⚫ Baseband:

− Describes signals and systems whose range of frequencies is measured

from 0 to a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency
− Voice: Telephone 0-3.5KHz; CD 0-22.05KHz
− Video: Analog TV 4.5MHz, TV channel is 0-6MHz. Digital, depending
on the size, movement, frames per second, …
− Example: wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, PCM phone
⚫ Carrier Communication:
− Carrier: a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated to represent
the information to be transmitted. This carrier wave is usually of much
higher frequency than the modulating (baseband) signal.
− Modulation: is the process of varying a carrier signal in order to use
that signal to convey information.
− Example on the board.
⚫ Modulation
− A process that causes a shift in the range of frequencies of a signal.
⚫ Gain advantages
− Antenna size: half of the antenna size. Thousands of miles for baseband
− Better usage of limited bandwidth: less side lopes
− Trade bandwidth for SNR: CDMA
− Robust to inter-symbol-interference (multipath delay)
− Robust to errors and distortions
⚫ Types
− Analog: AM (DSB, SSB, VSB), FM, Delta modulation
− Digital: ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, …
− Pulse modulation: PCM, PDM, … Fiber, phone
⚫ Advanced: CDMA (3G), OFDM (WLAN, WMAN), ….
▪ Modulation: m(t)cos(wct) 0.5[M(w-wc)+M(w+wc)]
▪ Low/upper side band (LSB/USB), Double side band (DSB)
▪ DSB-SC: suppressed carrier, no carrier frequency
▪ Wc >= bandwidth of the signal to avoid aliasing.
▪ Demodulation: e(t)=m(t)(cos(wct))^2=0.5(m(t)+m(t)cos(2wct))
E(w)=0.5M(w)+0.25(M(w+2wc)+M(w-2wc))
Low pass filter to remove the higher frequency
▪ Coherent and non-coherent detection
▪ Receiver can recover the frequency and phase of the transmitter by PLL.
Error of timing can cause the performance error floor
▪ Non-coherent receiver has 3dB worst performance than coherent.
▪ Cheaper for Non-coherent receiver, Nextel.
 t→
t→
▪ Example 4.1

( t )

( t )
t→

m( t ) cos( c t )
 
M() F{cos( c t )}


0
→ 0 c →


() Lower sideband (LSB)
Upper sideband (USB)

− c c
0 →
▪ Multiplier Modulators
▪ Multiply m(t) by cos(wct)
▪ Hard for linearity for high energy. Expensive. e.g. sound system

▪ Nonlinear Modulators
▪ Example

▪ Switching Modulators
▪ FFT transform to series of frequencies
▪ Series-bridge diode modulator, shunt-bridge diode modulator
▪ Ring Modulators
 ▪ Move the signals to other
frequency
( t ) = m( t ) cos( C t ) e1 (t) = 1
m( t ) cos(I t )
▪ Multiplying two sinusoids
2

BPF@ I
results in two frequencies which
are the sum and difference of cos(MIX t )
the frequencies of the sinusoids EXAMPLE : Let m(t)

multiplied. be as shown.
m(t) (t) e1(t)

cos(t ) cos(t ) = 21 [cos((  + )t ) + cos((  − )t )]

▪ To change the carrier frequency

t→
c of a modulated signal to an t→ t→
intermediate frequency I we SPECTRA
M()
use an oscillator to generate a
sinusoid of frequency MIX →
such that
0

()
I =  c − MIX .
Then m(t)cos( c t ) cos(MIX t ) = 21 m( t )[cos(( c + MIX )t ) + cos(( c − MIX )t )] − c 0 c  →
= 21 m( t )[cos((2 c + I )t ) + cos((I )t )]
E 1 ()
▪ Example 4.2, 4.3 − I 0 I →
▪ Why DSB-SC not working: do not know the carrier frequency in
receiver.
▪ The last impulse functions indicate that the carrier is not suppressed in
this case. For some M() shown, the modulated signal spectrum is as
shown.
 AM (t ) = [ A + m(t )] cos(ct )
( ) = 12 M ( − c ) + M ( − c ) + A  ( − c ) +  ( + c )

M()

0 →

()
− c 0
c  →

▪ With this type of AM the demodulation can be performed with/without

a local oscillator synchronized with the transmitter.
• m(t) has a minimum value of about -0.4. Adding a dc offset of
A=1 results in A+m(t) being always positive. Therefore the
positive envelope of is just A+m(t). An envelope detector can
be used to retrieve this. A=1
m(t)
A+m(t)

0.7
1.

0.
-0.4 t→
t→

 AM ( t ) = [ A + m( t )] cos( c t )

t→
▪ The choice of dc offset should be such that A+m(t) should
always be positive. Otherwise envelope detector cannot be
used, but coherent still ok
▪ For example, the minimum value of m(t) = -0.4 . Therefore A >
|min(m(t))| for successful envelope detection. What if A< |m(t)
|. In the previous example let A=0.3.
A+m(t)
0.7
m(t)
0
0.
t→ t→
-0.4

 AM ( t ) = [ A + m( t )] cos( c t )

t→
• Let mp be the absolute negative peak of m(t).
▪ EXAMPLE : Single-tone modulation. Let m(t)=2sin(20t)

A  mp A is the carrier amplitude.

mp
MODULATION INDEX :  =
A
Then we see that for A  m p , 0    1

When   1 (or A  m p ) the signal is overmodula ted, and envelope detection can not be used.
(However, we can still use synchronou s demodulati on).
m(t)

mp 2
mp = 2;  = = . i)  = 0.5 A = 4 ii)  = 1 A = 2 t→
A A
For dc offset of 1  = 2.
 =1 =2
 = 0 .5

t→ t→ t→
 AM ( t ) = A cos(c t ) + m( t ) cos(c t )
The first term is the carrier and the second term is sidebands which contain the signal itself.
The total AM signal power is the sum of carrier power and the sideband power.
A2
Carrier power Pc =
2
Sideband power Ps = 21 Pm where Pm is the power of m(t).
The sideband power is the useful power.
useful power Ps Pm
Efficiency :  = = = .
Total power Pc + Ps A + Pm 2

For example , let m(t) = Bcos(m t )

mp = B,  = B
A
or B = A.
B2 2A 2 2
Pm = 2
= 2
 = x100%
2
2+
1
For  = 1, max = x100% = 33%
2 +1
Example 4.4, 4.5
 +
m(t)
-
BPF
@ c AM output
+
c cos(ct)
-
▪ Rectifier Detector: synchronous
▪ Envelope Detector: asynchronous

t→ t→ t→

AM signal R v c(t)
C

t→
Assume that the capacitor is charged to voltage E (the envelope voltage at the instant)at the instant
when the diode turns OFF.
The capacitor begins to dischrage through the resistor according to

−t
v c ( t ) = Ee RC

 E(1 − t )
RC
for RC  1
c
.

dv c ( t )
dt
= − RC
E

The slope of the capacitor discharge is - E .

RC
For the capacitor discharge to follow the envelope, the magnitude of the
capacitor discharge slope must be greater than the envelpe slope.
dv c ( t )
dt
= E
RC
 dE .
dt
1  1−  2 
RC   
E(t)=A(1+cos(wct)) wc   
 