Now consider time (and radius) Memorize (WHY????????

t̃ = u − v

For ingoing light rays (WHY?????)

t̃ = constant − r

For outgoing light rays (WHY??????)

t̃ = constant − r + 2r∗

substitute into r∗ ,
r 2M 2
t̃ = constant − r + 4M ln( − 1) −
m r−m
Plot this to see light cones that are tilted towards the black hole when outside (but open
up away from it), and light cones that are wide open within the region when inside the
black hole (there is freedom of movement within, but is asymptotic to non-movement at
the horizon radius).

4.6 6.) Time in SZ BH

Prompt: Problem 6. (Problem 12.5 in Hartle) An observer falls radially into a spherical
black hole of mass M. The observer starts from rest relative to a stationary observer at
a Schwarzschild coordinate radius of 10M. How much time elapses on the observer’s own
clock before hitting the singularity?
Solution:
Radial infall. Memorize and start with schwarschild geometry’s standard conclusions:
1 2
ṙ = Vef f = ϵ
2
Consider radial infall,
l = f (ϕ̇) = 0
So, the general solution is (What’s the definition of V eff???):

dr 2 M
( ) = 2(ϵ + )
dτ r
The initial conditions in the problem are distance away, and initial velocity:

r(τ = 0) = 10M

dr
= ṙ|R=10M = 0
dτ
Substitute,
M
0 = 2(ϵ + )
10M
1
0 = (ϵ + )
10

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 1
ϵ=−
10
Now plug this into the general solution and solve for τ ,
dr 1 M
( )2 = 2((− ) + )
dτ 10 r
dr 2 2M
( )2 = (− ) +
dτ 10 r
dr 2 2 2M
( ) =− +
dτ r 10 r
dr 1 2M
( )= − +
dτ 5 r
r
1 2M
dr = dτ · − +
5 r
dr
dτ = q
− 15 + 2M r
Z Z
dr
dτ = τ = q
− 15 + 2Mr

HOW TO SOLVE THIS INTEGRAL???

√
τ = 5πM 5
Next part: consider being within a black hole, maximize your time away from a singularity.
Start at the edge or on the horizon, r = 2M , rearrange the metric (ds) to be:
dr2 2M
ds2 = − M
+( − 1)dt2 + r2 dΩ2
2 r −1 r
Use
dτ = −ds
So,
dr2 2M
dτ 2 =M
−( − 1)dt2 − r2 dΩ2
2 r −1 r
This numbers are always positive, so the maximum τ occurs when:
2 dr2
dτmax = − (0) − (0)
2 Mr − 1
Take square root, s
dr2
dτmax =
2 Mr − 1
dr
dτmax = q
2 Mr − 1
Z Z r=0
dr
dτmax = τ = q
r=2M 2 Mr − 1
Solve the integral (use Taylor expansion?) ... ... ...
dτmax ∼ 2πM

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4.7 7: Information while in a BH
Prompt: Problem 7. (Problem 12.8 in Hartle) Can an observer who falls into a spherical
black hole receive information about events that take place outside? Is there any region of
spacetime outside the black hole that an interior observer cannot eventually see? Analyse
these questions using the Eddington-Finkelstein diagram.
Solution:

4.8 8: If there was negative mass...

Prompt: Problem 8. (Problem 12.11 in Hartle) Negative mass does not occur in nature.
But just as an exercise, analyse the behaviour of radial light rays in a Schwarzschild
geometry with a negative value of M. Sketch the Eddington-Finkelstein diagram showing
these light rays. Is the negative mass Schwarzschild geometry a black hole?
Solution:

4.9 9: Proper time maximization in a BH

Prompt: Problem 9. (Problem 12.14 in Hartle) Once across the event horizon of a black
hole, what is the longest proper time the observer can spend before being destroyed in
the singularity?
Solution:

4.10 10: Penrose diagram limits from Kurskal’s SZ geometry

Prompt: Problem 10. (Problem 12.26 in Hartle) Show that the boundaries of the Penrose
diagram for the Kurskal extension of the Schwarzschild geometry are as given in Box 12.5
in Hartle.
Solution:

