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SQL Syntax

The document describes the SQL commands CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, and subqueries/UNION. CREATE TABLE is used to create a new table with specified columns, data types, constraints, and other properties. ALTER TABLE modifies existing tables by adding, deleting, or changing columns and constraints. INSERT adds new rows to a table. UPDATE modifies existing rows in a table. DELETE removes rows from a table. SELECT retrieves data from one or more tables. It can include aggregate functions, joins between multiple tables, subqueries, and set operations with UNION.

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67 views2 pages

SQL Syntax

The document describes the SQL commands CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, and subqueries/UNION. CREATE TABLE is used to create a new table with specified columns, data types, constraints, and other properties. ALTER TABLE modifies existing tables by adding, deleting, or changing columns and constraints. INSERT adds new rows to a table. UPDATE modifies existing rows in a table. DELETE removes rows from a table. SELECT retrieves data from one or more tables. It can include aggregate functions, joins between multiple tables, subqueries, and set operations with UNION.

Uploaded by

shehryar iftikhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CREATE TABLE CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE tbl_name ( col_name data_type modifiers, ... )

column definition further


definitions further definitions — constraints:
data_type:
• bit: BIT(#bits)
• [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY (col_name, ...)
• integer: BOOLEAN, TINYINT, SMALLINT, MEDIUMINT, INT, BIGINT
• fixed point real: DECIMAL(#digits, #decimals) or NUMERIC(#d,#d) • [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE KEY [index_name] (col_name, ...)
• floating point real: FLOAT or DOUBLE
• date and time: DATE, TIME, DATETIME, YEAR • [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (col_name, ...)
• string: CHAR(#chars), VARCHAR(#chars)
• string value from a given list: ENUM('value1', 'value2', ...)
REFERENCES tbl_name (col_name, ...)
[ON DELETE
modifiers: {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}]
[NOT NULL | NULL] [AUTO_INCREMENT] [UNIQUE [KEY]] [[PRIMARY] KEY] [ON UPDATE
[DEFAULT default_value] [COMMENT 'string'] {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}]

modifiers for derived attributes:


[GENERATED ALWAYS] AS (expr) [VIRTUAL | STORED] 1 2
[NOT NULL | NULL] [UNIQUE [KEY]] [[PRIMARY] KEY] [COMMENT 'string']

ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLE and CREATE VIEW


ALTER TABLE tbl_name [specification [, specification] ...]

specification:
specification — continued:
ADD [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
| RENAME {INDEX|KEY} old_index_name TO new_index_name
| ADD [COLUMN] (col_name column_definition, ...)
| RENAME [TO|AS] new_tbl_name
| ADD {INDEX|KEY} ...
| ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY ...
| DROP [COLUMN] col_name
| ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY] ...
| DROP {INDEX|KEY} index_name
| ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY ...
| DROP PRIMARY KEY

| ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT} | DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol
| CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name new_column_definition
[FIRST|AFTER col_name]
CREATE VIEW view_name [(column_name, ...)]
| MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition
AS SELECT ...
[FIRST | AFTER col_name] 3 4
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE SELECT and aggregate functions

SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT]


INSERT [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name [, col_name] ...)] { * | [columnExpression [AS newName]] [,...] }
{VALUES | VALUE} (value_list) [, (value_list)] ...
FROM TableName [alias] [, ...]
[WHERE condition]
UPDATE table_name [GROUP BY columnList] [HAVING condition]
SET col_name = value [, col_name = value] ... [ORDER BY columnList]
[WHERE where_condition]

Aggregate functions:
DELETE FROM tbl_name [WHERE where_condition] COUNT(…), SUM(…), AVG(…), MIN(…), MAX(…)

5 6

SELECT — multi-table Subqueries and UNION

Alternative forms of FROM Subqueries:


… { WHERE | HAVING } columnExpression
{ = | > | < | >= | <= | <> | != | LIKE | [NOT] IN }
FROM TableName1 [alias] [LEFT | RIGHT] JOIN ( SELECT ... ) …
{ TableName2 [alias] | (TableName2 [alias], ...) }
… { WHERE | HAVING } columnExpression
ON condition { = | > | < | >= | <= | <> | != }
[ ANY | SOME | ALL ] ( SELECT ... ) …
FROM TableName1 [alias] [LEFT | RIGHT] JOIN
… { WHERE | HAVING } [NOT] EXISTS ( SELECT ... ) …
{ TableName2 [alias] | (TableName2 [alias], ...) }
USING (column1, ...) Union:
(SELECT ...)
FROM TableName1 [alias] UNION [ALL | DISTINCT]
NATURAL [LEFT | RIGHT] JOIN (SELECT ...)
[UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] (SELECT ...)]
{ TableName2 [alias] | (TableName2 [alias], ...) }
ORDER BY ... 8

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