, name of your professor). Take note that all pages must have 0.5 inches’ border
including the front page. Copy the questions then answer. Once you’re done answering, send it to me
via Google Classroom in a single PDF file. Please avoid erasure. Good Luck
Problem Set No. 3:
1. ∫ 𝑡 2 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2. ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ sin 𝑥 sin 4𝑥
4. ∫ sin(ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ sec5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑥2 +5𝑥+6
𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑥2 +𝑎𝑥
𝑦+13
8. ∫ (𝑦+1)(𝑦+3)(𝑦−2) 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 2 +1
9. ∫ 𝑥3 −3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 +1
10. ∫ 𝑥2 (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑑𝑦
11. ∫ (𝑦−4)4
𝑑𝑥
12. ∫
𝑥(1+√𝑥)2
4𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ 𝑥3 −4𝑥2 +8𝑥
10𝑑𝑥
14. ∫ 4𝑥2 −4𝑥2 +5𝑥
4𝑑𝑥
15. ∫ (𝑥2 −2𝑥+5)2
𝑑𝑥
16. ∫ (𝑥2 +2𝑥+10)2
17. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑤
18. ∫
𝑤 2 √𝑤 2 +𝑎2
𝑥2
19. ∫ 3 dx
(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 )2
(5𝑦+4)𝑑𝑦
20. ∫
√5𝑦−1
Answer Key
Answers for 1.1 Practice Problem:
𝑥2 1
1. ln 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1 1
2. 4 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 + 16 cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
3. −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
− csc 𝜃 cot 𝜃 1
4. − 2 ln(csc 𝜃 + cot 𝜃) + 𝐶
2
1
3. ln (𝑥+3) + 3 ln(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶
4. ln √𝑥 + 𝐶
(𝑥+5)5
2. 5
+𝐶
3
1
3. 2 (4𝑥 − 3)2 + 5√4𝑥 − 3 + 𝐶
4. 2√𝑥 − ln(√𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
References