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5 Exercise Set 5 - Black Holes
5.1 Transformation: Schwarszchild to Kruskal
Prompt: Problem 1. (Problem 20 in Hartle) Explicitly carry out the transformation
from Schwarzschild to Kruskal coordinates defined in (12.13). Find the metric in Kruskal
coordinates for both r > 2M and r < 2M .
Solution: Memorize the SZ metric:
   
2 2M 2 2M
ds = − 1 − dt + 1 − dr2 + r2 dΩ2
r r

Consider light rays, ignore massive particles ...

r
t(r) = −r − 2M ln | − 1|, f or ingoing rays
2M
r
t(r) = r + 2M ln |
− 1|, f or outgoing rays
2M
The plot of these shows light cones of a modified SZ metric. The map does not cover all
of the territory, so change coordinates! Have the idea that light rays of lines of slope (-)1,
and the space takes whatever geometry to accommodate that. Use Eddington-Finklestein
coordinates of the form:
r
t̄(r) = t + 2M ln −1
2M
for ingoing light:
t̄(r) = −r + δt
This ingoing light now has the slope = -1 characteristic desired. Kruskel coordinates
imples does the same procedure for both ingoing and outgoing light and setting the
infinite limits to values of 1. Here define the tortoise coordinate in two equations, dr∗ /dr
and r∗ :
dr∗ 1
=
, r > 2M
dr 1 − 2M
r
2
r∗ = r + 2M ln | − 1|
2M
where r(r∗ →∞) → ∞ and r(r∗ →−∞) → 2M .
This approach is wrong... avoid it

dr u + 2M
Z Z
No. 1 dr∗ =   dr∗ = du
dr r − 2M u
dr∗ =   r r
1 − 2M
r dr 2M
Z Z
dr∗ =   r∗ = 1 du + du
r−2M u
Let u = 1 − 2M
r
, du = 0 + 2M (r −2 )dr = r
2M 2
r du.
dr, and dr = 2M r dr
Z Z
1
r2
dr∗ = r∗ = du + 2M du
r − 2M u
() r
dr∗ = dr∗ = dr r∗ = (u) + 2M (ln u)
(u) r − 2M
Let u = r − 2M , du = dr. r∗ = (r − 2M ) + 2M (ln r − 2M )
No. 2
dr
dr∗ =   u + 2M
1 − 2M dr∗ = du r∗ = r − 2M + 2M (ln r − 2M )
r u

Here define coordinates u and v:

u = t + r∗
v = t − r∗

31
 du = dt + dr∗
dv = dt − dr∗
WHAT’S NEXT? Substitute these into the (light) SZ metric:
   
2M 2 2M
0=− 1− (dv + dr∗ ) + 1 − (dr)2 + r2 dΩ2
r r
   
2M 2 2M dr∗ 2
0=− 1− (dv + dr∗ ) + 1 − (dr ) + r2 dΩ2
r r dr∗
   
2M 2 2M dr
0=− 1− (dv + dr∗ ) + 1 − ( dr∗ )2 + r2 dΩ2
r r dr∗
   
2M 2 2M 2M
0=− 1− (dv + dr∗ ) + 1 − ((1 − )dr∗ )2 + r2 dΩ2
r r r
... ... ... This is supposed to yield
 
2 2M
ds = 0 = − 1 − du dv + r2 dΩ2 , where r = f (u, v) only
r
v−u r
Note: The metric is still degenerate at r = 2M , because: 2 = r2 = r + 2M ln | 2M − 1| At
this point, define a new pair of coordinates, let:

X = e−u/4M

Y = ev/4M
so,
1 −u/4M du
e du = −
dX = − X
4M 4M
1 v/4M dv
dY = e dv = Y
4M 4M
WHAT’S NEXT??? Do something with the two
v−u
 r 
X ·Y =e 4M = − 1 er/2M
2M
To turn the previous metric
 
2 2M
ds = 0 = − 1 − du dv + r2 dΩ2
r
Into  
2 2M dX dY
ds = 0 = 1 − (4M )2 + r2 dΩ2
r XY
2M


2 1− r
2
ds = 0 = (4M ) r
e−r/2M dX dY + r2 dΩ2
2M
−1
32M 3 −r/2M
ds2 = 0 = e dX dY + r2 dΩ2
r
• ”r” is defined implicitly as f (x, y)

32