April -2018

Highway Engineering I
CENG 3182
Lecture Three

Eyob Tesfamariam
[email protected]
Chapter 3
Earth work quantity and MHD
3.1 Introduction to earth work and MHD
3.2 Area and volume calculation
3.3 Mass haul diagram
3.4 Formation level and economic of MHD
 Key words
 Haul --- transport in a • Side slope
vehicle
• slope stack
 Mass haul diagram
 Borrow pit • Shrinkage and swell factor
 Embankment • Quarry site (kaba)

Original
Back slope ground
level
Side slope
 Introduction to earth work
 Is the phase during a highways construction when the right of
way is converted from its natural condition and configuration to
the section and the grades prescribed in the plans.

Earth Work Includes

 Clearing and Grubbing - clear off roots and clearing of top
soil (up to 20 cm)
 Excavation of drainage channels & trenches
 Excavation of structures
 Borrows
 Haul & Overhaul
 Grading and Preparation of Side Slopes
 Reconditioning (Bring into an improved condition) of
roadway
 Other operations for preparing the subgrade for highway or
runway pavement construction (Highway Eng. II) 5
 Earthwork Quantity
• Quantity and Cost are calculated in m3 either in its
original form or by allowing for shrinkage and swell
factor.
• The rate of payment generally includes
– Full compensation for full excavation,
– Formation of embankment,
– Preparing of side slopes or slope stack,
– Disposal or borrowing with in the free-haul distance, and
– The preparation and completion of the subgrade and the
shoulders
• For borrowing or disposal involving more than the
free haul distance

6
 Classification of Excavated Material
Usually the classification is into three categories:
1. Solid Rock: hard rock and boulders;
Volume > 1 m3; best removed by blasting
2. Loose Rock: detached masses or rock
0.025 < V < 1m3; could easily be removed
3. Common/Ordinary Excavation:
All others includes soft and intermediate excavation

7
 Shrinkage & Swell Factors
The process of excavation breaks up earth and makes
it take up more space afterwards
Swelling (e.g. excavated rock occupies a larger volume in
fill)
After placing the excavated earth in a fill and
compacting, volume will become less than the
original. Difference b/n original volume in cut and final
volume in fill is called Shrinkage.
Shrinkage depends on:
The materials characteristics and moisture content;
climatic conditions and method of placing.
Therefore Shrinkage & Swell must be taken into
consideration
8
 Shrinkage of compacted fills
Material % of shrinkage
Light excavated soil (on ordinary ground) 10  20%
Light excavated soil (on swampy ground) 20  40%
Heavy Excavated soil Up to 10%
Excavated Rock (Swell) 5  25%

Amount of excavation required to make a given fill may be arrived

at by:
• Shrinkage: multiply the fill quantity by 1+ % SHF
• Swelling: divide the fill quantity by 1 + % SWF

9
 Road Bed Sections
• A highway sub-grade is usually formed with shoulders
and a trench section upon which the pavement will be
constructed, the finished surface being crowned to facilitate
drainage
• Ditches are provided on embankment sections to transfer
water down the fill slopes into pipes or paved gutters to
protect the embankment against erosion
• On curves of 5o or sharper subgrade is banked and
widened. Width of road bed in cut is wider than on fills to
allow for side-ditches.
Typical Sections

Fill

Cut
Cut & Fill
10
 Side slopes of cross sections

(1) Areas of Cross-sections

For the purpose of calculating the quantity of earth work, the areas
of cross-sections and the distance between them must be known.
Methods
For regular/level ground  simple geometry
For irregular ground, two methods
1. Graphical or planimeter method
2. Coordinate or other approximate method 11
 Area for Regular Ground
Area of a trapezoidal section
y*m y*m

1 y 1
m m
b
Cut 𝐴 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑚 ∗ 𝑦2
𝐴 = 𝑦(𝑏 + 𝑚𝑦)
b
m m
1 y

y*m Fill y*m

12
 Area of irregular section
Trapezoidal Rule
Assumes the boundaries could be approximated by a
straight line, if the interval L between offset measurements
is very small
L L L

O A1 A2 A An On+1
3
1

O On
2 O
3

𝑳
𝑨= (𝑶𝟏 + 𝟐(𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟑 + ⋯ 𝑶𝒏 ) + 𝑶𝒏+𝟏)
𝟐

𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 + ⋯ 𝑨𝒏

13
Simpson’s Rule
Assumes, instead, that the boundaries consist of a series
of parabolic arcs

For this rule to apply, “n” must be an odd number

L L L

O1 A1 A2 A3 An On+1

O2 On
O3

𝑳
𝑨 𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 = (𝑶 + 𝟒𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟑 )
𝟑 𝟏
𝑳
𝑨𝟒 + 𝑨𝟓 = (𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑶𝟓 + 𝑶𝟔 )
𝟑
𝑳
𝑨 = ∗ (𝑶𝟏 + 𝟒 ∗ 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 + 𝑶𝒏 )
𝟑 14
 (2) Volumes Computation
Two methods will be discussed here:
1. Average End Area Method
2. Prismoidal Formula
Average End Area Method
Volume of a right prism equals the average area multiplied
by the length
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝐴=( )∗𝐿
2

19
 Prismoidal Formula
• A prismoid is a solid whose ends are parallel and whose
sides are plane or warped surfaces
• The Volume of a prismoid is:

• In which
• L is the distance between the two parallel bases A1 and A2 and
• Am is a section midway between the two end bases and parallel
to them.
• Am is not an average of A1 and A2, but each of its linear
dimensions is an average of the corresponding dimensions of
A1 and A2 .
20
Effect of curvature on volumes
The application of the Prismoidal and end-area formulae has
assumed, up to this point, that the cross-sections are parallel. When the
excavation is curved (Figure 11.25), the sections are radial and
curvature correction must be applied to the formulae.
Pappus’s theorem states that the correct volume is where the distance
between the cross-sections is taken along the path of the center of mass.
 Mass haul Diagram (MHD)
• Is a continuous curve showing the accumulated algebraic
sum of the cuts (+ve) and fills (-ve) from some initial
station to any succeeding station.
• Ordinates of the mass curve are plotted with reference to
a horizontal scale of distances
• It is convenient to tabulate the cumulative sum of cuts
and fills at a station before drawing a Mass diagram

23
 Drawing a mass-haul diagram
Procedures
1. Calculate areas at cross-sections
2. Calculate the volume of fill and cut; cut is +ve and fill –ve.
3. Correct the volume calculated by shrinkage and swell factors
4. Tabulate the corrected aggregate volume
5. Plot the mass haul diagram
(scale: 1:2000 H and 1:500 or 1:1000 (cm:m3)V)
6. Join points by a straight line or curves
Volume Corrected volume
Area
Station (m^3) Swell and (m^3 ) Net
Cumulative
Shrinkage factor volume
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+000 0 -125 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00

0+100 100 -200 5,000 -16,250 SWF = 0.25 6,250 -20,312.5 -14,062.50 -14,062.50

0+200 500 0 30,000 -10,000 37,500 -12,500 25,000.00 10,937.50

0+300 250 -500 37,500 -25,000 33,783.78 -22,522.5 11,261.26 22,198.76

SHF = 0.11
0+400 25 -500 13,750 -50,000 12,387.39 -45,045 -32,657.66 -10,458.90
24
 MHD

25000.00
20000.00
15000.00
10000.00
5000.00
MHD
0.00
0+000 0+100 0+200 0+300 0+400
-5000.00
-10000.00
-15000.00
-20000.00
 Mass-Haul Diagram -
Characteristics
i. The Ordinate at any point represents the cumulative material to
that point on the profile
ii. With in the limits of a single cut, the curve rises from left to
right; within the limits of a single fill, it falls from left to right
iii. Sections where the profile changes from cut to fill correspond to
a maximum (and the opposite for ch. from fill to cut). Evidently
the maximum and minimum points on the mass diagram occur at
or near grade points on the profile
iv. Any horizontal line cutting a loop of a mass curve, intersects the
curve at two points b/n which the cut is equal to the fill (adjusted
for shrinkage); such a line is called a BALANCE LINE
v. The loop convex upward indicates that the haul from cut to fill is
to be in one direction

26
 Distribution Analysis of Earthwork
Terminologies
• Haul Distance: distance from point of excavation to point where the
material is to be tipped.

• Average Haul Distance is the distance from the centre of gravity of

the excavation to the centre of gravity of the tip

• Free-haul Distance: is the distance (usually specified in the

contract) over which a charge is paid only for the volume of earth
excavated and not for its movement (300m). Free-haul is part of the
haul which is contained within the free haul distance.

• Over-haul Distance: is the distance in excess of the free-haul

distance, over which it is necessary to transport material. An extra
charge will be paid for transport. Over-haul is part of the haul which
remains after the free haul has been removed.
• Haul: is the sum of the product of each volume of material and the
distance through which it is moved. On the mass-haul diagram, it is
the area contained b/n the curve and the balance line 27
 Terminologies (cont.)

• Waste: is the volume surplus or unsuitable material

which must be exported from a section of the site.
• Borrow: is the volume of material which must be
imported in to section of the site due to deficiency of
suitable material

28
 Limit of Economical Haul

• For long haul distances, it may be economical

to waste and borrow materials rather than pay
for cost of overhauling.

Compare
Cost of overhauling vs. Cost of waste + borrow

29
Let: Ce=cost of excavation per unit volume (including free haul)
Cb=cost to excavate borrow pit (including free haul)
Coh=cost of overhaul per m3m
Le=Economical Length of over-haul
Cost to excavate 1m3 of material from cut and move to fill
=Ce+CohLe (1)
Cost of excavate from cut, waste, borrow and place 1m3 material in fill

= Cb+Ce (2)
Equating (1) & (2):
= Ce+CohLe= Cb+Ce
 Le=Cb /Coh
Total Distance, D = Le+F

where: F=free haul distance

30
 Example home work
If the cost of roadway excavation, Ce, is 800 cents/m3, cost
of borrow, Cb, is 700 cents/m3, and cost of overhaul, Coh, is
12 birr/m3-station, what is the economical length of
overhaul? The free haul distance is 1.5km and a station is
100m long.

Ans:
Le= 58.3 m
D =1558m

31
Properties of MHD
?

43
Thank you